2015年国际奶牛新技术大会专家1-jan

世界一流的犊牛培育技术

WorldClassCalfRearing

Förster–TechnikGmbH内容

Content2犊牛智能饲喂设备的优点

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeeders犊牛强化培育的重要性／“优育40”技术概念

Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding/40FITconcept超大规模牧场的成功例子ExamplesMegaDairyFarms规划设计建议Layout-SuggestionsFörster-Technik公司：我们的饲喂设备

OurProductsforFeeding犊牛智能饲喂设备

AutomaticcalffeederVario+牛奶饲喂车MilktrolleyMilchMobil羔羊智能饲喂设备

Automaticlamb&kidfeeder

ECO单圈犊牛饲喂机器人FeedingrobotforcalvesinsinglepensCalfRail全功能系统式设计Completesystems最佳质量

Highestquality和畜群管理系统衔接

Connectedtoherdmanagementsystems节省时间Time-saving提高犊牛福利

Animal-friendly更好的监控犊牛发育

BettermonitoringFörster-Technik公司：我们的饲喂设备

OurProductsforFeeding犊牛智能饲喂设备的优点

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeeders5节省时间

Laborsaving生长速度更快的犊牛－－产奶量更高的奶牛Fastergrowingcalveshigheryieldingcows标准化操作程序

Standard-Operating-Procedures

投入划算

——

因为：群舍圈养节省空间；更高的劳动效率；更好的成年奶牛。

Costeffectiveduetogrouphousing,laborsaving，andbettercows犊牛智能饲喂设备的优点

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeedersfeeders6确保合适的奶温度、浓度和饲喂量Alwaysrighttemperature,concentration,amount可用于生鲜乳

和／或代乳料

（包括巴氏杀菌后饲喂犊牛的废弃奶）

Workswithrawmilkand/ormilkreplacer(hospitalmilkafterpasteurization)外周设备包括谷物饲喂器、电子秤、药物定量投放装置

Peripheralslikeelectronicgrainfeeders,scales,medicinedosingdevices带有电子耳标或RFID标记的项圈的犊牛群体圈养

Calvesingroupswithelectroniceartags/neckbandsRFID犊牛智能饲喂设备的优点

GeneraladvantagesAutomaticCalffeedersfeeders7每个智能饲喂装置可最多连接四个饮奶站

Upto4drinkstations每个饮奶站可喂养25-30头犊牛－

也就是每个智能饲喂装置最多可同时喂养100-120个犊牛

Onestationfor25-30animals100-120animalspermachine每头犊牛利用智能饲喂装置的时间约为56天，所以，每套智能饲喂装置每年可培育

约600头犊牛

Calvesshouldstayabout56dayswithmilkatthemachine(yearlycapacity~600calves导航„=主菜单＋工具栏Navigator“=

mainmenu+toolbar菜单栏

－犊牛饲喂装置窗口menubarcalffeeder排序和过滤工具按钮sortandfiltertool每个犊牛的历史数据historyofoneanimal菜单栏

单个动物的历史数据窗口menubarhistoryofoneanimal菜单栏

索引和绘图menubarindexorgraph犊牛管家－管理软件

CalfManagermanagementPCsoftware单个犊牛饮奶量历史数据图

graphicviewtoshowdrinkingparametersofonecalf犊牛管家－管理软件

CalfManagermanagementsoftware所有软件都有中文版本

AlltextinChineselanguage10安全模式——简化操作方式，保障设备正常运行Safety-techforeasyapplication控制终端保护壳，挂锁锁定，仅暴露数据部分按键

Mechanicallockforkey-boardrestriction可设置软件密码Useskey-lock普通员工仅可查看信息，无权修改Workercanonlycheckanimalsatmachine可通过计算机远程控制设备RemotecontrolviaPC1-2-3犊牛电子秤（RFID识别和USB数据输出）

