雅思阅读专项长难句讲义与练习

UnderstandingIELTSGrammar---SolutiontoLong&ComplicatedSentences・长难句成因：“树形结构"：修饰成分纷繁复杂主从句交织特殊句式・StrategiesforLong&ComplicatedSentences:一、主从复合句解析.名词性从句.定语从句.状语从句.多重复合句二、特殊结构句式解析.分隔结构.倒装结构.强调结构.双重或者多重否定.比较结构专业word可编辑、主从复合句解析1.名词性从句1.1主语从句Lookingatthepicturemakeshimexperienceasevereattackofnostalgia.Forher,awoman,todefyherhusband’sorderwouldbeconsideredaudaciousathertime.Whatbothersmeaboutthispointofviewisthatitimpliesthathumanbeings,insomedeepsense,arenotpartofnature.Thatheisinlovewithherisnolongerasecret.主语从句解读方法：•主语从句引导词：专业word可编辑Practice:(1)Thathefinishedwritingthecompositioninsuchashorttimesurprisedusall.(2)Whetherwewillgoforanoutingtomorrowremainsunknown.(3)Whowillbeourmonitorhasn'tbeendecidedyet.(4)Whothewatchbelongstoisunknown.(5)Whomwemuststudyforisaquestionofgreatimportance.(6)Whatcausedtheaccidentremainsunknown.(7)Whatweneedistime.(8)Whatweneedaregooddoctors.(9)Whateveryoudidisright.：Thatthenineteenth-centuryFrenchnovelistBalzaccouldbefinanciallywiseinhisfictionwhilelosingallhismoneyinhislifewasanironywhichwasduplicatedinothermatters.Thatsuchradicaladaptationscanoccurdemandsaviewofthebrainasdynamicandactiveratherthanprogrammedandstatic.专业word可编辑However,itcannotbedeniedthatitwasSmithwhointroducedsuchatargetforlaternovelists.FurtherPractice:Itiscommonknowledgethatthefullmoonbringsfairweather.Itisasurprisethatyougavesuchananswertothequestion.Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.Itisprobablethathehasknowneverything.Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.ItmadeusveryhappythatshewassavedItremainsunknownwhentheyaregoingtogetmarried.ItissaidthatLiHaohasbeentoEurope.Itwasamusingthatarabbitranoutoftheemptyboxonthedesk.1.2.宾语从句(objectclause)引导词：专业word可编辑Asurveyofnewstoriesin1996revealsthattheanti-sciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswell,fromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustorepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch.:Yetnewfindingsinneurosciencesuggestthatthebrainretainsitsabilitytoreorganizeitselfinresponsetoexperienceorinjurythroughoutlife:afterthelossofsensoryinputfromanamputatedlimb,forexample,adultsareabletolearnnewmotorskillseffectively.:ArthistorianKennethClarke,forexample,writingin1973,couldnotacceptthattheMonaLisawasfamousforreasonsotherthanitsinnerqualities.专业word可编辑Thestudyonrats,kittens,andmicemay,forinstance,provideaphysiologicalexplanationforwhyinfantanimalsemployintheirplaythesamekindsofbehaviorthattheywilllateruseasadults.表语从句弓I导词:who,how,when,as,whetherExample:ThekeyissueinjudgingoverpopulationisnothowmanypeoplecanfitintoanygivenspacebutwhetherEarthcansupplythepopulation,slotermrequirementforfood,water,andotherresources.Practice:Themiracleishowtheyallcooperate,andareintegratedtogether,inthe专业word可编辑creationofaself.同位语从句Example:HewassurprisedatthefactthathehadpassedtheIELTSexamination.先行词：破解关键：Therewasstillthefaiththatordinarymenaregreaterthanthepowersofnatureorthemechanismsofman,shandsdwillmasterthemallintheend.Thebeliefthatitisharmfultotheblackcommunityforauthorstoexplorethehumanityofourleaderscanhavetroublingeffects.专业word可编辑【佥U3】Inrecenttimes,scientificresearchhasbeenprovidingevidencethatyearsofcigarettesmokingvastlyincreasestheriskofdevelopingfatalmedicalconditions.【佥U3】Thisattitudealteredwiththerealizationthatmarginalcommunitiescansurviveandadaptinspiteofpartialintegrationintoanotoriouslyfickleworldeconomy.Practices：Itakefurthercomfortinthefactthathumanspeciesmanagedtoproduceprettydecentcreativeworkduringthe5000yearsthatpreceded1710,whentheStatueofAnne,theworld’sfirstmoderncopyrightlaw,passedtheBritishparliament.