高中英语名词讲解

名词考点分析

名词部分主要考察名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。一、分类A:专有名词B:普通名词Countablenouns(可数名词)Uncountablenouns(不可数名词)IndividualNouns（个体名词）CollectiveNouns（集体名词）AbstractNouns（抽象名词）MaterialNouns（物质名词）知识要点二、数(Number)A:Singularnumber

(单数)B:Pluralnumber

(复数)

（1）一般的词，直接在词尾加－sbook→booksmouth→mouthshouse→housesgirl→girls（2）以-s,-x,-ch,-sh结尾的词在词尾加－esglass→glassesbox→boxesmatch→mathcesbrush→brushes（3）以辅音字母加y结尾的词，变y为i再加－escountry→countriesparty→parties1.规则名词单复数变化:（4）以f或fe结尾的词，应变f或fe为v再加-es

妻子拿刀去宰狼，小偷遇见发了慌；躲在架后保己命，半片树叶遮月光。wife→wivesknife→kniveswolf→wolvesthief→thievesshelf→shelvesself→selveslife→liveshalf→halvesleaf→leaves其他情况：roof→roofsbelief→belifshandkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchievesscarf→scarfs/scarves（5）以-o结尾的在词尾加-s:radios,zoos,pianos,kilos,photos

加-es只有Negroes,heroes,tomatoes,potatoes（6）man/woman+n.变复数时，两个词都要变复数mendoctors/womendoctorsmenengineers/womenengineers

2.不规则名词单复数变化:（1）单复数同形:sheep,deer,fish,means,species,species,aircraft,Swissspacecraft,Chinese,Japanese,（2）改变字母：foot--feet,tooth--teeth,goose--geese,mouse--mice,phenomenon--phenomena

另：

penny（pence或

pennies）（3）增加字母:

child--children,ox--oxen（4）合成名词:

若有中心词，则把中心词变成复数；若无中心词，则把最后一个词变成复数passer-by→passers-bygrown-up→grown-ups3.名词单复数的特殊情况集体名词只用作复数：

police,cattle,people,poultry,theyouth(2)集体名词用作不可数名词:

clothing,jewellery,furniture,luggage(baggage),wealth(3)集体名词视具体情况而定单复数：

family,class,population,staff,crew,couple,public,group,team,audience(4)只有复数形式的名词:

clothes,trousers,jeans,twins,glasses,compasses,scissors,goods,thanks,wishes,wages,tears,troops,resources(5)以s结尾但不表示复数:

mathematics,physics,politics,statistics,news,woods(森林),works(工厂)(6)有没有s结尾意义不同：

glass–glasses,cloth–clothes,work–works,sand–sands,water–waters,wood–woods,good–goods,time–times(时代),

paper–papers(论文),green–greens(青菜),

custom–customs(海关),spirit–spirits(酒精,情绪),light–lights(灯),experience–experiences(经历),

不可数n.与可数n.的转化表示种类：

fruit,fish等Thepotatoisavegetable,notafruit.Therearevariousfishesinthepool.表示具体的事物：success,failure,pleasure,honour,knowledge,surprise等表示“一场/一段/一件......”Aheavysnowisfalling.It'satimelyrain.表示“一杯/罐/瓶”的tea,coffee,beer,sugar,hair等twoteas,threebeers表示不同意思时：paper纸(u);

论文；试卷(c)

room空间，余地（u）;房间（c）绝对不可数n.

fun,housework,homework,advice,information,news,progress,equipment,furniture,baggage/luggage,jewellery,machinery等(1)Tablesaremadeof____.A.wood

B.woods

C.wooden

D.somewoods

(2)Fatherwenttohisdoctorfor____abouthishearttrouble.

A.anadvice

B.advice

C.advices

D.theadvices(3)Hegainedhis______byprinting___offamouswriters.A.wealth;work

B.wealths;works

C.wealths;work

D.wealth;worksABD1.Ineed______cloth,forI'mhopingtomake______clothes.A.alotof;many

B.much;much

C.many;many

D.many;alot

2.Wewaited______forthebus.

A.longtime

B.alongtime

C.thelongtime

D.somelongtime

3._____workhasbeendonetoimprovethepeople‘slivingstandard.

A.manyB.Agreatmany

C.AlargenumberofD.Agreatdealof

ABD

4.Theyoungdancerslookedsocharmingintheirbeautifulclothesthatwetook______picturesofthem.

A.manyof

B.massesof

C.thenumberof

D.alargeamountof

5.Wehaveonlyasofa,atableandabedinournewapartment.Weneedtobuy______morefurniture.

A.any

B.many

C.little

D.some

BD6.Ihear_______boysinyourschoollikeplayingfootballintheirsparetime,thoughotherspreferbasketball.

