第12讲 阅读理解推理判断题（讲）-2023年高考英语一轮复习讲练测（全国通用）（教师版）

第12讲阅读理解推理判断题（讲）【考纲考情】推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一,包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题,是阅读理解中层次较高的题目,因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示,做出一定的判断和推理,从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。题型和考查角度：1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。【考点梳理】推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。【解题方法】1.逻辑分析推断隐含意义设题方式：Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat．Theauthorstronglysuggeststhat．Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat．Thewriterindicates/implies/suggeststhat．解题指导：(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。【例】(2021·全国乙卷·B篇)GenerationXerswithyoungfamilies,likemywifeandI,canstillfinditconvenienttohaveahomephoneratherthanprovidingamobilephoneforeveryfamilymember.Thatsaid,tobehonesttheonlypeoplewhoeverringourhomephoneareourBabyBoomersparents,tothepointwhereweplayagameandguesswhoiscallingbeforewepickupthephone(usingCallerIDwouldtakethefunoutofit).Howattachedareyoutoyourlandline?Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries?27．Whatcanbeinferredaboutthelandlinefromthelastparagraph?A．Itremainsafamilynecessity.B．Itwillfalloutofusesomeday.C．Itmayincreasedailyexpenses.D．Itisasimportantasthegaslight.【答案】B【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“Howlonguntiltheygothewayofgasstreetlampsandmorningmilkdeliveries？”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，用煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务退出我们生活的例子，侧面说明了座机终有一天会被淘汰。故选B。2.文体特点推断写作意图设题方式：Whatisthemainpurposeoftheauthorwritingthetext?Thepurposeofthetextistogetmorepeopleto．Thewriterofthestorywantstotellusthat．Thefact...ismentionedbytheauthortoshow．Theauthorwritesthelastparagraphinorderto．解题指导：(1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；(2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；(3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句；(4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。【例】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷·C篇)Inthemid­1990s,TomBisselltaughtEnglishasavolunteerinUzbekistan.Heleftaftersevenmonths,physicallybrokenandhavinglosthismind.Afewyearslater,stillattractedtothecountry,hereturnedtoUzbekistantowriteanarticleaboutthedisappearanceoftheAralSea.Hisvisit,however,endedupinvolvingalotmorethanthat.Hencethisbook,ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia,whichtalksaboutaroadtripfromTashkenttoKarakalpakstan,wheremillionsofliveshavebeendestroyedbytheslowdryingupofthesea.ItisthestoryofanAmericantravellingtoastrangeland,andofthepeoplehemeetsonhisway:Rustam,histranslator,alovely24­year­oldwhopickeduphiscolorfulEnglishinCalifornia,OlegandNatasha,hishostsinTashkent,andastringofforeignaidworkers....MrBissellskillfullyorganizeshistoricalinsightsandculturalreferences,makinghistaleawell­roundedpictureofUzbekistan,seenfromWesterneyes.HisjudgmentandreferencesaredecidedlyAmerican,aswellashisdelicatestomach.Astheauthorexplains,thisisneitheratravelnorahistorybook,orevenapieceofreportage.Whateveritis,theresultisafineandvividdescriptionofthepurestofCentralAsiantraditions.11．Whatisthepurposeofthistext?A．Tointroduceabook.B．Toexplainaculturalphenomenon.C.Torememberawriter.D．Torecommendatraveldestination.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。文章第一段和第二段开头部分交代了ChasingtheSea:LostAmongtheGhostsofEmpireinCentralAsia这本书的创作背景；第二段后半部分和第三段介绍了书的具体内容，包括主题、人物和事件等；最后一段描述了作者的创作手法、写作技巧以及对书的评价。综合全文来看，本文的中心是围绕着一本书展开的，目的就是为了介绍这本书。故选A。3.忠于措辞推断观点态度设题方式：Theattitudeoftheauthortowardssomethingis．Thewriterofthepassageseemstothinkthat．What'stheauthor'sopinionon...?Whepassage?Whatdoestheauthorthinkabout...？