1-2-3CalfScalewithRFID&USB12阅读器MultireaderUSB盘接口USB-StickplugMakita充电电池

RechargeableMakitaBattery数据输出到Excel表格ExporttoExcel&CalfManager近年来，许多研究表明在出生后的几个星期内的强化培育的犊牛Manyimpressivenewstudiesshowthatintensiverearinginthefirstfewweeksofliveproducescalvesthat更有活力aremoreenergetic繁殖性能更好aremorefertile更健康arehealthier强化培育的犊牛成年后产奶量更高。Producingmoremilkduringlactation产奶量增加的回报超过用于强化培育的投入Higherearningsfrommilkyieldexceedbyfartheaddedcostsofcalfraising

”出生后四十天是开发犊牛遗传潜力的重要时期”“Thefirst40daysinlifeareessentialtoexploitthefullgeneticpotential.”犊牛强化培育的重要性Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding犊牛强化培育的重要性Theimportanceofintensifiedcalffeeding14增加犊牛饲料营养浓度对头胎产奶量的影响Effectofincreasedfeedintensityonfirstlactationcowperformance研究

Study头胎305天产奶性能Performance丹麦Denmark(FoldagerandKrohn,1994)+1,402kg丹麦Denmark(Foldageretal.,1997)+519kg以色列Israel,(Bar-Peledetal.,1998)+454kg美国USA,NY(Ballardetal.,2005)+700kg美国USA,MI(DavisRinckeretal.,2006)+499kg美国USA,IL(Drackleyetal.,2007)+835kg美国USA,MN(Chester-Jonesetal.,2009)+998kg平均Average+772kg40FITFeedingplan15Forthefirstapprox.40daysthecalvesgetasmuchmilkperdayastheywant:AdlibmodeEachcalfhasstillRFIDsothattheautomaticcalffeederknowsexactlytheconsumption:Controlledad-libmodeAfterapprox.40daysthedailyallowanceislimitedandgoesdowngradually:Easyweaningtochangetorumendigestion40FITFeedingplan–controlledadlib16EachdrinkingvisitiscomputercontrolledviaRFID,alsointhead-libphaseofthe40FITplanLimitsonlypervisittopreventover-drinkingWorksforwinterandsummerconditionsIntakecomparedagainstreference,e.g.oldercalfneedstodrinkmoreliters,otherwisealarmdocumentedinCalffeeder&PCalwaysfreshlyprepared,sweet,no“depot”ofoldmilkwithexactdrinkingtemperatureEasyweaningafterwards40FitFeedingPlaninProgramVersion8.040FIT(F):Noabsolutefeedlimitperday,butmaximumamountpervisit&waitingtimeifmaximumwasachieved.Waitingtimeissetable,defaultis2h.Litervaluesarea„reference“tocontrolminimumconsumptionandgeneratewarningsifcalfstaysbelowthereference(here6litres).Enable40FitperplanA-DF(40Fit)orR(Restricted)perPeriodP1-P5现代化犊牛培育的效果Consequencesformoderncalfrearing来自美国康奈尔大学著名犊牛培育专家MichaelvanAmburgh教授的建议MikemendationMichaelvanAmburgh,CornellUniversity,USA培育目标：在出生56天内使犊牛体重加倍Aim:DoubleBirth-Weightin56days重点增加牛奶或代乳料的采食量IntensifiedconsumptionofMilkorMR初始状态Initialsituation19出生后约四十天内，动物的生长主要体现在其体内细胞的分化增殖（数量的增多）Afterbirth,cellproliferationaccountsformostoftheanimal'sgrowth.Thiskindofgrowthcontinuesuntilaboutthe40thdayoflife.出生后约四十天以后，动物的生长主要体现在体内细胞的个体体积的增大Inthefollowingmonths,organsgrowinmassandvolumeprimarilythroughenlargementofexistingcells.犊牛出生最初的一段时间对其各个组织器官结构发育非常重要。该阶段的饲养直接影响其一生中各器官的功能Thefirstdaysoflifearecrucialfortissuestructure.Thishasalifelongeffectonorganfunctions:初始状态Initialsituation20代谢程序编制

