Lecture 3 英汉句子内部衔接的差异与省译和增译课件

Lecture3英汉句子内部衔接的差异与省译和增译3/10/20231ContentsII.CohesiveDevicesI.RemarksIII.OmissioninTranslationIV.AdditioninTranslation3/10/20232I.Remarks1.奈达Translatingmeaning(《译意》):就汉语和英语而言，也许在语言学中最重要的一个区别就是形合与意合的对比(contrastbetweenhypotaxisandparataxis)3/10/202334.龚光明：形合注重的是显性接应(overtcohesion),以形显义；意合注重的是隐性连贯(covertcoherence),以意统形。3/10/20235

ChineseEnglishSemanticLanguageGrammaticalLanguageCovert

Coherence

Overt

Cohesion

ParataxisHypotaxis3/10/20236II.CohesiveDevices

照应(reference)省略(ellipsis)替代(substitution)连接(conjunction)词汇衔接(lexical

cohesion)3/10/202371）人称照应通过人称代词（they,she,him）、所属限定词(his,your,its)和所属代词（hers,mine,theirs）实现。英语人称代词及相应限定词的使用频率大大高于汉语。3/10/20239孔乙己是站着喝酒而穿长衫的唯一的人。他身材高大；青白脸色，皱纹间时常夹些伤痕；一副乱蓬蓬的花白的胡子。穿的虽然是长衫，可是又脏又破，似乎十多年没有补，也没有洗。Kongwastheonlylong-gownedcustomertodrinkhiswinestanding.Hewasabigman,strangelypallid,withscarsthatoftenshowedamongthewrinklesofhisface.Hehadalargeunkemptbeard,streakedwithwhite.Althoughheworealonggown,itwasdirtyandtattered,andlookedasifithasnotbeenwashedormendedforovertenyears.(YangXianyi&GladysYang)3/10/2023102.指示照应说话人通过指明事物在时间和空间上的远近（proximity）来确定所指对象。汉语“这”，“那”，英语“this”,“that”。语义相同但指称功能不同。汉语的“这”起化远为近的作用，功能负荷量大于“那”，使用频率也高于“那”，但英语中恰恰相反。3/10/202311这倒难以定说。可是你只要看看这儿的小客厅，就得到了解答。这里面有一个金融界的大亨，又有一位工业界的巨头；这小客厅就是中国社会的缩影。

It’satallorder,yourquestion.Butyoucanfindananswerinthenextroom.Thereyouhaveasuccessfulfinancierandacaptainofindustry.ThatlittledrawingroomisChinesesocietyinminiature

3/10/2023133.比较照应通过形容词和副词的比较等级形式以及其他有比较意义的词语（same,so,as,such,differently,otherwise）表示照应关系。语篇中其承上启下的作用。因为任何比较至少涉及两个实体或事态，如有表达比较意义的词语出现，会话参与者或读者会在上下文寻找与其构成比较关系的其他词语，由此形成语篇的衔接。

3/10/202314Jimvisitshisgrandmaeveryweek,butIneverknewhedoesthatsooften.Bothteamsclaimanothergame.Itmustbecolderinthecountryside,I’mafraid.3/10/202315Peoplehavevariousaims．Some(people)wanttoearnmuchmoney．Some(people)wanttobefamous。——Haveyouhandedinthepaper?——Yes,Ihave().Inthepast,theywoulddismissthekidswithsomemoneyasagiftforthelunarNewYear,butnot()nowadays.3/10/2023173.替代(substitution)

替代指的是用替代形式（pro-form）去替代上下文所出现的词语。使用替代既是为了避免重复，也是为了连接上下文。替代主要有:名词性替代（nominalsubstitution）动词性替代（verbalsubstitution）分句性替代（clausalsubstitution）3/10/2023181）Lookatthesunsetglow,Ihaveneverseenaredderonethanthat.2）Ithinkyoumaylikethispen.Ifyoudo，youcantakeitawayasagift.3）Theweathermansaidthatitwasgoingtoraintomorrow.Ifso,wewillstayathome4）你画得不像，等我来。5）他们总是把房间搞得乱七八糟，你怎么也这样呢？3/10/2023191)增补型：and、furthermore、what’smore、inaddition,besides,aswellAnnewasateacherandformerstudentatschoolfortheblindinBoston.Shehadhadeyesightproblemsearlyinlifeaswell.3/10/2023212)原因型：since,