解题指导：(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。(2)牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、notmentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。【例】(2021·全国甲卷·D篇)Inthesciencesandarts,thosepraisedasgeniusesweremostoftenwhitemen,ofEuropeanorigin.Perhapsthisisnotasurprise.It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors,andthosevictorssetthestandardsforadmissiontothegeniusclub.Whencontributionsweremadebygeniusesoutsidetheclub—women,orpeopleofadifferentcolororbelief—theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.12．Whatdoestheauthorthinkofvictors'standardsforjoiningthegeniusclub?A．They'reunfair. B．They'reconservative.C．They'reobjective. D．They'restrict.【答案】A【解析】推理判断题。根据本段中的“It'ssaidthathistoryiswrittenbythevictors...theywereunacknowledgedandrejectedbyothers.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，胜利者制定了进入天才俱乐部的标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人做出了贡献，他们不被别人承认并遭到拒绝。)”可推知，作者认为胜利者制定的加入天才俱乐部的标准不公平。故选A。4.语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者设题方式:Thispassagewouldbemostlikelytobefoundin．Thepassageisprobablytakenfrom．Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?Whichsectionofamagazineisthispassageprobablytakenfrom?Thetextisintendedfor．解题指导：(1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；(2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；(3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；(4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；(5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；(6)网络：文体不限，找到clickhere，download，up­load，link，mouse,surf等网络标志语。【例】(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·D篇)Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0­25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthemonkeyscombined—oradded—thesymbolstogetthereward.Here'showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedtheexperiment：Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbolwouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7wouldflashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice；iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldberewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample....35．Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?A．Entertainment. B．Health.C．Education. D．Science.【答案】D【解析】推理判断题。全文围绕科学实验展开——研究者训练猴子并对其进行测试后发现猴子能够进行简单的加法运算，但有时计算的结果不够精确。由此可推知，该文章可能出现在报纸的科学版上。故选D。正确选项特点：1.是“弦外之音”，是立足原文推断出来的内容，而不是直接叙述的具体信息2.没有绝对概念的字眼，如only，never，all，absolutely等。因为是根据原文推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地，常含有usually，may，some，might，can，possibly等词汇。干扰项特点：1.张冠李戴：使用原文出现的词汇或者句式，但非本题内容。2.颠倒是非：选项内容涉及原文中提及的内容，但选项意思与之相反。3.无中生有：符合常识，但不符合原文内容。4.扩缩范围：原文中可能出现了像almost，all，nearly，morethan，normally,usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰项改变了原文范围5.曲解文意；根据文中某一句话或者利用里面的字词设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解文章原意。【题型剖析】阅读理解AFamousAmericanpoetRobertFrostoncesaid,“Poetryiswhatgetslostintranslation.”Althoughitisnotimpossibletotranslatepoetry,XuYuanchong,awell-knownChinesetranslator,hasstriventoconveythebeautyofancientChinesepoetrythroughouthislife.