（Metabolicprograming）

：在生命的早期发育的关键阶段，动物从分子、细胞、及生化水平进行调整，以适应其所处的营养和环境条件的过程称之为代谢程序编制。

该过程中所形成的生理和代谢机制（编制的程序）将对其此后一生产生影响。而且，这种机制并不会随刺激其形成的营养和环境条件改变而消失（Patel和Srinivasan，2002）。“Duringtheearlycriticalperiodsinlifetheorganismalsohastheabilitytorespondtoenvironmentalsituationsthatarealientonormaldevelopmentbyadaptationsatthecellular,molecular,andbiochemicallevels.Suchearlyadaptationstoanutritionalstress/stimuluspermanentlychangethephysiologyandmetabolismoftheorganismandcontinuetobeexpressedevenintheabsenceofthestimulus/stressthatinitiatedthem,aprocesstermed“metabolicprogramming”

”出生后第二到第八周2ndto8thweekoflife出生后第九到十四周9thto14thweekoflife代乳粉喂量1.1%体重1.1%ofbodymass

MPdrymatter代乳粉喂量2%体重

2.0%ofbodymass

MPdrymatter断奶后限制饲养400gGDLRearingfeed

limitedfor400gGDL断奶后期自由采食

Rearingfeed

adlibitum(accordingtoBrown2005器官发育Organdevelopment乳房发育取决于犊牛阶段Udderdevelopmentisdeterminedatthecalfstage:-犊牛培育后期的高营养饲养并不能补偿早期的营养缺乏所造成的乳腺发育减缓

Evenhigherfeedsupplyatolderagecannotcompensateunder-nutrtioninthefirst8weeks第八周

8thweek第十四周

14thweek乳腺组织g/100KgKM研究结果Researchresults早期生长对繁殖性能的影响Effectofearlygrowthonreproduction(Losand2009,FBNDummerstorf)前六个月日增重影响授精频率Inseminationratedependingondailygainuntil6monthofage受孕的配I种次数

Inseminationperpregnancy天数

days前六个月日增重影响产犊间隔Calvingindexuntilsecondlactationrelatedtodailygainuntil6monthofageg/天

g/dayg/天

g/dayExampleof40FitadvantagesMasterthesisofNinaJurkewitz,2012„Effectsoftwofeedingsystemsonthedevelopmentofdairycalves:40FITvs.RestrictedFeeding“2324Conducted2012atAgrargenossenschaftMemmendorfe.G.,Saxony,GermanyApprox.1,000milkingcows5automaticfeeders6concentratefeedersTrial:54Holstein-Frisiancalves24 -restrictedfedcalves30 -40FITcalvesMasterthesisNinaJurkewitzFeedingplanatmasterthesisJurkewitz(N.Jurkewitz,2012)Untilday30:MRwith21%protein(40%skimpowderprotein),20%fat.Afterday30:MRwith22%protein(20%skimpowderprotein),20%fat.牛奶采食量Feedconsumption（

Jurkewitz，masterthesis）(N.Jurkewitz,2012)牛奶饮用量

升／天日龄优育40强化饲喂组定量供应组Visitswithfeedentitlement27(N.Jurkewitz,2012)Visitswithoutfeedentitlement28(N.Jurkewitz,2012)MorestressforrestrictedanimalsDevelopmentofconcentrateconsumption29(N.Jurkewitz,2012)“优育40”试验的日增重：

Dailyweightgain:40Fittrial30(N.Jurkewitz,2012)犊牛日增重g/天定量供应组出生后40天第40天断奶牛以后优育40强化饲喂组NodifferencebetweengroupsatbirthorhousingRestrictedcalvescan`tcatchupwiththehigherweightof40FITcalvesafterintensivefeedingAverageweightofcalvesatdifferentageAveragedailygainofsickandhealthycalves32just1calfsick40FITrestrictedEvensick40Fitcalvesgrowbetterthannon-sickrestrictedcalves“优育40”