专业word可编辑AccordingtoJames,achild’sfirststepontheroadtoselUnderstandingcanbeseenastherecognitionthatheorsheexists.[佥U9].定语从句引导词：Which:Liketheslaves,womentookliterallythepreambleoftheDeclarationofIndependence,whichstatesthatallmenarecreatedequal.Librariesmadeeducationpossible,andeducationinitsturnaddedtolibraries;thegrowthofknowledgefollowedakindofcompound-interestlaw，whichwasgreatlyenhancedbytheinventionofprinting.That:Withtheintroductionoftheelectroniccomputer,thereisnocomplicatedproblemthatcannotbesolvedinafewhours.专业word可编辑Often,thechildren,sdisagreementsinvolvedastruggleoveratoythatnoneofthemhadplayedwithbeforeorafterthetug-of-war:thechildrenseemedtobedisputingownershipratherthanwantingtoplaywithit.[剑9]Thereissomething,theyargue,insidethepaintingthatspeakstousall,thatunleashesfeelings,emotion,andrecognition.关系代词that的省略：BecausethepotentialtalentJohnhasisobvious,heisgoingtobeelectedasthepresident.Anotherpowerfulsourceofinformationforinfantsabouttheeffectstheycanhaveontheworldaroundthemisprovidedwhenothersmimicthem.Who:专业word可编辑ThestudentwhoisansweringthequestionisJohn.Thepersonwhowashereyesterdayisamusician.Whom:InBerlin,hefirstmetthewomanwhomhewouldonedaymarry.Whose:Childrenwithparentswhoseguidanceisfirm,consistent,andrationalareinclinedtopossesshighlevelsofself-confidence.关系副词：When:Shewillneverforgetthedaywhenshegotmarried.Where:专业word可编辑OneofthewildestandmostinaccessiblepartsoftheUnitedStatesistheEvergladeswherewildlifeisabundantandlargelyprotected.Why:Givemeonereasonwhyweshouldhelpyou.复杂定语从句：介词/介词短语+引导词ThisisthedeskonwhichIfoundmybook.Thepigmentationofapearlisinfluencedbythetypeofoysterinwhichitdevelopsandbythedepth,temperature,andthesaltcontentofthewaterinwhichtheoysterlives.Thebeaverchewsdowntreestogetfoodandmaterialwithwhichtobuilditshome.专业word可编辑Hisbookvividlyillustratestheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusiontheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.Wearenotconsciousoftheextenttowhichworkprovidethepsychologicalsatisfactionthatcanmakethedifferencebetweenafullandanemptylife.【佥U5】This,inessence,istheproblemofmodernsociobiology—todiscoverthedegreetowhichhard-wiredgeneticprogrammingdictates,oratleaststronglybiases,theinteractionofanimalsandhumanswiththeirenvironment,thatis,theirbehavior.【佥U8]Perhapsforustoday,twoofthemostsignificantaspectsofmostofthesestudiesofgeniusarethefrequencywithwhichearlyencouragementandteachingbyparentsandtutorshadbeneficialeffectsontheintellectual,artisticormusicaldevelopmentofthechildrenbutcausedgreatdifficultiesofadjustmentlaterintheirlives,andthefrequencywithwhichabilitieswentunrecognizedbyteachersandschools.专业word可编辑【佥U8】Theeasewithwhichtrulygreatideasareacceptedandtakenforgrantedfailstolessentheirsignificance..状语从句关联词：破解关键：Whenitisstruck,atuningforkproducesanalmostpuretone,retainingitspitchoveralongperiodoftime.Insectswouldmakeitimpossibleforustoliveintheworld;theywoulddevourallourcropsandkillourflocksandherds,ifitwerenotfortheprotectionwegetfrominsect-eatinganimals.专业word可编辑Eventhoughtheprecisequalitiesofheroinliterarywordsmayvaryovertime,thebasicexemplaryfunctionoftheheroseemstoremainconstant.Sincetheconsumerconsidersthebestfruittobethatwhichisthemostattractive,thegrowermustprovideproductsthatsatisfythediscerningeye.I'mnotlrigwhereIwas.EverywhereIgo,Ifindthesamething.IhiredaboatsothatIcouldgofishing.Takeyourcoatincaseitrains.Hestudiedhardinorderthathecouldpasstheexam.专业word可编辑Heshutthewindowwithsuchforcethattheglassbroke.Mostsubstancecontractwhentheyfreezesothatthedensityofasubstance’ssolidishigherthanthedensityofitsliquid..多重复合句However,LewisandBrooks-Gunn(1979)suggestthatinfants’developingunderstandingthatmovementstheyseeinthemirrorarecontingentontheirown,leadstoagrowingawarenessthattheyaredistinctfromotherpeople.