HisteacherQianZhongshucommentedonhispoetrytranslation,“Youaredancingwhilechainedbyrhyme(押韵)andrhythm,butthedanceshowsamazingfreedomandbeauty,whichisquiteextraordinary.”Xuhasjustturned100yearsold.OnApril1,ChinaTranslationandPublishingHousepublishedaseriesofcommemorative(纪念的)booksabouthislifeandcareertopaytributetothiscentenarian.Since1978,Xuhaspublishedmorethan100translatednovels,anthologies(选集)andplaysinChinese,EnglishandFrench,reachingpotentiallymillionsofreadersathomeandabroad.Mostnotably,hetranslatedChinesepoemsintorhymedversesinbothEnglishandFrench.HeisalsothefirstAsianwinnerofthe“AuroraBorealisPrize”forOutstandingTranslationofFictionLiterature.Xuisknowntobeveryfastidiousinhiswork.Hehasdedicatedhislifeto“[translating]beautifully”.Forhim,Englishisa“scientific”languagethatdemandsaccuracy,whileChineseisan“artistic”languagethatincludesawiderrangeofcontent.Followingthisprinciple,Xunotonlykeepsfaithfulnessinsensebutbeautyinsensibilityinhistranslation.ThroughXu’stranslations,time-honoredChinesewisdomhasmadeanimpactonWesternsocietiesandtheworldatlarge.Forinstance,whenformerUSpresidentBarackObamatriedtobeginacontroversialhealthcarereformduringhispresidency,somesenators(参议员)wereopposedatfirst.ButafterreadingthepoemtitledFishinginSnow(《江雪》)translatedbyXu,onesenatorwassoimpressedwiththefisherman’sindependent,non-conformist(不墨守成规的)thinkingthathechosetopartwiththepartylinetosupportObama,notedNewsChina.Havingmadesuchgreatachievements,the100-year-oldremainsdiligent.HelivesaloneinanoldhousenearPekingUniversity.Inhissimpleroom,decoratedwithChinesetraditionalfurniture,hemaintainsaroutine.Everydayhetranslatesroughly1,000words,workingtill3to4am,sleepingabout3hoursandgettingupat6amtocontinue.“Translationisameansofcommunicatingwiththewriter’ssoul.Asuddenflicker(闪现)of[a]goodwordor[a]goodlinethrillseverypore(毛孔)andeveryinchofmyskin,”XutoldNewsChina.1．WhatdoesthearticletellusaboutXuYuanchong?A．He’sthefirstwinnerofTheAuroraBorealisPrize.B．Hehastranslatedabout100ChineseliteraryworksintoEnglish.C．Heiswidelyknownforhistranslatedrhymedverse.D．Hehasmasteredatleastthreeforeignlanguages.2．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“fastidious”inparagraph5probablymean?A．Particular. B．Satisfied. C．Inventive. D．Productive.3．WhywasBarackObamamentionedinthearticle?A．ToshowXu’spopularity.B．ToillustrateXu’simpact.C．Tointroducehisreform.D．TostressXu’swisdom.4．WhichofthefollowingbestdescribesXu?A．Modestandinsightful.B．Considerateandcautious.C．Creativeandopen-minded.D．Dedicatedandpassionate.【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了著名翻译家许渊冲先生在诗歌翻译方面的成就以及他的影响力。1．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的“XuYuanchong,awell-knownChinesetranslator,hasstriventoconveythebeautyofancientChinesepoetrythroughouthislife.(著名中文翻译家许渊冲一生都致力于传达中国古代诗歌的美)”第四段的“Since1978,Xuhaspublishedmorethan100translatednovels,anthologies(选集)andplaysinChinese(自1978年以来，许已经出版了100多部中文翻译小说、选集和戏剧)”以及“Mostnotably,hetranslatedChinesepoemsintorhymedversesinbothEnglishandFrench.(最值得注意的是，他把中文诗歌翻译成英语和法语的押韵诗歌)”可知，许渊冲以其翻译过的押韵诗而闻名。故选C项。2．A【解析】词句猜测题。根据第五段的“Hehasdedicatedhislifeto“[translating]beautifully”.Forhim,Englishisa“scientific”languagethatdemandsaccuracy,whileChineseisan“artistic”languagethatincludesawiderrangeofcontent.Followingthisprinciple,Xunotonlykeepsfaithfulnessinsensebutbeautyinsensibilityinhistranslation.(他一生都致力于“优美的翻译”。对他来说，英语是一种要求准确的“科学”语言，而汉语是一种包含更广泛内容的“艺术”语言。按照这一原则，徐在翻译中不仅保持忠诚，而且保持感性的美)”可知，他不仅仅致力于翻译要忠实原文的意义，还力求保持翻译出诗歌细腻的美。因此推断，许对于他的作品很讲究。故划线词与Particular意为“讲究的，挑剔的”意思相近。故选A项。3．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段的“ThroughXu’stranslations,time-honoredChinesewisdomhasmadeanimpactonWesternsocietiesandtheworldatlarge.(通过许的翻译，历史悠久的中国智慧对西方社会和整个世界产生了影响)”以及接下来第七段的“Forinstance”可推断，举例子是为了阐明他的作品在西方社会和世界有很大的影响力。故选B项。4．D【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Havingmadesuchgreatachievements,the100-year-oldremainsdiligent.(在取得了如此伟大的成就之后，这位100岁的老人仍然很勤奋)”以及倒数第一段的“Translationisameansofcommunicatingwiththewriter’ssoul.Asuddenflicker(闪现)of[a]goodwordor[a]goodlinethrillseverypore(毛孔)andeveryinchofmyskin(翻译是一种与作者的灵魂交流的手段。一个好词或一句好台词的突然的闪现刺激我的每一个毛孔和每一寸皮肤)”可推断，许渊冲先生即使100岁高龄还每天要翻译作品，并且他认为翻译是与作者的灵魂交流的方式，突然的灵光闪现的感觉非常美妙，由此可见他对翻译事业的奉献和热爱。