as，because,nowthat,dueto,

owingto,thankstoNowthatHelenunderstoodthekeytolanguage,shewaseagertolearnmoreanduseitasmuchasshecould.AsHelen’sknowledgeandvocabularyexpanded,sheaskedmoreandmorequestions.3/10/2023223)转折型：although,though，nevertheless,eventhough，however，ontheotherhand,otherwiseThemeaningoflovewasstillnotapparenttoHelenbutshekeptontryingtounderstand.3/10/2023235.词汇衔接(lexical

cohesion)

词汇衔接指通过词的重复、同义、反义、上下义、互补、同现等词汇间的语义关系来实现语篇连贯。运用这些词可以产生很强的粘合力，形成一张“词汇网”(lexiconnetwork),赋予语篇连贯性。分为两大类：

复现(reiteration)

同现(collocation)3/10/2023255.1.复现关系1)原词复现2)同义词或近义词复现（synonyms&near-synonyms)3)上义词和下义词复现(superordinate&hyponym)3/10/202326上下义词复现

普之仁领着我穿着茶花走，指点着告诉我这叫大玛瑙，那叫雪狮子，这是蝶翅，那是大紫袍，名目花色多得很。后来他攀着一株茶树的小干枝说:“这叫童子面，花期迟，刚打着朵，开起来颜色深红，倒是最好看的。”（杨朔《茶花赋》）Takingmethroughthegrovesofcamellias,PuZhirentoldmethenamesofdifferentvarieties:GiantAgate,Snowlion,ButterflyWing,GiantPurpleRobeandmanyothers.Then,takingholdofasmallbranchofacamelliatree,hesaid,“ThisisBabyFace.Asitbloomslate,it’sonlyjustinbud.Withdeepredblossoms,it’sreallymostbeautiful.”3/10/202329ThereisnothinginthehighcomedyoftheworldsoadmirablyasthespecialdepartmentcalledFame.在这个极富色彩的人间喜剧舞台上，还没有什么能比作“名声”的这一特别场景（剧目）更让人叹为观止。3/10/2023305.2.同现关系Halliday&Hasan认为：同现关系指词汇在语篇中共同出现的倾向性(co-occurrencetendency)。在语篇中，围绕着一定的话题，一定的词往往同时出现，而其他一些词就不大可能出现或根本不会出现。词汇的同现关系包括：反义关系、互补关系、局部-整体关系、搭配关系等。如：catch和cold，ill和doctor，big和small，corn和planter3/10/202331Iseealsothedull,drilled,docile,brutishmassesoftheHunsoldieryploddingonlikeaswarmofcrawlinglocusts.虽然中国妇女在平等方面取得了巨大的进步,但还未完全实现平等就业机会。ItistruethatChinesewomenhavemadeenormousstridestowardequality.Butthegoalsofequalopportunityofemploymentforwomenhavenotbeenfullyrealized.3/10/202332我爱花，所以也爱养花。我可还没成为养花专家，因为没有工夫去做研究和试验。我只把养花当作生活中的一种乐趣，花开得大小好坏都不计较，只要开花，我就高兴。在我的小院中，到夏天，满是花草，小猫儿们只好上房去玩耍，地上没有它们的运动场。花虽多，但无奇花异草。珍贵的花草不易养活，看着一棵好花生病欲死是件难过的事。我不愿时时落泪。（老舍）Iloveflowers,whichleadstomyinterestingrowingthem.However,Ihavenotbecomeanexpertingrowingflowers,becauseIdon’thaveenoughtimetomakeresearchesandexperiments.Ionlyregardit

asakindofpleasure

inlife.Itdoesn’tmatterwhethertheflowersbloombigorsmall,badorgood,I’mcontentaslongastheybloom.3/10/202333Whensummercomes,mylittleyardiscoveredwithflowers,sothereisnoplaygroundforthecats,who,therefore,havetoplayontheroof.Manyastheflowersare,therearenoexoticones.Exoticflowerscan’tsurviveeasily.It’sverysadtoseeabeautifulflowergetillanddying.AndIdon’twanttoshedmytearsfromtimetotime.3/10/202334Definition

