版权说明：本文档由用户提供并上传，收益归属内容提供方，若内容存在侵权，请进行举报或认领
文档简介
GlobalHydrogenReview
2022
INTERNATIONALENERGYAGENCY
TheIEAexaminesthefullspectrumof
energyissuesincludingoil,gasand
coalsupplyanddemand,renewable
energytechnologies,electricity
markets,energyefficiency,accessto
energy,demandsidemanagement
andmuchmore.Throughitswork,the
IEAadvocatespoliciesthatwill
enhancethereliability,affordability
andsustainabilityofenergyinits31
membercountries,11association
countriesandbeyond.
Pleasenotethatthispublicationis
subjecttospecificrestrictionsthat
limititsuseanddistribution.The
termsandconditionsareavailable
onlineat/t&c/
Thispublicationandanymapincludedhereinare
withoutprejudicetothestatusoforsovereignty
overanyterritory,tothedelimitationof
internationalfrontiersandboundariesandtothe
nameofanyterritory,cityorarea.
Source:IEA.Allrightsreserved.
InternationalEnergyAgency
Website:
IEAmembercountries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
NewZealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SlovakRepublic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
RepublicofTürkiye
UnitedKingdom
UnitedStates
IEAassociationcountries:
Argentina
Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Morocco
Singapore
SouthAfrica
Thailand
Ukraine
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Tableofcontents
PAGE|3
TableofContents
Executivesummary 4
Introduction 11
Overview 12
TheHydrogenInitiative 13
Hydrogenismakinginroadsandacceleratingasaconsequenceofthe
energycrisis 14
Hydrogendemand 16
Overviewandoutlook 17
Refining 20
Industry 28
Transport 39
Buildings 56
Electricitygeneration 63
Hydrogenproduction 69
Overviewandoutlook 70
Electrolysis 74
HydrogenproductionwithCCUS 85
Comparisonofhydrogenproductionroutes 91
Hydrogen-derivedfuels 99
Hydrogeninfrastructure 105
Hydrogentransportbypipeline 108
Undergroundhydrogenstorage 123
Hydrogentransportbyships 131
RepurposingLNGinfrastructure 142
Hydrogenclusters 151
Hydrogentrade 160
Overviewandoutlook 161
Developinginternationalhydrogenmarkets 172
Hydrogenpolicies 180
Establishtargetsand/orlong-termpolicysignals 182
Supportdemandcreationforlow-emissionhydrogen 188
Mitigateinvestmentrisks 192
PromoteR&D,innovation,strategicdemonstrationprojectsandknowledge-
sharing 200
Regulatoryframeworks,standardsandcertificationsystems 207
Investmentandinnovation 213
Investment 214
Innovation 225
Hydrogeninachangingenergylandscape 232
Opportunitiesforlow-emissionhydrogentoreducefossilfueluse 235
Opportunitiesandchallengestorepurposeinfrastructureforhydrogenuse
259
Annexes 271
Explanatorynotes 272
Abbreviationsandacronyms 274
Units 278
Acknowledgements 280
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|4
Executivesummary
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|5
ExecutiveSummary
Hydrogendemandisgrowing,withpositivesignalsinkeyapplications
Hydrogendemandreached94milliontonnes(Mt)in2021,recoveringtoabovepre-pandemiclevels(91Mtin2019),andcontainingenergyequaltoabout2.5%ofglobalfinalenergyconsumption.Mostoftheincreasecamefromtraditionalusesinrefiningandindustry,thoughdemandfornewapplicationsgrewtoabout40thousandtonnes(up60%from2020,albeitfromalowbase).
Somekeynewapplicationsforhydrogenareshowingsignsofprogress.Announcementsfornewsteelprojectsaregrowingfastjustoneyearafterthestart-upofthefirstdemonstrationprojectforusingpurehydrogenindirectreductionofiron.ThefirstfleetofhydrogenfuelcelltrainsstartedoperatinginGermany.Therearealsomorethan100pilotanddemonstrationprojectsforusinghydrogenanditsderivativesinshipping,andmajorcompaniesarealreadysigningstrategicpartnershipstosecurethesupplyofthesefuels.Inthepowersector,theuseofhydrogenandammoniaisattractingmoreattention;announcedprojectsstackuptoalmost3.5GWofpotentialcapacityby2030.