故选D。BInmanycultures,itisconsideredunluckytospillsalt.Fortunately,manyculturesalsohaveasolutiontotheproblem,whichusuallyinvolvesthrowingapinchofsaltoveryourshoulder.Itmayseemconfusingtomodernhumans,butknowingthatsaltwasonceincrediblyvaluablecanchangethisperspective.Forthousandsofyears,saltwasanextremelyrarecommodity.Itwasdifficulttoobtainsothatthepricewasveryhigh.Manytradingroutesweresetuptocarrysalt,peoplewerepaidinsalt,andsaltwassometimesworthmorethanitsweightingold.Therefore,spillingsaltwasconsideredwasteful.Becauseofitshighvalue,saltwasalsoassociatedwithfriendshipandgoodfortune.Offeringsofsaltwereincludedinmanyreligiousceremonies,andpeoplemightbringsalttoanewhomeforgoodluck.Theseassociationswouldhavesuggestedthatitwouldbebadlucktospillsalt,sinceitwouldseemtoviolatesalt’sfortunateproperties.Saltisalsoanexcellentpreservative.Itpreventsfoodfromgoingbad.Assuch,itcametobelinkedwithhealthandlongevity.Insomecultures,spillingsaltwasthoughttoreduceone'swell-being.InBritain,forexample,eachspilledgrainwassaidtorepresentatear,whileinGermanyspilledsaltawakenedthedevil,bringingmisfortune.ThefearofspillingsaltwasalsoadoptedintotheChristianfaith.ItissaidthatJudasspilledsaltattheLastSupper,andsincehelaterturnedouttobethebetrayerofChrist,spilledsaltisconsideredunluckybymanyChristians.Shouldyoubeunfortunateenoughtospillsalt,youmightthrowapinchoveryourleftshouldertoblindtheDevil.5．Spillingsaltwasprobablythoughttobringbadluckbecause________.A．itwasaChristianfaith B．saltwaslinkedwithmisfortuneC．itwoulddecreaseone’slifespan D．saltwasalwaysexpensivethangold6．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“preservative”probablymeaninParagraph4?A．Protector. B．Flavor. C．Medium. D．Solution.7．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?A．Tointroducethehistoryofsalt. B．Toshowwaystoavoidmisfortune.C．Toexplainthebeliefsaboutspillingsalt. D．Toentertainreaderswithsomeanecdotes.【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。5．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中“Assuch,itcametobelinkedwithhealthandlongevity.Insomecultures,spillingsaltwasthoughttoreduceone'swell-being.InBritain,forexample,eachspilledgrainwassaidtorepresentatear,whileinGermanyspilledsaltawakenedthedevil,bringingmisfortune.(因此，它与健康和长寿联系在一起。在一些文化中，洒盐被认为会降低幸福感。例如，在英国，每一粒洒下的谷物据说代表一滴眼泪，而在德国，洒下的盐唤醒了魔鬼，带来了不幸)”可知，人们可能认为撒盐会带来厄运，是因为这会缩短人的寿命。故选C。6．A【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词后文“Itpreventsfoodfromgoingbad.(它可以防止食物变质)”可知，盐可以防止食物变质，所以是是一种很好的食物保护物，即划线词意思是“保护物”。A.Protector.保护物；B.Flavor.风味；C.Medium.中等；D.Solution.解决方案。故选A。7．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“Inmanycultures,itisconsideredunluckytospillsalt.Fortunately,manyculturesalsohaveasolutiontotheproblem,whichusuallyinvolvesthrowingapinchofsaltoveryourshoulder.Itmayseemconfusingtomodernhumans,butknowingthatsaltwasonceincrediblyvaluablecanchangethisperspective.(在许多文化中，洒盐被认为是不吉利的。幸运的是，许多文化也有解决这个问题的办法，通常是在你身后洒一撮盐。这可能让现代人感到困惑，但知道盐曾经非常有价值可以改变这种看法)”结合文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。由此推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是解释一些关于洒盐的信仰。故选C。CInthemagnificentrangeofmountainsofnorthernCalifornia,42radiotelescopespointtowardsthestars,scanningforsignsoflife.TheSearchforExtraterrestrialIntelligence（SETI）Institutehasbeenlisteningforasignalheresinceitwasfoundedin1984.JillTarter,itsco—founder,saystheprogrammedaimisnotjusttocommunicatewithremotecivilisations.Itisalsotoremindhumanbeingsofitsownmodest,fragile（脆弱的）placeintheuniverse.Thus,forthefirsttime,SETIiscockingitseartowardsEarthtolookforasignalthatcanbesentintospacetorepresentthespecies.FelipePerezSantiago,aMexicanmusicianandcomposer,hasanideaofwhatmightwork