Byomissionwemeanproperlyomittingsomewordsorexpressionsinordertomakethetranslatedversionbrief,concise,clear,insteadofverboseorclumsy.ProperomissioninEnglish-Chinesetranslationofteninvolvestheomittingofsomewords(suchasprepositions,articles,certainpronouns,conjunctions,etc.)thatareindispensableintheSLtextbutnotintheTLtextintheprocessoftranslation.II.OmissioninTranslation3/10/202335Motivation

OmissionisbasedonthedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Onlybyomittingoraddingsomewordsorexpressionscanwemakethetranslatedversionmoreidiomaticandthusmoreexpressive.Forexample,Chinesehasnoarticlesorinfinitivemarkers,andpronouns,conjunctions,andprepositionsarenotasfrequentlyusedasthoseofEnglish.SowhenwetranslateEnglishsentenceswitharticlesandinfinitivemarkersintoChinese,weoftenomitthesearticlesorinfinitivemarkers3/10/202336PrinciplesOmissionshouldbeaimedatsmoothnessandconcisenessorsuccinctness.Omissiondoesnotgoagainst‘faithfulness’.OmissiononlyinvolvesomittingwordsthataresuperfluousintheTLtextbutareindispensableintheSLtext.Omissiondoesnotmeansubtractingmeaningsfromtheoriginalwork.Whatisomittedmaynotbenecessarilyconfinedtocertainpartsofspeech,asthetraditionalistsoftensay.Anypartsofspeechmaybeliabletobeomitteddependinguponthecontextandthetranslator’stranslationtechniques.3/10/202337ClassificationGrammaticalOmissionRhetoricalOmission3/10/2023381.OmissionofPronoun

1.1.

Omitsomepersonalpronounsassubjects

例1.Hewasthinandhaggardandhe

lookedmiserable.

他身体消瘦，面容憔悴，(…)看上去痛苦不堪。根据汉语习惯，在指代关系明确的情况下，假如前后两句主语相同，就不必重复出现。英语通常每句都有主语，因此做主语人称代词往往多次出现，这种代词汉译时常常可以省略。GrammaticalOmission3/10/202339例2.Whetherthelawsaregoodorbad,theycannotcomplain,theycannotquestion,theycannotsuggestchanges.无论法律公正与否，他们无法抱怨、无法质疑、无法建议修改。3/10/202340例3.Youcannotmakeomeletswithoutbreakingeggs.有失才有得。

当表示泛指的英语人称代词做主语时,即使是作第一主语，英译汉中往往也可以省略。3/10/202341例4.Followtheriverandyouwillgettothesea

沿着河流就能找到大海。顺藤摸瓜。例5.Onemustsowbeforeonecanreap.只有播种才有收获。

3/10/2023421.2.Omitsomepronounsasobjects例1.IfyoustudyEnglishveryhardandpracticeit

constantly,youwillbeabletouse

itfreely.只要努力学习英语，并经常练习不断实践(…)，就能应用(…)自如。例2.Thegovernmenthasputthenewcoinsintocirculation,butonlyasmallnumberofpeoplehaveeverseenthem.

政府已经发行了新的硬币，但只有少数人见到过。

3/10/2023431.3.Omitpossessivepronouns例1.Herdarkhairwaveduntidyacrossherbroadforehead,herfacewasshort,herupperlipshort,showingaglintofteeth,herbrowswerestraightanddark,herlasheslonganddark,hernosestraight.

她一头乌黑卷发，蓬松凌乱地垂在宽阔的前额上；脸短短的，上唇薄薄的，露出一排闪亮的牙齿；眉毛又直又黑，睫毛又黑又长，鼻子笔直笔直的。3/10/202344例2.Allthefellowsgatheredaround,stretchingtheirneckslikegeese. 所有的小伙子都聚拢来，像鹅一样伸长脖子。

英语句子中的物主代词出现的频率相当高。一个句子往往会出现好几个物主代词，如果将每个物主代词都翻译出来，那么汉语译文就显得非常罗嗦。所以在没有其他人称的物主代词出现的情况下，在翻译时物主代词大多被省略。

3/10/2023451.4.Omit“It”

英语中“it”既可用作人称代词，又可用作非人称代词、先行代词或强调句型中,而后几种用法汉译时常省略。例1.Itisdeadquietandextremelydarkoutside.