Consideringpoliciesandmeasuresthatgovernmentsaroundtheworldhavealreadyputinplace,weestimatethathydrogendemandcouldreach115Mtby2030,althoughlessthan2Mtwouldcome
fromnewuses.Thiscompareswiththe130Mt(25%fromnewuses)thatwouldbeneededtomeetexistingclimatepledgesputforwardbygovernmentsaroundtheworldsofar,andwithnearly200Mtneededby2030tobeontrackfornetzeroemissionsby2050.
Thepipelineofprojectsforlow-emissionhydrogenproductionkeepsexpanding,butfewarereachingFID
Muchoftheincreaseinhydrogendemandin2021wasmetbyhydrogenproducedfromunabatedfossilfuels,meaningtherewasnobenefitformitigatingclimatechange.Theproductionoflow-emissionhydrogenwaslessthan1Mtin2021,practicallyallofitcomingfromplantsusingfossilfuelswithcarboncapture,utilisationandstorage(CCUS).However,thepipelineofprojectsfortheproductionoflow-emissionhydrogenisgrowingatanimpressivespeed.
Ifallprojectscurrentlyinthepipelinewererealised,by2030theproductionoflow-emissionhydrogencouldreach16-24Mtperyear,with9-14Mtbasedonelectrolysisand7-10MtonfossilfuelswithCCUS.Inthecaseofelectrolysis,therealisationofalltheprojectsinthepipelinecouldleadtoaninstalledelectrolysercapacityof134-240GWby2030,withthelowerendoftherangesimilartototalinstalledrenewablecapacityinGermanyandattheupperendinallofLatinAmerica.Meetinggovernments’climatepledgeswouldrequire34Mtoflow-emissionhydrogenproductionperyearby2030;
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|6
apathcompatiblewithreachingnetzeroemissionsby2050globallywouldrequirearound100Mtby2030.
Asignificantportionofprojectsarecurrentlyatadvancedplanningstages,butjustafew(4%)areunderconstructionorhavereachedfinalinvestmentdecision(FID).Amongthekeyreasonsareuncertaintiesaboutdemand,lackofregulatoryframeworksandofavailableinfrastructuretodeliverhydrogentoendusers.
Expandingelectrolysermanufacturingcapacityiscriticaltorollingoutofhydrogensupplychains
Electrolysersusinglow-emissionelectricityareneededtoproducelow-emissionhydrogen.Today,electrolysermanufacturingcapacitysitsatnearly8GW/yr,andbasedonindustryannuncementsitcouldexceed60GW/yrby2030.Thiswouldbeenoughtomeetcurrentgovernmenttargetsforelectrolysisdeployment,butthebuild-outdependsongovernmenttargetsbeingtranslatedintoreal-worldprojectsbeyondthecurrentprojectpipeline.Althoughitisexpectedthattheprojectpipelinewillcontinuetogrowoverthecomingyears,thereisaneedtoprovideearlysupportforprojectstoensurethattheyreachFIDandscaleup.
Ouranalysissuggeststhatwithtoday’sfossilenergyprices,renewablehydrogencouldalreadycompetewithhydrogenfromfossilfuelsinmanyregions,especiallythosewithgoodrenewableresourcesandthatmustimportfossilfuelstomeetdemandforhydrogenproduction.Thereisofcourseuncertaintyabouthowthis
playsoutoverthenextfewyears.Butifelectrolyserprojectsinthepipelinearerealisedandtheplannedscale-upinmanufacturingcapacitiestakesplace,costsforelectrolyserscouldfallbyaround70%by2030comparedtotoday.Combinedwiththeexpecteddropinthecostofrenewableenergy,thiscanbringthecostofrenewable-basedhydrogendowntoarangefoUSD1.3-4.5/kgH2(equivalenttoUSD39-135/MWh).Thelowerendofthisrangeisinregionswithgoodaccesstorenewableenergywhererenewablehydrogencouldalreadybestructurallycompetitivewithunabatedfossilfuels.
Largevolumesofhydrogencouldbetradedbytheendofthedecadeifbarriersareaddressedsoon
Theworld’sfirstshipmentofliquefiedhydrogenfromAustraliatoJapantookplaceinFebruary2022,akeymilestoneinthedevelopmentofaninternationalhydrogenmarket.Basedontheexport-orientedprojectsunderdevelopment,anestimated12Mtofhydrogencouldbeexportedannuallyby2030,with2.6Mt/yrplannedtocomeonlineby2026.Nearlyalloftheseexport-orientedhydrogenprojectplanshavebeenannouncedinthelasttwoyears,withmostprojectsthathaveidentifiedahydrogencarrierchosingammoniaasthepreferredoption.