[剑9]Sincebothrapidandlightrailhaveelectricengines,pollutionismeasurednotfromthemotorexhaustbutfromthepowerplantgeneratingelectricity,whichisusuallylocatedoutsidethecity,whereairqualityproblemsarelessserious.专业word可编辑二、特殊结构句式.分隔结构处理原则：Example:Inrelationshipsofmutualdependence,suchasbetweenlabourandmanagementorwithinanorganizationorafamily,thequestion(ofwhoismorepowerful)turnsonwhoislessdependentontheother.Indevelopingcountries,whereatleast10citiesareexpectedtohavemorethan12millionpeoplebytheendofthisdecade,failingtogiveprioritytopublictransportwouldbedisastrous.Itwilltakeyearsforwhites—includingthosewhothinkofthemselvesasliberals—todiscoverandeliminatetheracistattitudestheyallactuallyhave.专业word可编辑Thirdly,thewasteradioactivematerial,includingnotonlytheuraniumbutalsowaterandeventheclothesusedbypowerstationpersonnel,mustbedisposedof.AcousinofthetenaciousAsianlonghornedbeetle—whichsinceitsinitialdiscoveryin1996inNewYorkCityhascausedtensofmillionsofdollarsindamageannually-,thecitruslonghornedbeetle,wasdiscoveredonajuniperbushinAugust2001inTukwila,Washington.GenerationsofteachershaveassignedThoreau’sbookWalden(1854),whichrecountshisexperimentinlivinginsolitaryharmonywithnature,asanillustrationoftheintensitywithwhichnineteenth-centuryAmericaprotestedtheintrusionintopastoralharmonyoftheforcesofindustrializationandurbanization.专业word可编辑Practices:YetLinnaeushimselfwouldprobablyhavebeenthefirsttoadmitthatclassificationisonlyatool,andnottheultimatepurpose,ofbiologicalinquiry.LikeDouglass,whoinvokedtherhetoricofmaleindividualismtoencourageidentificationwithhisnarrative,shehadtomakeherreaderstaketheoppressionofslavewomenpersonally,toseeitasathreattotheirownsenseofthemselvesaswomen..倒装结构.Only+状语位于句首AlthoughnumerousbookshavebeenwrittenaboutAmericanmothers,onlyrecentlyhasliteraturefocusedontheroleofamother..以never,little,often,notonly,notuntil,hardly,scarcely等词引导的句子。【佥U3】Notonlydiditsolveaproblemthatintriguedmanforages,but,more专业word可编辑importantly,itliterallyopenedthedoortoexplorationoftheuniverse..比较状语从句Inatypicalexample,whenviewingphotographsoffood,hungrysubjectsexperienceamuchgreaterincreaseinpupildiameterthandosatedsubjects..为了突出强调某一内容(表语或状语)Gonearetheproblemsofnotbeingabletoinstantlycontactpeopleinotherpartsoftheworld..So/As或者neither/nor引导的句子【佥U4】Neverbeforehastheplanet’slinguisticdiversityshrunkatsuchapace..某些让步状语从句Inaddition,difficultasitistobelieve,therearedesertfishesthatcansurvivethroughyearsofdroughtintheformofinactiveeggs.专业word可编辑.强调结构含强调结构的句子：Itis/was+被强调的部分+that/who+其他部分照写可以强调：主语，宾语，状语不可以强调：谓语，定语Nuclearpowersupplies5%oftheworld’senergyfrommorethan400plants.强调主语：强调宾语：强调状语：Itwasthelossofrevenuefromdeclinesintourismthatin1935ledtheSaudiauthoritiestograntaconcessionforoilexplorationtothecompanythatlaterwillbeknownasbeingAramoc.Itisbecauselivingspaceformostofman'sfellowcreaturesonthisplanetisfigurednotonlyinsquaremeasureofsurfacebutalsoincubicvolumeabovetheearththatweneedtoknowtheimportanceofbig,maturetrees.专业word可编辑Dunn(1988)pointsoutthatitisinsuchday-to-dayrelationshipsandinteractionsthatthechild’sunderstandingofhis-orherselfemerges.【佥ij9】.双重否定或多重否定Examples:Suchbehaviorisnotunusualamongsocialmammals.Onecanhardlysaythatthesetheoristshavefailedtohaveanyeffects.Practices:【佥U6]Rarelydopatientswatchadoctorwritewithapenthatisn’temblazonedwithdrug’sname,orseeanurseuseatabletnotbearingapharmaceuticalcompany'slogo.Indeed,fewwomen'srightsconventionswereheldduringthe1850'satwhichDouglasswasnotafeaturedspeakerandwhoseproceedingwerenotfullyreportedinhispaper.专业word可编辑Unlessonealreadyknowsagreatdeal,onecannotlearnmuchform