外面万籁俱寂，一片漆黑。3/10/202346例2.Insufficientpowermadeitdifficulttostartthemotor.电力不足，马达难以启动。例3.

Itisonlyshallowpeoplewhojudgebyappearances.只有浅薄的人才以貌取人。3/10/2023472.

OmissionofConjunction

2.1.省略并列连接词例1.Helookedgloomyandtroubled. 他看上去有些忧郁不安。例2.Onemorestepandyouareadeadman.再走一步你就死定了。

3/10/2023482.2.省略主从连接词(因果、条件、时间等)例1.IknewthetrainwascomingasIhadseenthepassengersswarmintotheplatform.我看到乘客们涌向站台，知道火车就要进站了。例2.Justliketheever-changingweather,people’slifeisunpredictable. 天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福。

3/10/202349例3.Whenthemassesareofoneheart,everythingbecomeseasy. 群众齐心协力了，一切事情就好办了。 （众人一心，其力断金。）3/10/2023503.

OmissionofPreposition例1.Nowcomplaintsareheardinallpartsof

thatcountry.目前该国各地怨声载道。例2.Weshouldgraduallyeliminatethedifferencesbetweentownandcountry.我们应当逐步消灭城乡差别。3/10/202351例3.Thesupplyofoilcanbeshutoffunexpectedlyatanytime,andinanycase,theoilwellswillallrundryinthirtyyearsorsoatthepresentrateofuse.石油供应可能随时被切断，不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需30年左右所有的油井都会枯竭。3/10/2023524.

OmissionofArticle例1.Thefoxmaygrowgrey,butnevergood.狐狸会变老，但绝不会变好。例2.Agentlemanwilldieforonewhoappreciateshisworthwhileawomanwillbeautifyherselfforonewhoattractsher. 士为知己者死，女为悦己者容。3/10/202353冠词不可省略的情况⑴不定冠词指“一”、“每一”“同一”时；1)Hestaredatmewithoutsayingaword.

他瞪着我，一言不发。2)Thechildrenareofanage.

这些孩子同岁。

⑵定冠词the强调“这”、“那”时。e.g.

Ilostmywatchyesterday.IboughtthewatchinHiroshima.

我的手表昨天丢了。那块表是我在广岛买的。3/10/202354

Unlesstheorderisexecutedwithinthreeweeks,weshallhavetocancelit.除非这张订单能于三周内履行，否则本公司不得不将它取消。IcannotrememberaChristmaswhenitsnowedsomuch.我想不起哪一年的圣诞节下过这么大的雪。3/10/202355RhetoricalOmission原文重复词语的省译例1.Insteadofoneoldwomanknockingmeaboutandstarvingme,everybodyofallageknockedmeaboutandstarvedme.

那时打我，让我挨饿的不只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。例2.Thetruejoyofjoysisthejoythatjoysinthejoyofothers.

独乐乐不如众乐乐。3/10/2023562.根据汉语习惯，省略可有可无的词

Neitherpartyshallcancelthecontractwithoutsufficientcauseorreason.双方均不得无故解除合同。（如果没有足够的原因或理由，双方均不能解除合同)、

Thepriceoftheproductsshouldbefixedbythetwopartiesatalevelthatwillbringprofittoboth.产品价格应该由双方共同商定，（价格水平）须照顾到双方的利益。3/10/202357Remember:youarenotanyoldTom,DickorHarrygivinghisopinion.YouareamanwhowassentasarepresentativeofBritishGovernment.你要记住，你不是一个普普通通的老百姓，可以随便发表意见。你是英国政府派出的代表。3/10/2023583.省译原文某些谨慎的表达Forfurtherinformationregardingthissystem,referencemay

bemade

toU.S.Pat.No.4374986.欲知本系统详情，可参阅4374986号美国专利。Wetakethisopportunitytoinformyouthatwearenowinpositiontomakepromptshipmentofthemerchandize.兹奉告，该产品可即期装运。3/10/202359III.AdditioninTranslation1.SyntacticalAddition2.

SemanticAddition

3.RhetoricalAddition4.CulturalAddition

3/10/2023601.SyntacticalAddition

1.1.Addwhatisomittedintheoriginal例1.