However,off-takeandimportingarrangementsarelaggingbehindthescaleofplannedexports:only2MtH2/yrhassecuredacustomerorpotentialcustomer.Projectdevelopersandinvestorsarefacinghighuncertaintyinanascentmarketandmanygovernmentshave
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|7
yettoimplementspecifichydrogentradepolicies,whicharenecessaryforthesuccessfuldevelopmentofprojects.Internationalcooperationisvitaltofacilitatealignmentandidentifybarriersthatcouldslowthedevelopmentofahydrogenmarket.
Theglobalenergycrisis:anadditionalimpetusforhydrogen?
Theglobalenergycrisisunderscorestheneedforpolicytoalignenergysecurityneedswithclimategoals.Hydrogencancontributetoenergysecuritybydecreasingdependencyonfossilfuels,eitherbyreplacingfossilfuelsinend-useapplicationsorbyshiftingfossil-basedhydrogenproductiontorenewablehydrogen.Thedevelopmentofaninternationalhydrogenmarketcanadditionallyaddtothediversityofpotentialenergysuppliers,enhancingenergysecurityforenergyimportingcountriesinparticular.
Ifgovernmentsimplementambitiouspoliciestomeettheirclimatepledges,hydrogencouldhelpavoid14bcm/yrofnaturalgasuse,20Mtce/yrofcoaland360kbdofoiluseby2030,equivalenttomorethantoday’sfossilfuelsupplyofColombia.Heavyindustry,heavydutyroadtransportandshippingofferthelargestopportunitiestodeliverfossilfuelandemissionssavings.
Thereareopportunitiesandchallengeswithrepurposinginfrastructurefortheuseofhydrogen
Repurposingnaturalgaspipelinesforthetransmissionofhydrogencancutinvestmentcosts50-80%,relativetothedevelopmentofnewpipelines.Thereareprojectsunderdevelopmenttorepurposethousandsofkilometresofnaturalgaspipesto100%hydrogen.However,practicalexperienceislimitedandsignificantreconfigurationandadaptationwillbenecessary.
Governments,particularlyinEurope,areconsideringrepurposingliquifiednaturalgas(LNG)terminals,thoughtheopportunitiesdependonwhethertheywillultimatelyreceivehydrogenorammonia.Initialstudiesindicatethatrepurposingtoacceptammoniacanbepossibleatadditional11%-20%oftheinvestmentcostsofanewLNGterminal.RepurposingLNGterminalsforliquefiedhydrogenfacesgreatertechnicalchallengesduetothemuchlowertemperatureneeds,whichlimitsthereuseofexistingequipment.Thishasimportantcostimplications.TheLNGtankaloneaccountsforaroundhalfthecostofanLNGterminalinvestmentandanewlybuiltliquefiedhydrogenstoragetanktoreplaceitcanbe50%moreexpensivethanaLNGtank.ThereisnoexperienceyetconvertingexistingLNGterminalstoammoniaorhydrogen,renderingcostestimatesuncertain.Uncertaintyregardingthescaleoffuturedemandforhydrogenanditsderivativescanlimittheuptakeofnewterminalsthatcanbehydrogen-orammonia-ready.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|8
Aspolicyactionintensifies,thefocusmustmoveto
implementation
Governmentscontinuetoconsiderhydrogenapillaroftheirenergy
sectorstrategies:ninenewnationalstrategieshavebeenadopted
sinceSeptember2021,bringingthetotalnumberto26.Some
countriesaremovingtothenextstepbyimplementingconcrete
policies,withaparticularfocustosupportcommercialscaleprojects
forlow-emissionhydrogenproductionandinfrastructure(e.g.theEU
ImportantProjectsofCommonEuropeanInterest,theUSInflation
ReductionActandtheGermanH2GlobalInitiative).However,there
isstillnotenoughpolicyactivityforcreatinghydrogendemand,which
iscriticaltosecureoff-takeagreements.Alackofdemandcreation
canhinderfinalinvestmentdecisions.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|9
IEApolicyrecommendationstoacceleratelow-emissionhydrogenproductionanduse
Movefromannouncementstopolicyimplementation:thefocusofgovernmentsondefiningtheroleofhydrogenintheirenergystrategiesinrecentyearshashelpedindustryunderstandthepotentialmarketplaceforhydrogen,anddevelopplanstoincorporatehydrogenintotechnologyandprojectportfolios.Thesetechnologiesarereadytoscale,butthehydrogenmarketisstillnascentanditsfutureevolutionisuncertain,discouragingfirstmoversfromreachingFID.Governmentsneedtoimplementpoliciestoreduceriskandimprovetheeconomicfeasibilityoflow-emissionhydrogenprojects.