.Sincesongs,likethehumanvoices,arecommontoalllanguagesandnations,heandMs.Tarterhavedesignedthe“EarthlingProject”-acalltopeopleeverywheretouploadextracts（精华）ofsongthatheplanstomeltintoacollectivehumanchorus.Aninitialcompositionwillbelaunchedintospacethissummer,recordedonavirtuallyindestructibledisk.FutureplansanddreamsincludeaneventuallandingonMars.Humanmusichasbeensenttotheheavensin1977.DistantbeingscanintheoryalreadyenjoyPeruvianpanpipes,aNavajochant,Bach,Beethovenandmore.Butnopreviousoffering,andperhapsnocompositionundertakenanywhere,hastriedtoencompasstheentirediversityofhumansong.Mr.Santiagosaysheisthrilledaboutbringingtogethercontributorsfromaroundtheglobe.Unlikeotherrecordingssentintospace,saysMr.Santiago,“Everyone'sinvited.Youdon'thavetobeoneofthemaincomposersofourhistorylikeBeethoven,justsomeonesingingintheirshower.”Downloadthe“EarthlingProject"app,singuptothreesongsof30secondseach,andyourvoicewillbesentintothesky.8．WhydoesSETIlookforasignaltobesentintospace?A．Tostandforspeciesontheearth.B．Toscanforotherliveableplanets.C．Torespondtothecalloftheuniverse.D．Tostresstheimportanceoftheearth.9．Whatcanweinferaboutthe"EarthlingProject”?A．Itisaworldmusicorganization.B．Itintendstocreateahumanchorus.C．Ittriestodevelopauniversallanguage.D．Itaimstosearchforsignalsfromspace.10．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“encompass"inParagraph3mean?A．Include. B．Appreciate.C．Workout. D．Relateto.11．Whatisthepurposeofthelastparagraph?A．Toinspirepeopletobecomecomposers.B．Tocallonpeopletoprotectourplanet.C．Toencouragepeopletoexplorespace.D．Toinvitepeopletojoinaprogramme.【解析】这是一篇新闻报道。介绍了FelipePerezSantiago和Tarter女士设计了“地球计划”——号召世界各地的人们上传歌曲的片段，将这些歌曲融合成人类的集体合唱，代表地球上物种的声音被发送到太空。8．A【解析】细节理解题。根据首段最后一句“Thus,forthefirsttime,SETIiscockingitseartowardsEarthtolookforasignalthatcanbesentintospacetorepresentthespecies.”（SETI首次向地球竖起耳朵，寻找可以送入太空的代表物种的信号。）可知，SETI寻找信号发送到太空是为了代表地球上的物种的声音。故选A项。9．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Sincesongs,likethehumanvoices,arecommontoalllanguagesandnations,heandMs.Tarterhavedesignedthe“EarthlingProject”-acalltopeopleeverywheretouploadextractsofsongthatheplanstomeltintoacollectivehumanchorus.”（因为歌曲，就像人类的声音，对所有语言和国家来说都是共通的，他和塔特女士设计了“地球计划”——号召世界各地的人们上传歌曲的片段，他计划将这些歌曲融合成人类的集体合唱。）可知，地球计划打算创造一个人类的合唱。故选B项。10．A【解析】词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句“DistantbeingscanintheoryalreadyenjoyPeruvianpanpipes,aNavajochant,Bach,Beethovenandmore.”（遥远的生物理论上已经可以欣赏秘鲁的排箫、纳瓦霍的圣歌、巴赫、贝多芬等。）可知，被送到太空的音乐类型很多。再根据划线词所在句的But，可以判断之前的作品没能包含人类歌曲的多样性，故由此可知划线词词义为“包含”，选A项。11．D【解析】推理判断题。根据尾段最后一句“Downloadthe“EarthlingProject"app,singuptothreesongsof30secondseach,andyourvoicewillbesentintothesky.”（下载“地球计划”应用程序，唱三首歌，每首歌30秒，你的声音就会被发送到太空中。）可知，本段的目的是邀请读者参加地球计划。故选D项。DAyoungwomanwaswalkinginSantaAna,California,whenshecameuponanelderlystreetvendor(小贩)sellingtamales(玉米粉蒸肉).Seeinghowtiredhelookedinhiswheelchair,shedecidedtogivehimafewbucksandasandwich—andshealsogavehimasympatheticeartolistentohisstory.WhenKeniaBarraganfirstsawJoseVillaOchoa,shethoughtofherownparents.“Ifeltforhim,”shetoldKTTVNews,“Myparentsarebotholder,andIwouldhatetoseemydadoutsellingtamalesforsomebodyandbarelymakingendsmeet.”Knownas“DonJoel”,heexplainedthatalthoughhewantedajob,nocompanywouldhirehimbecauseofhisage.Inordertokeephimselfoutofdebt,hestartedtoselltamalescookedbyalocalwoman.Attheendofeachhardday,shewouldgivehimacutoftheearnings.Thisallowedhimtobuyfood,butwasnotenoughforhimtoaffordhismedicaltreatmentoraphone.The28-year-oldwomanwashappytolistentoDonJoel’sstory,butshewantedtodomore.ShemadeanappealtoherfollowersonInstagramforsomeassistance.Withinaweek,friendsandstrangersfloodedherwithmorethan$84000indonations.Inadditi