高考英语阅读篇章,段落,句子机构和完形总结归纳

高考英语阅读分册

目录TOC\o"1-5"\h\z\o"CurrentDocument"第一部分篇章结构 1~8第二部分段落结构 9~13第三部分句子结构 14〜22第四部分词汇 23~29第五部分 阅读训练题 30~79第六部分 历届高考阅读真题 80~108第七部分 高级阅读精选 109~126第八部分 完型填空练习题 127~138第九部分 历届高考完型填空 139~145附录习题答案 146〜147第一部分篇章结构一、科普类文章.引出中心内容的方法（1）AbutB。这个时候B是文章的中心。为了不让文章显得太突兀，一般会先讲A,即普通的内容（科普类文章一般介绍的是我们不太熟悉的内容）。另外，A也有可能是一种欲扬先抑的写作手法，与B的意思正好相反。Mostanimalshavelittleconnectionwithanimalsofadifferentkind,unlesstheyhuntthemforfood.Sometimes,however,twokindsofanimalscometogetherinapartnership（伙伴关系)whichdoesgoodtobothofthem.Youmayhavenoticedsomebirdssittingonthebacksofsheep.Thisisnotbecausetheywantaride,butbecausetheyfindeasyfoodintheparasites(寄生虫)onsheep.Thesheepallowthebirdstodosobecausetheyremovethecauseofdiscomfort.Soalthoughtheycanmanagewithouteachother,theydobettertogether.Theideaoffightinganoisebymakingmorenoisesoundsstrange,butthat’sexactlywhatmotorengineersaredoinginGermanyandsomeothercountries.(2)用熟悉的事物作类比。这是一种我们可以借鉴的写作方法。Decision-thinkingisnotunlikepoker—itoftenmattersnotonlywhatyouthink,butalsowhatothersthinkyouthinkandwhatyouthinktheythinkyouthink.Thementalprocessissimilar.Naturally,thiscardgamehasoftenbeenofconsiderableinteresttopeoplewhoare,byanystandards,goodthinkers..说明中心内容的方法(高考文章以说明为主，在高级阅读考试中经常出现的议论文在高考中比较少见)(1)举例说明。这是最常见的方法，除了我们熟悉的forexample,forinstance,suchas以外，更主要的是在内容上的抽象程度的不同。例子总是说得很具体，比如说有数字，具体的人物、事件等。有的时候，在事实和例子中间，还有一个具体说明的中间层次。(2)讲原理Car-maker’sresearchanddevelopmentlaboratorieshavealreadyprovedthatmixinginmorenoisewiththehelpofloudspeakerscanreducetheunwantednoise.(3)讲好处(advantage)Anothergoodthingabouttheusesofnoise-killingsystemsisthatitsavestheneedforasilencer,whichnotonlyreducestheweightofacar,butalsomakesthemotorburnlessoilandworkbetter.(4)讲问题(disadvantage)Someengineersbelievethatthenoise-killingsystemwillbeusedinmostcarsin1996.Butthecarmakershaven’tdecidediftheywillputitintoproductionbecauseitwouldaddseveralhundreddollarstothecostoftheircars.(5)讲应用(application)(6)分类说明：中心的两个方面Therearetwotypesoffat:externalfat(fatunderskin)andinternalfat(fatinsidethebodywall).Doctors,whohavebeenexaminingtherelationshipbetweenhealthandfatness,havefoundthatthe“pears”havelessinternalfat,butthe“apples”havemoreinternalfatthanexternalfat.Thisseemstobewhatcausesthehealthproblems.(7)强对比说明Onemistakenideaaboutbusinessisthatitcanbetreatedasagameofperfectinformation.Quitethereverse.Business,politics,lifeitselfaregameswhichwemustnormallyplaywithveryimperfectinformation.Businessdecisionsareoftenmadewithmanyunknownandunknowablefactorswhichwouldevenpuzzlebestpokerplayers.Butfewbusinesspeoplefinitcomfortabletoadmitthattheyaretakingachance,andmanystillprefertobelievethattheyareplayingchess,notpoker.二、社会观点类文章这一类文章比较高级，所以在高考中出现得很少。Computerpeopletalkalotabouttheneedforotherpeopletobecome“computer-literate.”Butnotallexperts（专家）agreethatthisisagoodidea.Onepioneer,inparticular,whodisagreesisDavidTebbutt,thefounderofComputertownUK.Althoughmanypeopleseethisasasuccessfulattempttobringpeopleclosertothecomputer,Daviddoesnotseeitthatway.HesaysthatComputertownUKwasformedforjusttheoppositereason,tobringcomputerstopeopleandmakethem“people-literate.”DavidTebbuttthinksComputertownsaremostsuccessfulwhentiedtoacomputerclubbutheinsiststhereisanimportantdifferencebetweenthetwo.Theclubsareforpeoplewhohavesomecomputerknowledgealready.Thisfrightensawaynon-experts,whoarehappiergoingtoComputertownswheretherearecomputersforthemtoexperimenton,withexpertstoencouragethemandansweranyquestionstheyhave.Theyarenottoldwhattodo,theyfindout.Thecomputerexpertshavetolearnnottotellpeopleaboutcomputers,buthavetobeabletoanswerallquestionspeopleask.Peopledon’thavetolearncomputerterms（术语），buttheexpertshavetoexplaininplainlanguage.Thecomputersarebecoming”people-literate.”