Raiseambitionsfordemandcreationinkeyapplications:inexistinghydrogenapplications,thesharpincreaseinfossilfuelpricesobservedsincetheendof2021hassignificantlyclosedthecostgapbetweenlow-emissionandunabatedfossil-basedhydrogen.However,investmentdecisionscontinuetobehinderedbygeneraluncertaintyaroundthelong-termdevelopmentofenergyprices.Policiestocreatedemandforlow-emissionhydrogenareneeded,usinginstrumentssuchasauctions,mandates,quotasandrequirementsinpublicprocurement.Innewhydrogenapplications,suchpolicyactionshouldbecomplementedbyinnovationanddemonstrationefforts,withafocusonsectorswherehydrogencanbothsupportdecarbonisationandreducedependencyonfossilfuels,suchasheavyindustry,heavydutyroadtransportandshipping.
Identifyopportunitiesforhydrogeninfrastructureandensurethatshort-termactionsalignwithlong-termplans:governmentsandtheprivatesectorneedtolookatopportunitiestoacceleratethedevelopmentofhydrogeninfrastructure,bothintermsofnewassetsandrepurposingexistingnaturalgasinfrastructure.Forthelatter,therearetechnicalchallenges,includingforrepurposingLNGterminals.Asgovernmentsaddressimmediateenergyneedstoday,itisnonethelessimportanttocarefullyconsiderhownewgas-relatedinfrastructuremaypotentiallysupportthefuturedevelopmentofhydrogeninthecontextofclimateambitions.
Intensifyinternationalcooperationforhydrogentrade:thedevelopmentofaninternationalmarketforlow-emissionhydrogenwillstronglydependoneffectiveinternationalcooperation.Thereareanumberofareaswheregovernmentsneedtoworktogether:developingastandardforemissionsintensityofhydrogenproductionandtransport,definingrobustandworkableregulations,andcooperationoncertificationstoensureinteroperabilityandavoidmarketfragmentation.
Removeregulatorybarriers:thepresenceofaclearandstableregulatoryframeworkmustbebalancedwithadynamicregulatoryapproach,calibratedtoregularmarketmonitoring.Actorsinvolvedinahydrogenmarketneedclearrules,butapplyingrigidregulatoryprinciplesinanascentmarketcoulddiscourageinvestments.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Executivesummary
PAGE|10
Improvingregulatoryprocesses,suchaslicensingandpermitting,
canhelpshortenprojectleadtimes.Governmentsshouldworkto
increasetheefficiencyandco-ordinationoftheseprocesseswithout
compromisingenvironmentalstandardsandpublicconsultation.This
shouldapplyalsotoenablinginfrastructureprojects,including
renewablegenerationcapacitiesandCO2transportandstorage.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Introduction
PAGE|11
Introduction
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Introduction
PAGE|12
Overview
Themomentumbehindhydrogencontinuestobestrong.Ithasbeenrecognisedasakeyoptiontorealisethenetzerogreenhousegasemissionscommitmentsthatgovernmentshaveannouncedinrecentyears.Industryisinvestinginlarge-scaleprojectstoproducehydrogenfromwaterelectrolysisorfossilfuelswithCCUS.
1
TheglobalenergycrisissparkedbytheRussianFederation’s(hereafter“Russia”)invasionofUkrainehasaccelaratedthemomentum.Manygovernments,particularlyinEurope,arelookingatlow-emissionhydrogen
2
asawaytoreducedependencyonfossilfuels.Itoffersopportunitiestosimultaneouslycontributetodecarbonisationtargetsandtoenhanceenergysecurity.