试验总结

Summaryof40Fittrial强化饲喂组犊牛有接近于自然状态的采食行为Naturalbehavior平均牛奶日均采食量11升

Averagemilkintakeperdayandcalfof11literduring40FIT强化饲喂组犊牛出生后40天内日增重更高

Higherdailygainduring40FIT-Period试验末体重更高Higherweightsattheendofthetrial强化饲喂组犊牛在生后40天的强化饲喂阶段，到饮奶站要求吃奶的次数更少

Lessvisitsof40FITcalvesduringintensivefeeding更多的休息，更少的应激Moreresttime-lessstress两组犊牛的精料采食量基本相同Concentrateintakeofbothgroupsalmostequal

以及：强化饲喂组犊牛饲料转化效率高9%and:Feedconversionof40FITcalvesupto9%better.优育40技术——冬季饲养方案

40FITTechnology–Winterfeedingregime34根据外界温度变化调整饲养方案Outsidetemperaturedependentadaptationofthefeedingregime犊牛舍内安装温度探头Temperaturesensorinsidetheantennaincalfpen根据温度调整奶料的浓度和饲喂量Adaptationoffeedingorconcentrationinrestrictedperiods预设调整的百分率regimessetin%

调整的目的主要是满足低温条件下犊牛的维持营养需要Compensationofhighermaintenancerequirement犊牛的饲养要求Calves`demandonfeeding真胃容积是有限的ThecapacityoftheabomasumislimitedYoungcalves=smallportions

Abomasumvolumeofayoungcalf:1.5to2.0liters35几天Agedsomedays瘤胃Rumen:0.75l

真胃Abomasum:2.00l比例Relative:25:75%八周龄Agedapprox.8weeks瘤胃Rumen:6l

真胃Abomasum:6l比例Relative:50:50%十二周龄Agedapprox.12weeks瘤胃Rumen:14l

真胃Abomasum:7l比例Relative:65:35%一周岁Agedapprox.1year瘤胃Rumen:90l

真胃Abomasum:10l比例Relative:90:10%1.犊牛营养基础

Basicscalfnutrition犊牛的饲养要求Calves`demandonfeeding36abomasumsmallintestinerumengulletabomasumsmallintestinerumengulletnotlikethisbutlikethis通过奶嘴饲喂Feeddispensedviatheteat犊牛饮用速度慢thecalvesdrinkslower增加唾液生成increasedformationofsaliva有利于食管沟的形成supportsthegulletreflex代乳料溶解均匀，不要有结块现象。这有利于：Thefeeddoesnotgolumpy.Thatisimportantfor消化效率digestibility最佳的饲料转化效率optimumfeedconversion犊牛的饲养要求Calves`demandonfeeding最佳牛奶温度：39摄氏度RequiredMilktemperature:39°C如果奶温太低，会延缓真胃内牛奶凝固

iftemperaturetoolow:delayedclotting如果温度太高：损坏牛胃黏膜及上皮细胞

iftoohigh:stomachmucosawillbedamaged合适的温度有助于食管沟的闭合

Temperaturesupportsthegulletreflex没有凝固的牛奶可能到达大肠，从而引起牛粪变稀Unclottedmilkthatreachesthelargeintestinecancausescours37食道沟闭合后牛奶从食道直接进入瓣胃－真胃，而不会在瘤胃停留。Muscularfoldofthereticulorumenformtheesophagealgrooveanddirectmilktotheabomasum牛奶温度Feedtemperature真胃凝固时间Clottingafter39°C2-3min35°C5min30°C8min25°C12min20°C24min犊牛的饲养要求总结Calves`demandonfeeding-Summary饲养Feeding出生后及时饲喂足量的优质初乳BesureaboutsufficientColostrumintakeafterbirth!出生后几个星期，真胃的发育较充分Intheearlyweeksonlytheabomasumisdeveloped因真胃容积有限，所以少量饲喂，每天3-5次Capacityoftheabomasumislimited!Smalldrinkportions3-5timesperday出生后的几个星期内犊牛以牛奶为主要营养来源Duringitsfirstweeksoflife,thecalflivesonmilk通过奶嘴饲喂Feeddispenseviatheteat牛奶饲喂温度39摄氏度Freshmilktemperature:39°C此外：供给适量的水，开食料和干草Furthermore:SupplywithWater,concentrate(calfstarter)andhey381.犊牛营养基础

