专八英语考试阅读辅导题

第页共页专八英语考试阅读辅导题专八英语考试阅读辅导题专八英语考试阅读辅导题1TheRelationshipbetweenBrainProcesswithMentalExperienceBy1950,theresultsofattemptstorelatebrainprocessestomentalexperienceappearedratherdiscouraging.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.Neartheturnofthecentury,ithadbeensuggestedbyHeringthatdifferentmodesofsensation,suchaspain,tasteandcolor,mightbecorrelatedwiththedischargeofspecifickindsofnervousenergy,However,subsequentlydevelopedmethodsofrecordingandanalyzingnervepotentialsfailedtorevealanysuchqualitativediversity.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.Althoughqualitativevarianceamongnerverigidlydisproved,thedoctrinewasgenerallyabandonedinfavoroftheopposingview,namely,thatnerveimpulsesareessentiallyhomogeneousinqualityandaretransmittedas“moncurrency”throughoutthenervoussystem.Accordingtothistheory,itisnotthequalityofthesensorynerveimpulsesthatdeterminesthediverseconscioussensationstheyproduce,but,rather,thedifferentareasofthebrainintowhichtheydischarge,andthereissomeevidenceforthisview.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.However,corticalasdiverseasthoseofred,black,greenandwhite,ortouch,cold,warmth,movement,pain,postureandpressureapparentlymayarisethroughactivationofthesamecorticalareas.Whatseemedtoremainwassomekindofdifferentialpatterningeffectsinthebrainexcitation:itisthedifferenceinthecentraldistributionofimpulsesthatcounts.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.Tomatchthemultipledimensionsofmentalexperiencepsychologistscouldonlypointtoalimitlessvariationinthespatiotemporalpatterningofnerveimpulses.1.Upuntil1950,effortstoestablishthatbrainprocessesandmentalexperiencearerelatedwouldmostlikelyhavebeenmetwith[A]vexation[B]irritability[C]discouragement[D]neutrality2.Theauthormentions“moncurrency”primarilyinordertoemphasizethe[A]lackofdifferentiationamongnerveimpulsesinhumanbeings.[B]similaritiesintheviewsofthescientists.[C]similarityofsensationsofhumanbeings.[D]continuouspassageofnerveimpulsesthroughthenervoussystem.3.Whichofthefollowingtheoriesisreinforcedbythedepictionoftheexperimentinlines16—19?[A]Cognitiveexperiencemanifestedbysensorynerveimpulsesareinfluencedbytheareaofthebrainstimulated.[B]Qualitativediversityinnervepotentialscannowbestudiedmoreaccurately.[C]Sensorystimuliareheterogeneousandaregreatlyinfluencedbythenervesensorstheyproduce.[D]Differentiationinneuralmodalitiesinfluencesthelengthofnervetransmissions.4.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatwhichofthefollowingexhibittheLEASTqualitativevariation?[A]Nervecells.[B]Nerveimpulses.[C]Corticalareas.[C]Spatialpatternsofnerveimpulses.答案详解：1.C.令人绝望。答案见文章的第一句话“到了1950年，大脑活动过程和精神感受有关系的实验结果看起来令人沮丧。”A.令人恼火。B.激怒。D.中立。均不对。2.A.在人的神经脉冲中缺少变异(差异)。moncurrency本义是一般通用。这里的上下问决定了它的含义“无变异脉冲(普通脉冲)”。第二段“虽然神经能量中的质变理论从没有受到严厉的驳斥，但这一学说被普遍放弃，而赞成其对立的观点;那就是：神经脉冲在质量沙锅内根本相似，并作为无变异脉冲(普通脉冲)经神经系统传送。”所以普通脉冲就是指神经脉冲无变异，在质量上根本相似。B.科学家观点上的相似性。C.人类感觉相似性。D.神经脉冲连续不断通过神经系统。这三项和moncurrency无关。3.A.受刺激的大脑部位影响感觉神经脉冲所显示的认知感受。在第二道题译文下面“根据这一理论，不是感觉神经脉冲的质量决定它们所产生的各种有意识的感觉。而是由脉冲在大脑中释放的不同部位决定，并且有证据证明这一论点。”见难句译注3B.如今对神经潜力的质量变化可以进展更精彩的研究。C.感官刺激是异的，并深受它们所产生的神经感觉(感受器)的影响。D.神经形态上的差异影响神经传递长度。4.B.神经脉冲。这在第2题答案A中译注(即第二段)已有明确的答复。“神经脉冲在质量上根本相似……。”A.神经细胞。见难句译注2，“有可能用其他方法来显示神经细胞类型之间细微的构造差异。”C.外皮区域(部位)。D.神经脉冲空间形式。见难句译注5和本文最后一句“为了和精神感受多样性吻合，心理学家只能指明神经脉冲时空形式上的无限差异。”这说明，它不是“Leastqualitativevariation.”难句译注：1.Suchvariationsinsize,shape,chemistry,conductionspeed,excitationthreshold,andthelikeashadbeendemonstratedinnervecellsremainednegligibleinsignificanceforanypossiblecorrelationwiththemanifolddimensionsofmentalexperience.[构造分析]句型为such…as可as具有关系代词作用，此处作从句中hadbeendemonstrated的主语。[参考译文]神经细胞中所显示的诸如在尺寸，形状，化学，神经脉冲中传导速度，激发界限等方面的那种变化差异对多方面的精神感受可能有联络来说仍然意义不大。2.Itwaspossibletodemonstratebyothermethodsrefinedstructuraldifferencesamongneurontypes;however,proofwaslackingthatthequalityoftheimpulseoritsconductionwasinfluencedbythesedifferences,whichseemedinsteadtoinfluencethedevelopmentalpatterningoftheneuralcircuits.[参考译文]有可能用其他方法来显示神经类型之间细微的构造差异。可是，缺乏证据证实脉冲的或者其脉冲传导的质量受这些差异的影响。相反，这种质量看起来它却影响了中枢神经循环的进展形式。