三、社会问题类文章.引出问题：某一部作品中的观点OlafStapledonwroteabookcalledFirstandLastMen,inwhichhelookedmillionsofyearsahead.Hetoldofdifferentmenandofstrangecivilizations,brokenupbylong‘darkages’inbetween.Inhisview,whatiscalledthepresenttimeisnomorethanamomentinhumanhistoryandwearejustheFirstMen.In2,000millionyearsnowtherewillbetheEighteenthorLastMen.However,mostofourideasaboutthefuturearereallyveryshort-sighted.Perhapswecanseesomepossibilitiesforthenextfiftyyears.Butthenexthundred?Thenextthousand?Thenextmillion?That’smuchmoredifficult..解决问题的重要性Sowhybothereventotryimagininglifefarinthefuture?Herearetworeasons.First,unlesswerememberhowshortourownlivesarecomparedwiththewholehumanhistory,wearelikelytothinkourowninterestsaremuchmoreimportantthantheyreallyare.Ifwemaketheearthapoorplacetoliveonbecausewearecarelessorgreedyorquarrelsome,ourgrandchildrenwillnotbothertothinkofexcusesforus.Second,bytryingtoescapefrompresentinterestsandimaginelifefarinthefuture,wemayarriveatquitefreshideasthatwecanuseourselves.Forexample,ifweimaginethatinthefuturemenmaygiveupfarming,wecanthinkoftryingitnow.Sosetyourimaginationfreewhenyouthinkaboutthefuture..解决问题Manycitiesaroundtheworldtodayareheavilypolluted.Carelessmethodsofproductionandlackofconsumerdemandforenvironment（环境）friendlyproductshavecontributedtothepollutionproblem.Oneresultisthatmillionsoftonsofglass,paper,plastic,andmetalcontainersareproduced,andthesearedifficulttogetridof.However,today,moreandmoreconsumersarechoosing“green”anddemandingthattheproductstheybuyshouldbesafefortheenvironment.Beforetheybuyaproduct,theyaskquestionslikethese:“Willthisshampoodamagetheenvironment?”“Canthismetalcontainerbereusedorcanitonlybeusedonce?”Arecentstudyshowedthattwooutoffiveadultsnowconsidertheenvironmentalsafetyofaproductbeforetheybuyit.Thismeansthatcompaniesmustnowchangethewaytheymakeandselltheirproductstomakesurethattheyare"green,"thatis,friendlytotheenvironment.Onlyafewyearsago,itwasimpossibletofindgreenproductsinSupermarkets,butnowtherearehundreds.Somesupermarketproductcoplabels（标签）toshowthattheproductisgreen.Somecompanieshavemadethemanufacturing生产）ofcleanandsafeproductstheirmainsellingpointandemphasizeitintheiradvertising.四、社会现象类文章.社会现象的引出：具体的例子，话语，奇特之处，A影响B。AllangoeseverywherewithBirgittaAnderson,a54-year-oldsecretary.Hemovesaroundherofficeatworkandgoesshoppingwithher."Mostpeopledon'tseentomindAllan,"saysBirgitta,whothinksheiswonderful."He'smyfourthchild,"shesays.Shemaythinkofhimandtreathimthatway,buyinghisfood,payinghishealthbillsandhistaxes,butinfactAllanisadog.BirgittaandAllanliveinSwede,acountywhereeveryoneisexpectedtoleadanorderlylifeaccordingtoruleslaiddownbythegovernment,whichalsoprovides（提供）ahighlevelofcareforitspeople.Thislevelofcarecostsmoney./BettyandHaroldhavebeenmarriedforMrs.Butonethingstillpuzzles（困扰）01dHarold.HowisitthathecanleaveBettyandherfriendJoansittingonthesofa,talking,goouttoaballgame,comebackthreeandahalfhourslater,andthey'restillsittingonthesofa?Talking?Whatintheworld,Haroldwonders,dotheyhavetotalkabout?Bettyshrugs.Talk?We’refriends.Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubinspenttwoyears,interviewingmorethantwohundredwomenandmen.Nomatterwhattheirage,theirjob,theirsex,theresultswerecompletelyclear:womenhavemorefriendshipsthanmen,andthedifferenceinthecon-tentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”/Maybeten-year-oldElizabethputitbestwhenshesaidtoherfather,"But,Dad,youcan'tbehealthyifyou’redead."Dad,inahurrytogethomebeforedarksohecouldgoforarun,hadforgottentowearhissafetybelt-amistake75%oftheUSpopulationmakeeveryday.Thebigquestioniswhy./Whenagroupofchildrenpolitelystopaconversationwithyou,saying:"Wehavetogotoworknow,"you'releftfeelingsurprisedandcertainlyuneasy.Afterall,thisisthe1990sandtheideaofchildrenworkingisjustunthinkable.Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre./Americaisgrowingolder.Fiftyyearsago,only4outofevery100peopleintheUnitedStateswere65orolder.Today,10outofevery100Americansareover65.Theagingofthepopulationwillaffect影响）Americansocietyinmanyways-education,medicine,andbusiness.Quietly,thegrayingofAmericahasmadeusaverydifferentsociety-oneinwhichpeoplehaveaquitedifferentideaofwhatkindofbehavior（彳亍为）issuitable（合适）atvariousages..说明的方法（1）举例Aspricesandbuildingcostskeeprising,the"do-it-yourself"（DIY）trend趋势）intheU.S.continuestogrow."Weneededfurniture（家具）forourlivingroom,"saysJohnRoss,"andwejustdidn'thaveenoughmoneytobuyit.Sowedecidedtotrymakingafewtablesandchairs."Johngotmarriedsixmonthsago,andlikemanyyoungpeoplethesedays,theyarestrugglingtomakeahomeatatimewhenthecostoflivingisveryhigh.TheRossestooka2-weekcoursefor$280atanightschool.Nowtheybuildalltheirfurnitureandmakerepairsaroundthehouse.JimHatfield...（2）中心的一个侧面…Thatis,untilyouaretoldthattheyareallpupilsofstageschools,andthatthe"work"theygoofftoistogoonthestageinatheatre.Stageschoolsoftenactasagencies（代理机构）tosupplychildrenforstageandtelevisionwork...Avisittosuchschoolswillleaveyouinnodoubtthatthechildrenenjoythemselves./Researchingthismattercalledfriendship,psychologistLillianRubin...thedifferenceinthecontentandthequalityofthosefriendshipsis"markedandunmistakable.”Morethantwo-thirdsofthesinglemenRubininterviewedcouldnotnameabestfriend...“Ingeneral,”writesRubininhernewbook,“women’sfriendshipswitheachotherrestonsharedemotionsandsupport,butmen’srelationshipsaremarkedbysharedactivities.”"Evenwhenamanissaidtobeabestfriend,"Rubinwrites,"thetwosharelitt1eabouttheirinnermostfeelings.(3)解释原因...Thebigquestioniswhy.Therehavebeenmanymythsaboutsafetybeltseversincetheirfirstappearanceincarssomefortyyearsago.Thefollowingarethreeofthemostcommon.MythNumberOne...(4)评价Whilemostpeopleuselittlewhiteliestomakelifeeasier,themajorityofAmericanscareabouthonestyinbothpublicandpersonallife.Theysaythatpeopletodayarelesshonestthantheyweretenyearsago.Althoughitisbelievedthatthingsaregettingworse,lyingseemstobeanage-oldhumanproblem.Frenchphilosopher(哲学家)Vauvenarges,writingintheeighteenthcentury,touchedonthetruthwhenhewrote,"Allmenareborntruthfulanddieliars(说谎者)."(5)存在的问题Theschoolsthemselvesadmitthatnotallchildrenwillbesuccessfulintheprofessionforwhichtheyarebeingtrained.Sowhathappenstothosewhodon'tmakeit?Whilealltheleadingschoolssaytheyplacegreatimportanceonchildrengettinggoodstudyresults,thefactsseemtosuggestthisisnotalwaysthecase.(6)排比说明Aperson'sagenolongertellsyouanythingabouthis/hersocialposition,marriageorhealth.There'snolongeraparticularyearinwhichonegoestoschoolorgoestoworkorgetsmarriedorstartsafamily.Thesocialclockthatkeptusontimeandtolduswhentogotoschool.Itdoesn'tsurpriseustohearofa29-year-olduniversitypresidentora35-year-oldgrandmother,ora70-year-oldmanwhohasbecomeafatherforthefirsttime.Publicideasarechanging.