BasicscalfnutritionRiverview牧场

Riverview-Farms,Chippewa,MN牛总头数：

大约2.5万头approx.25.000cows设施可容纳1540头犊牛spacefor1.540calves(fora7000cowfarm)22套智能化饲喂设备，每套饲喂设备连接四个奶嘴式饮奶站22automatedcalffeederswith4parallelteatstations日增重：700-800g/天

weightgain:700–800g/d断奶时间：45天

timetoweaning:45days犊牛损失率2-3.5%losses:2–3.5%劳动效率

每人照看500犊牛laborrequirements;1person/500calves

明尼苏达州Riverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingatRiverviewfarmMinnesotaRiverview牧场犊牛培育

CalfraisingRiverviewfarm成年牛舍中产犊区Calvingareainthecowbarn:在产犊区，新生犊牛被集中到收养栏。犊牛在收养栏中待1-24小时。在此期间：

Atthecowbarnthenewborncalvesareputtogetherinacollectingpen.Theystaythereforapprox.1-24hours.犊牛一次性灌服1加仑（3.8升）初乳

Therethecalvesaredrenchedwithapprox.1galloncolostrumonce完成犊牛腹部消毒等工作treatmentslikethedisinfectionofthebellyaredone犊牛收集栏内安装加热设施，促使犊牛体表尽快干燥

thepenisheatedtogetthecalvesdryquick栏内设施的设计和安装以容易清洁为主要原则easycleaning每天一次，将所有犊牛和喂犊牛的牛奶运输到犊牛培育舍Onceadaythecalvescomebytrucktotheauto-barn(togetherwiththefresheningmilktobefedthere)

成年牛舍产犊区calvingarea

成年牛舍内带加热设施的新生犊牛收养栏，初乳饲喂在此栏内进行collectingpenwithheatherforthenewborncalves，

feedingofcolostrumRiverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm每天有大约30头犊牛从两个牧场转运到到犊牛自动培育舍Approximately30calvesarecollectedfromtwodifferentfarmseveryday，

andtransportedtotheCalfraisingfarm

犊牛转入自动培育舍的年龄为24小时以内

Attheageof24hoursthecalvesarebroughttotheautomatedcalffeeders.

从第一天到第44天，犊牛在自动培育舍群饲培育Thecalvesstayintheautofeedergroupsfromday1today44Riverview牧场犊牛培育：犊牛自动培育舍CalfraisingRiverviewfarm:AutofarmRiverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm鲜乳经过巴氏杀菌pasteurizerforthefreshmilk牛奶通过闭路管道传输到每个智能饲喂器circlelinesystemtodeliverthefreshmilktotheautomatedfeeders122犊牛舍设计理念conceptofthebarn:牛舍加热heatedbarn中央通道Centeraisle全水泥轧纹地面Fullconcreteslateredfloor22犊牛单元22calfunits通风系统ventilationsystem:负压通风lowpressureventilation地板下排风underfloorsuctionRiverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm犊牛舍内景insideviewRiverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm新鲜空气freshair加热设施fluidheaterRiverview牧场犊牛培育CalfraisingRiverviewfarm饲喂技术feedingtechnology22套智能饲喂装置

22automatedcalffeeders每个饲喂装置可同时处理新鲜牛奶和代乳料combinationfeederforfreshmilkandmilkreplacer每个饲喂装置同时接四个奶嘴式饮奶站4stationsSynchroFeed(paralleldrinking)perautomatedfeeder每个饲喂装置可喂养60-70头犊牛

60–70calvesperautomatedfeeder