Betterbewisebythedefeatofothersthanbyyourown.从别人的失败中汲取教训比从自己的失败中汲取教训更好。例2.Readingmakes

afullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.

读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。3/10/202361例3.Wedon’tretreat，weneverhaveandneverwill.我们不后退，我们从没有后退过，将来也决不后退。例4.Havingalotofadvantages,thismachinewilleventuallybebereplaced.尽管这台机器有很多优点,但它总有一天会被别的机器所替代。3/10/202362

1.2AddwhenaverborprepisfollowedbyseveralobjectsIgnoranceisthemotheroffearaswellasofadmiration.无知是羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。Peopleforgetyourfacefirst,thenyourname.人们首先忘记你的容貌，接着又忘记你的名字。3/10/2023632.1.一语双叙法（把适用于某一事物的词语顺势用到另外一事物上的方法。在同一个句子里一个词可以修饰或者控制两个或更多的词，它可以使语言活泼，富有幽默感。）Sheopenedthedoorandherhearttothehomelessboy.

她向这个无家可归的男孩打开了大门，也就向他敞开了心扉。2.SemanticAddition3/10/202364Hecaughtabusandacold.他赶上了公共汽车，也赶上了一场感冒。Hetookmyadviceandmywallet.他接受了我的建议，也掏空了我的钱包。Helosthiscoatandhistemper.他丢了上衣，便发了脾气。

3/10/202365…whenIandmysorrowsaredust.(TheTaleofTwoCities)等到我的尸骨化为灰烬，我的悲哀也随风散去时。weepingeyesandhearts一双流泪的眼睛，一颗哭泣的心灵

3/10/2023662.2.AddwhatisimpliedHealsofoundthetimeforcarryingoutatleasttwopassionateloveaffairs.他也忙里偷闲，至少有过两次艳遇。Hewaswrinkledandblack,withscantgrayhair.他满脸皱纹，皮肤黝黑，头发稀疏灰白。Shefelttheflowerswereinherfingers,onherlips,growinginherbreast.她觉得她好像手里拿着花，嘴里吻着花，连胸中也生出了花。

3/10/202367Revieweachcomponentcarefully,stepbystep,withakindofrelationalparanoia.每个环节都要一步一步地认真检查，有点像换上轻度疑心病那样的检查。每个环节都要反复斟酌，做到认真仔细地检查、一步一步地检查，甚至有点象患上轻度疑心病那样一遍一遍地检查。3/10/202368有工作经验优先录取。Theapplicantswiththeworkingexperiencewillreceivepreference

overthosewhohavenot.平均每位业主需为住房的四通缴纳5000元左右。Theproprietorshallpayabout5000yuanontheaverageforthefacilitiesforroads,water,electricityandgas.3/10/202369Theinflationdistortsoureconomicdecisions,penalizesthriftandcrushesthestrugglingyoungandthefixed-incomeelderlyalike.通货膨胀使我们在经济方面的决定不能顺利执行，使节俭的人反而受到惩罚，并且使为生活而挣扎的年轻人和靠固定收入为生的老年人都受到严重打击。3/10/2023702.3.Addoverlappingwordsornumeralstoindicateplurality

Themountainsbegantothrowtheirlongblueshadowsoverthevalley.

群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色的长影。

Flowersbloomallovertheyard.

朵朵鲜花开满了庭院3/10/202371NewsmenwentflyingofftoMexico.

记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。Theveryearthtrembledaswiththetrampsofhorsesandmurmurofangrymen.连大地都震动了，仿佛万马奔腾，千夫怒吼。3/10/2023722.4.Adddenotingtense—contrastoftenseItwassaidthathisfatherwas

afisherman.Maybehe

was

aspoorasweare.听说，从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。I

was,and

remain,gratefulforthepartheplayedinmyrelease.我的获释也有他的功劳。对此我过去很感激，现在仍然很感激。3/10/2023732.5.Addduetospecificbackground

TheUnitedStateshasnowsetupalonelinessindustry.