3.Inoneexperiment,whenanelectricstimuluswasappliedtoagivensensoryfieldofthecerebralcortexofaconscioushumansubject,itproducedasensationoftheappropriatemodalityforthatparticularlocus,thatis,avisualsensationfromthevisualcortex,anauditorysensationfromtheauditorycortex,andsoon.[构造分析]主从句。后面跟解释性同位语：thatis……。[参考译文]在一个实验中，当电刺激作用于有意识的人体大脑皮层的某个感觉部位，它对这个特定部位产生一种恰如其分的感觉道，也就是说，视觉来自视觉皮层，听觉来自听皮层，以此类推。4.Otherexperimentsrevealedslightvariationsinthesize,number,arrangement,andinterconnectionofthenervecells,butasforaspsychoneuralcorrelationswereconcerned,theobvioussimilaritiesofthesesensoryfieldstoeachotherseemedmuchmoreremarkablethananyoftheminutedifferences.[参考译文]其他实验提醒了神经细胞在尺寸，数目，排列和互相联结上的细微变化。可是，就精神神经互相关系而论，这些感觉部位互相之间明显的相似性似乎比任何细微差异更为明显多。5.Inshort,Braintheorysuggestedacorrelationbetweenmentalexperienceandtheactivityofrelativelyhomogenousnerve-cellunitsconductingessentiallyhomogeneousimpulsesthroughhomogeneouscerebraltissue.[参考译文]总之，大脑理论说明精神感觉和相对相似的神经细胞单位的活动有关系。这种活动通过相似的大脑皮层组织传导的根本相似的脉冲。专八英语考试阅读辅导题2Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodsofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalmaneuvers,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermedintuitiontomanageaworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseforcapriciousness.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthatthinkingisinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoftenknowwhatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinextricablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheirpaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninstigateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorepleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.1.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPTto[A]Speedupofthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.[B]Identifyaproblem.[C]Bringtogetherdisparatefacts.[D]Stipulatecleargoals.2.Thetextsuggestswhichofthefollowingaboutthewritersonmanagementmentionedinline1,paragraph2?[A]Theyhavecriticizedmanagersfornotfollowingtheclassicalrationalmodelofdecisionanalysis.[B]Theyhavenotbasedtheiranalysesonasufficientlylargesleofactualmanagers.[C]Theyhavereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanonwhatmanagersdo.[D]Theyhavemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.3.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatwhichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?[A]ManagerXanalyzesfirstandthenacts;ManagerYdoesnot.[B]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.[C]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.[D]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofhands-onexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.4.Thetextprovidessupportforwhichofthefollowingstatements?[A]Managerswhorelyonintuitionaremoresuccessfulthanthosewhorelyonformaldecisionanalysis.[B]Managerscannotjustifytheirintuitivedecisions.[C]Managers''intuitionworkscontrarytotheirrationalandanalyticalskills.[D]Intuitionenablesmanagerstoemploytheirpracticalexperiencemoreefficiently.5.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?[A]Anassertionismadeandaspecificsupportingexleisgiven.[B]Aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.[C]Theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.[D]Twoopposingpointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.答案与考点解析1.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道归纳推导题。此题题干中的seniormanagers暗示此题的答案信息在第三段,因为第三段首句包含题干中的seniormanagers。通过仔细阅读和理解本段中所谈到的五点,我们可推导出此题的正确选项是选项D.此题选项A、B、C所涉及的内容分别在本段的第五点、第一点和第三点提到。考生在解题时一定要学会认真归纳和总结原文所表达的每一层含义。2.「答案」D「考点解析」这是一道句间关系题。题干已将此题的答案信息圈定在第二段。本段中的第二句是此题答案信息的最主要来,通过阅读和理解此句,我们可推导出此题的正确选项是D.考生在解题时一定要适当理解上下句之间的关系。3.「答案」C「考点解析」此题是一道审题定位题。题干中的whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions暗示此题的答案信息在第四段,因为第四段首句含有和题干中whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions大致一样的theintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagement。通过仔细阅读和理解第四段的每一句话,我们可发现第四段的第一句话都在强调act(行动),可见此题的正确选项应该是强调行动的选项C.此题的答案信息来是第四段的第二句话。考生在解题时一定要首先准确地审题定位,然后要擅长归纳和理