Yet,theadoptionoflow-emissionhydrogenasacleanindustrialfeedstockandenergyvectorisatanearlystageand,aswithothercleanenergytechnologies,thereisaneedtoeffectivelytrackprogresstoassessifdevelopmentsarehappeningfastenoughandareonatrajectoryforhydrogentoplayitspartinthecleanenergytransitionandtoenhanceenergysecurity.
Inthatregard,thisreport,theGlobalHydrogenReview,providesanannualupdateofprogressinthetransformationofthehydrogensector.Itisanoutputofthe
CleanEnergyMinisterialHydrogen
Initiative
intendedtoinformenergysectorstakeholdersonthecurrent
1SeeExplanatorynotesannexforCCUSdefinitioninthisreport.
statusandfutureprospectsofhydrogentechnologies.Thisreviewaimstohelpdecisionmakersfinetunetheirstrategiestoattractinvestmentandfacilitatedeploymentoflow-emissionhydrogen.
This2022editiontakesstockandpresentstheanalysisinsevenchapters.Firstitcomprehensivelyassessesthestatusofglobalhydrogendemandandproduction,providesin-depthanalysesofrecentadvancesandexploresshort-andmedium-termtrends.Theinfrastructureandtradechaptersassessprogressintheseareas,theneedfordevelopingthemfasterandtheshort-termopportunitiesfordeployinghydrogeninfrastructureandkick-startinghydrogentrade.Achapteronpolicytrendsdescribesprogressmadebygovernmentsinadoptinghydrogen-relatedpolicies.Achapteroninvestmentandinnovationassesseshowhydrogencompaniesareperforming,thechallengesandopportunitiesavailabletomobiliseinvestmentandprogressinthedevelopmentofkeytechnologiesacrossthehydrogenvaluechain.Theroleofhydrogeninachangingenergylandscapechapterassesseshowhydrogentechnologiescanhelptotacklecurrentandfutureenergycrises,howgovernmentsaretryingtotaphydrogen’spotentialtoenhanceenergysecurityandthechallengestomeetgovernmentambitionsinthisarea.
2SeeExplanatorynotesannexforlow-emissionhydrogendefinitioninthisreport.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Introduction
PAGE|13
TheHydrogenInitiative
DevelopedundertheCleanEnergyMinisterialframework,theHydrogenInitiative(H2I)isavoluntarymulti-governmentalinitiativethataimstoadvancepolicies,programmesandprojectsthatacceleratethecommercialisationanddeploymentofhydrogenandfuelcelltechnologiesacrossallareasoftheeconomy.Ultimately,itseekstoensurehydrogen’splaceasakeyenablerintheglobalcleanenergytransition.
TheIEAservesastheH2Ico-ordinatortosupportmembergovernmentsastheydevelopactivitiesalignedwiththeinitiative.H2Icurrentlycomprisesthefollowingparticipatinggovernmentsandintergovernmentalentities:Australia,Austria,Brazil,Canada,Chile,thePeople’sRepublicofChina(hereafter“China”),CostaRica,EuropeanCommission,Finland,Germany,India,Italy,Japan,Netherlands,NewZealand,Norway,Portugal,RepublicofKorea(hereafter“Korea”),SaudiArabia,SouthAfrica,UnitedArabEmirates,UnitedKingdomandUnitedStates.Canada,EuropeanCommission,Japan,NetherlandsandUnitedStatesco-leadtheinitiative,whileChinaandItalyareobservers.
H2Iisalsoaplatformtoco-ordinateandfacilitateco-operationamonggovernments,otherinternationalinitiativesandtheindustrysector.
TheH2IhasactivepartnershipswiththeHydrogenCouncil,theInternationalPartnershipforHydrogenandFuelCellsintheEconomy(IPHE),theInternationalRenewableEnergyAgency(IRENA),MissionInnovation(MI),theWorldEconomicForum(WEF)andtheIEAAdvancedFuelCellsandHydrogenTechnologyCollaborationProgrammes(TCPs),allofwhicharepartoftheH2IAdvisoryGroupandparticipateinvariousactivitiesoftheH2I.Inaddition,severalindustrialpartnersactivelyparticipateintheH2IAdvisoryGroup’sbi-annualmeetings,includingBallard,Enel,Engie,NelHydrogen,thePortofRotterdamAuthorityandthyssenkruppnucera.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Introduction
PAGE|14
Hydrogenismakinginroadsandacceleratingasaconsequenceoftheenergycrisis
Hydrogenhasanotableroletoplayinsupportingannoucedgovernmentclimatecommittmentsandtoenhanceenergysecurity.Tofulfilthisroleinatimelymanner,thisdecadeneedstoseemassivedeploymentofavailablehydrogentechnologiesandacceleratedinnovationofthosestillunderdevelopment.