美国现在已建立了一种为孤独的人们服务的社会项目。Theblondboyquickly

crossedhimself.那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字，祈求上帝保佑。Nixonlearnedthatthecountrywouldwelcomeapresidentialvisit.尼克松了解到，该国欢迎美国总统的访问。3/10/2023742.6.AddmetaphoricalmeaningEveryfamilyissaidtohaveatleastoneskeletoninthecupboard.俗话说，衣柜里面藏骷髅，见不得人的事家家有。Adviceandcorrectionrolloffhimlikewateroffaduck’sback.劝导对他好像水过鸭背似的不起作用。3/10/2023753.RhetoricalAddition

3.1.增加语气助词AsIsnooze,shetalks–ofanything,everything,allthethingsthatwomentalkof:books,music,dress,men,otherwomen.我这边打着盹，她那里说着女人爱说的一切，什么书籍啦、音乐啦、服装啦、男人啦、别的女人啦，五花八门，包罗万象。3/10/202376Don’ttakeitseriously.It’sonlyajoke.不要认真嘛！这不过是开个玩笑而已。Thelittleboyhadbroughtwithhimknife,scissorsandsoon,tinklinginhispocket.这小孩身带着刀子啦、剪子啦，以及诸如此类的东西，在口袋里丁铃当啷地直响3/10/2023773.2.增加四字词组，四字对偶词组或叠词Targetprioritieswereestablishedthere.目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在那里决定的。Buttherehadbeentoomuchpublicityaboutmycase.但我的事现在已经搞得满城风雨，人人皆知了。Ihadbeencompletelyhonestinmyreplies,withholdingnothing．我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言无隐。3/10/2023784.CulturalAddition三个臭皮匠，合成一个诸葛亮。ThreecobblerswiththeirwitscombinedwouldequalChukehLiangthemastermind.不要班门弄斧Don’tshowoffyourskillwiththeaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter.4.1.增补典故、习语中的关键信息3/10/202379世有伯乐，然后有千里马，千里马常在而伯乐不常在。OnlywhentheworldBole,whoknowsabouthorses,cantherebefinesteedsthatcancoverathousandliaday.Therearealwaysfinesteeds,butaBolecannotbefrequentlyfound.3/10/202380铁饭碗“ironricebow”,China’ssystemoflifetimejobandincomesecurity.八股文Eighth-partessay,prescribedfortheimperialcivilserviceexaminations--knownforitsrigidityofformandpovertyofideas

3/10/202381开绿灯turnonthegreenlight(provideconveniencesforcertainaffairs,sothattheycouldproceedsmoothly)3/10/202382LeMonde,theBBC,theNewYorkTimes,theentireArabpress,allquoteHeikalregularlyatlength.法国《世界报》、英国广播公司、《纽约时报》和整个阿拉伯报界，都经常大段引用海卡尔的话。ThedeathofthePrincessofWalesunleashedoutpouringsofnewly-coinedhonorifics,forinstance“apresent-dayCinderellawhoseclockstruckmidnightalltoosoon.”威尔士王妃戴安娜之死，导致有关她的新敬语如潮水一般涌流出来，比如有人说她是“当今灰姑娘，只是午夜的钟声过早地敲响”。4.2.增补说明罕见的人名、地名或其他专有名词的词语3/10/202383OPEChashadtoacceptwhatitwastoldfromthestartbutchosenottobelieve:thatnon-OPECco-operationwouldnotbeforthcoming.

现在，石油输出国组织（欧佩克）不得不接受人们一开始就告诉它的这样一个事实，即非欧佩克产油国是不会合作的。但欧佩克原先不愿相信这个事实。深入开展“严打”斗争和专项治理。Wecrackeddownonallcriminalactivitiesandlaunched

specialcampaignstofightvariouscrimesandsocialevilsthatthepeopledetestmost.4.3.增补缩略词的解释性文字3/10/202384“Falsefriend”由于中英两种语言产生的背景不同，在寻找词义相符的对应词语时，容易找到貌似对应的假对应词，即指称意义、言内意义或语用意义看似与原文相符，实则相异的词语。这种假对应词在翻译中常常被称为“假朋友”。3/10/202385白菜whitecabbageChinesecabbage救火tosaveafiretofightafire大片bigmovieblockbuster不冻港non-freezingportice-freeport3/10/202386隐形眼镜invisibleglassescontactlenses新闻自由freedomofnewsfreedomofpress买一赠一buyone,presentonebuyone,getonefree省吃俭用tosavefoodandexpensestolivefrugal