A.quitealot

B.quiteafew

C.quiteabit

D.quitealittle

7.Wealwayskeep________sparepaper,incaseweranout.

A.toomuch

B.anumberof

C.plentyof

D.agoodmany

Bc修饰可数名词的词：

many,manya(n),agreat/goodmany,

afew/few,a(great/large)numberof

修饰不可数名词的词：

much,alittle/little,agreatdealof,

alarge/greatamountof

既可以修饰可数名词，又可以修饰不可数名词的词：

alotof=lotsof

alargequantityof=largequantitiesof

plentyof

massesof三、名词的格(Case)A:通格(Commoncase):

主格(Subjectcase)

宾格(Objectcase)B:所有格(Possessivecase)1.～’s属格：

原则上只用于表示有生命的人或物的名词。如：

theteacher’sbook;thehorse’stail

然而，时间、距离、太阳、地球、月亮、江河、海洋、船只、国家、城市、团体机构等名词也可以用～’s属格。如：today’snewspaper;thecity’stransportation①一般的名词，包括不以s结尾的复数名词，在词后加’s。如：thechildren’sbook②以s结尾的复数名词的所有格形式只在词后加～’。如：theteachers’office③以s结尾的专有名词的所有格，既可加～’s

也可加～’。如：Engels’（s）letter

④两者或两者以上共有的所有格形式只在后者用所有格形式，如:TomandMike’sroom

若表示分别拥有时，则要在每个名词后用所有格形式，如:Tom’sandMike’srooms

2.of～属格：

多用于无生命现象的名词，也可用于有生命现象的名词；当一个名词有较长的定语时，就只能用of～短语来表示所有关系。如：thecoverofthebook;atoyofLiPing’syoungerbrother3．双重属格：

既有～’s的属格，又有of～的属格。通常～’s属格表示所有关系，of属格表示部分与整体的关系。如:afriendofmyfather’s;abookofTom’s4.表示“某人自己的”的属格:

用ofone’sown表示，不可用of＋反身代词。例如：Thisisthehouseofmyown.1.Thevillageisfarawayfromhereindeed.It’s______walk.

A.afourhour

B.afourhour’s

C.afour-hours

D.afourhours’

2.Hedroppedthe________andbrokeit.

A.cupofcoffee

B.coffee'scup

C.cupforcoffee

D.coffeecup4.Ittookusquitealongtimetogethere.Itwas_____journey.A.three-hour B.athreehourC.athree-hourD.threehoursDDC1.MissSmithisafriendof________.

A.Mary'smother's

B.Mary'smotherC.Mother'sofMary

D.Marymother's

2.－Where’syourbrother?－At_____.

A.Mr.Green’s

B.Mr.Green

C.theMr.Green’s

D.theMr.Green3.—Iwonderwhosebicycleitis.

—Itmightbemy________

A.neighbour's

B.dearneighbour

C.neighbour

D.neighbours

AAA四、名词的性（Gender)Masculine（阳性）:actor,waiter,master,prince,hero

2.Feminine（阴性）:

actress,waitress,mastress,princess,heroine

3.Neuter（中性）:

teacher,worker,monkey,sheep,tree,crop

构词法+后缀

n.→adj.-alorigin→originalnature→natural-erneast→easternnorth→northern-fuldoubt→doubtfuluse→useful-engold→goldenwood→woodenwool→woolen-ablefashion→fashionablecomfort→comfortable

-ytaste→tastywealth→wealthyhealth→healthywind→windy-lyfriend→friendlylove→lovelyday→daily-ishfool→foolishself→selfishSpain→Spanish

-lessharm→harmlesscare→careless

help→helplessuse→useless+后缀adj.→n.-nesshappy→happinessweak→weakness-thtrue→truthwarm→warmth-ydifficult→difficultyhonest→honesty-tycruel→crueltysafe→safety-itydisabled→disabilityresponsible→responsibility

+前缀.后缀adj.→v.

en-rich→enrichlarge→enlarge

-enbroad→broadensoft→soften

-izemodern→modernize

apology→apologize

-ifysimple→simplifypury→purify

+后缀v.-adj.

-ouscontinue→continousvary→various

-edexcite→excitedsurprise→surprised

-ingexcite→excitingsurprise→surprising

+后缀adj.→adv.+lypolite→politelywide→widelynice→nicelysafe→safelyunfortunate→unfortunatelycareful→carefullyshy→shyly-y结尾的adj.，改y→i+lyhappy→happilyeasy→easilyheavy→heavilylucky→luckilybusy→busily以-le结尾的adj.去掉e+-y

gentle→gentlypossible→possiblycomfortable→comfortablyterri