Accelerateddeploymentofcertainkeyhydrogentechnologieswasevidentin2021.Itwasarecordyearinelectrolysisdeployment,withmorethan200megawatts(MW)ofadditionalinstalledcapacity,three-timesmorethanthepreviousrecordyear(2020)andbringingtotaloperationalcapacityabove500MW.Wetrackaportfolioofprojectsandnoteprogress;ifalltheseprojetctsarerealised,electrolysiscapacitycouldbe134-240gigawatts(GW)by2030.
3
Thiscomparestotheoutlookof54-91GWby2030inthe2021editionoftheGlobalHydrogenReview.However,onlyasmallfractionoftheprojects(around9GW)havereachedthefinalinvestmentdecisionstage.Thefavourableoutlookforgrowthinelectrolyserdemandhasstimulatedaboostinelectrolysermanufacturingcapacities,whichhasreachedaround8GW/yearworldwide.Announcedexpansionscouldpushthistonearly50GWby2025.
Globalhydrogendemandwasnearly94milliontonnes(Mt)in2021,a5%increasefromthepreviousyear.Mostofthisdemandgrowthwasfromtraditionalusesofhydrogen,particularlyinrefiningandindustry.Butsomenewapplicationsarealsoseeingaccelerateddeployment,suchasfuelcellelectricvehicles(FCEVs).Byend-2021,theglobalFCEVstockwasmorethan51000,upfromabout33000in2020,representingthelargestannualdeploymentofFCEVssincetheybecamecommerciallyavailablein2014.MostFCEVsarepassengercars,butseveraldemonstrationprojectsforfuelcelltrucksandastrongpushinChinaputnearly800hydrogenfuelcellheavy-dutytrucksintooperationin2021.
Inotherareas,thepacewasslower.Forexample,incarboncaptureassociatedwithhydrogenproduction.In2021,0.6MtofhydrogenwereproducedfromfossilfuelswithCCUS,capturingroughly10Mt.Thiswasthesameproductionandcapturelevelasin2020asnonewprojectsstartedoperation.Theoutlookfor2022isboostedbyaprojectinChina(withcapacitytocapture0.7MtCO2annually)thatwascommissionedinJanuary2022andshouldstartoperationduringtheyear.Theprojectportfolioisincreasingandifrealised,the
3Thelowerrangeofourtrackingportfolioincludesprojectsinoperation,underconstruction,withafinalinvestmentdecision,aswellasthosethatareundergoingfeasibilitystudies.Thehigherrange
includesprojectsatveryearlystagesofdevelopment,e.g.onlyaco-operationagreementamongstakeholdershasbeenannounced.
GlobalHydrogenReview2022
Introduction
PAGE|15
projectswouldrepresent80MtCO2capturedannuallyinassociationwithhydrogenproductionby2030.
Somekeyhydrogentechnologies,suchasdirectreducediron(DRI)forsteelmanufacturing,theuseofammoniainshippingvesselsandtheuseofsyntheticfuelsinaviation,arenotyetcommerciallyavailable.However,thenumberofdemonstrationprojectsisincreasingandsomeareexpectedtobecomecommerciallyavailableearlierthanpreviouslythought.AnexampleistheuseofhydrogeninDRI.Justoneyearafterthefirstdemonstrationstartedoperation,plansforseveralcommercial-scaleDRIplantshavebeenannounced,mostlyinEurope.Effortstodemonstratehydrogenuseinvarioussectors,inparticularindustryandtransport,areexpectedtointensify,withclearintenttoreduceEurope’sdependenceonimportedoilandnaturalgas.
Inadditiontotechnologydeployment,progressisnotedoverthelastyearinpolicyareas.Forinstance,ninegovernmentspresentednewnationalhydrogenstrategiesandsomeexistingstrategiesarebeingupdatedto
温馨提示
- 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明，都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
- 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等，如果需要附件，请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
- 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸，网页内容里面会有图纸预览，若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
- 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
- 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间，仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理，对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑，并不能对任何下载内容负责。
- 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容，请与我们联系，我们立即纠正。
- 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。
评论
0/150
提交评论