五、事件类文章(包括历史事件，日常事件，灾祸，轶事。关键是找时间点。没有时间点的找最特殊的地方。ThereportcametotheBritishonMay21,1941.GermanbattleshipBismarck,themostpowerfulwarshipintheworld,wasmovingoutintotheAtlanticOcean.Hertask:todestroytheshipscarryingsuppliesfromtheUnitedStatestowar-tornEngland.TheBritishhadfearedsuchatask.NowarshiptheyhadcouldmatchtheBismarckinspeedorinfirepower.TheBismarckhadeight15-inchgunsand81smallerguns.Shecouldmoveat30nauticalmiles(海里)anhour.Shewasbelievedtobeunsinkable.However,theBritishhadtosinkher.TheysentoutataskforceheadedbytheirbestbattleshipHoodtohuntdowntheBismarck.OnMay24,theHoodfoundtheBismarck.ItwasameetingthattheGermancommanderLuetjensdidnotwanttosee.HisordersweretodestroytheBritishshipsthatwerecarryingsupplies,buttostayawayfromafightwithBritishwarships.Thebattledidn'tlastlong.TheBismarck'sfirsttorpedo鱼雷)hittheHood,whichwentdowntakingallbutthreeofher1,419menwithher.Butinthefight,theBismarckwasslightlydamaged损坏）.HercommanderdecidedtorunforrepairstoFrance,whichhadatthattimebeentakenbytheGermans.TheBritishforcefollowedher.However,becauseoftheBismarck'sspeedandtheheavyfog,theylostsightofher.Fortwodays,everyBritishshipintheAtlantictriedtofindtheBismarck,butwithnosuccess.Finally,shewassightedbyaplanefromIreland.TryingtoslowtheBismarckdownsothattheirshipscouldcatchupwithher,theBritishfiredatherfromtheair.TheBismarckwashit.OnthemorningofMay27,thelastbattlewasfought.FourBritishshipsfiredontheBismarck,andshewasfinallysunk./Wewalkedinsoquietlythatthenurseatthedeskdidn'tevenlifthereyesfromthebook.MumpointedatabigchairbythedoorandIknewshewantedmetositdown.WhileIwatchedmouthopeninsurprise,Mumtookoffherhatandcoatandgavethemtometohold.Shewalkedquietlytothesmallroombytheliftandtookoutawetmop.Shepushedthemoppastthedeskandasthenurselookedup,Mumnoddedandsaid,"Verydirtyfloors.""Yes,I'mgladthey'vefinallydecidedtocleanthem,"thenurseanswered.ShelookedatMumstrangelyandsaid,"Butaren'tyouworkinglate?"Mumjustpushedharder,eachswipe（拖一下）ofthemoptakingherfartherandfartherdownthehall.Iwatcheduntilshewasoutofsightandthenursehadturnedbacktowritinginthebigbook.AfteralongtimeMumcameback.Hereyeswereshining.Shequicklyputthemopbackandtookmyhand.Asweturnedtogooutofthedoor,Mumbowedpolitelytothenurseandsaid,"Thankyou."Outside,Mumtoldme:"Dagmarisfine.Nofever.""Yousawher,Mum?""Ofcourse.Itoldheraboutthehospitalrules,andshewillnotexpectusuntiltomorrow.Dadwillstopworryingaswell.It’safinehospital.Butsuchfloors!Amopisnogood.Youneedabrush."六、事物类文章.旧事物：注意与现在事物的不同之处In19thcenturyEnglandpeoplelikedtogototheseaside.Inthosedays,ladiesworelongbathingdresses,andmenworebathingsuits-.新事物（1）引出新事物Excusedfromrecyclingbecauseyouliveinahighrisewitharubbishchute?Youwon’tbeforlong.Miami’sMarkShantzishasmadeitsimpleforthoselivingintallbuildingstousethechuteandrecycletoo./Holidaymakerswhoareboredwithbakingbeachesandoverheatedhotelroomsheadforabigigloo.SwedishbusinessmanNileBergqvistisdelightedwithhisnewhotel,theworld’sfirstigloohotel.（2）结构或原理（怎么造的）Sixworkmenspentmorethaneightweekspiling1,000tonsofsnowontoawoodenbase;whenthesnowfroze,thebasewasremoved.（3）优势（advantage）Thepopularityoftheiglooisbeyonddoubt:itisnowattractingtouristsfromallovertheworld..事物的起源：找时间点，注意转折之处。Today,rollerskatingiseasyandfun.Butalongtimeago,itwasn’teasyatall.Before1750,theideaofskatingdidn’texist.ThatchangedbecauseofamannamedJosephMerlin.Merlin'sworkwasmakingmusicalinstruments.Inhissparetimebelikedtoplaytheviolin.JosephMerlinwasa