现代大学英语精读3第二版Unit4-Book3

现代大学英语精读3第二版Unit4_Book3第一页，共49页。ReinforcementTextAnalysisDiogenesandAlexanderBackgroundWarmingupUnit4第二页，共49页。Questions/ActivitiesCheck-onPreviewObjectivesWarmingupDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4第三页，共49页。WarmingupQuestions/ActivitiesWhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes?Whowashe?Whatwashisphilosophy?Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople?Howdidheintendtohelpthem?Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted?How,inhisopinion,couldwefindtruehappiness?WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander?WhatdidthiskinghaveincommonwithDiogenes,thebeggar?WhywasAlexanderconsideredamanofdestiny?Howwouldyoucontrastthetwocharacters?WhydidAlexanderdecidetovisitDiogenes?WhatdidDiogenesreallymeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwasblockingthesunlight?第四页，共49页。Definethefollowingwordsandphrases:

amischievouspebble(para.1)elaborate(para.4)bydesign(para.6)restrained(para.12)chivalrous(para.12)

WarmingupCheck-onPreview第五页，共49页。Paraphrase:Livewithoutconventions,whichareartificialandfalse;escapecomplexitiesandextravagances:onlysocanyouliveafreelife.(para.4)Hislife’saimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)

WarmingupCheck-onPreview第六页，共49页。Objectives1.Content:differencesandsimilaritiesbetweenDiogenesandAlexanderCynicismanditspresentsignificancephilosophyvs.powerWriting:comparisonandcontrast

Diogenes—AlexanderDiogenes—otherbeggars/hermits/philosophersAlexander—otherMacedonians(officers&officials)Here,thealternatingcomparison/contrast(subjectbysubject)isused.Warmingup第七页，共49页。BackgroundAlexanderDiogenesDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4第八页，共49页。BackgroundDiogenes1.WhowasDiogenes?AbeggarAphilosopherAmissionaryDoctrine:Cynicismthedoctrinethatscornedworldlyneedsandpleasuresandheldthatvirtuewasthekeytotheonlygood

第九页，共49页。BackgroundCynicisminmodernsense:

thebeliefofacynic,whomaintainsthatpeopleareallmotivatedbyselfishness,thatnoonewillhelpothersforgoodandsincerereasons2.Whatarethemajortenets(principles)ofCynicism?Doyoufindanyexpressionsoftheseprinciplesinthetext?self-sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfectionofvirtueDiogenes第十页，共49页。BackgroundAlexanderMacedonianKing:sonofPhilipTheThinker:studentofAristotleTheConqueror:Greece,Asia,EgyptWhydoyouthinkhewantedtobringsomanyregionsunderhisrule?第十一页，共49页。BackgroundAlexandertheGreat’sEmpire

Alexander第十二页，共49页。BackgroundAlexandertheGreat’sEmpire

Alexander第十三页，共49页。DetailedAnalysisStructure

TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4第十四页，共49页。Diogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-3)TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysisDiogenes:afreemanOtherpeople:half-menShelterFurnitureDressFoodPossessionsNatureofthelifecask,astoragejarmadeofearthenwareahouse(big,withmanyrooms)

nonebeds,chairs,etc.(elaborate)blanket(half-naked)clothes(expensive)bitsoffoodbeggedfromothers,drinkingfromhishollowedhandselaborate

nonehorses,servants,bankaccounts(anxious)alifebychoice,outofprinciple→natural,healthy,independentalifeasslavesoftheirpossessions→artificial,anxious,lossofvirtue第十五页，共49页。Diogenes:thebeggar(paras.1-3)Therearecontrastswithinthebroadcontrast.

HowdidDiogenescontrastwithordinaryhomelesspeople?TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第十六页，共49页。Diogenes:thephilosopher(para.4)“ASocratesgonemad”:repositioningofconventionbelownatureandreason2.Threekeyprinciples:livinginaccordwithnaturetotaldisregardofconventionindependence(freedom)beingtheonlytrue,lastinggoodTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第十七页，共49页。Diogenes:themissionary(para.5)1.ComparisonwithordinaryhermitsSimilarities:Bothgrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplicationsandwantedtolivesimply.Differences:TextAnalysishermitswentawaytolivesimply—onasmallfarm,inaquietvillageoracaveDiogeneshadasenseofmission,deliberatelychosetoliveinthebusystreetsinAthensorCorinth,inordertoconvertpeople

CharacterAnalysis第十八页，共49页。Diogenes:themissionary(para.5)2.Whatwashismission?“torestampthecurrency”callpeoplebacktothenaturalwayoflife—truelifeTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第十九页，共49页。Diogenes:waysofteaching(para.6)HowdidDiogenesdifferfromotherphilosophersofhistime?Plato:taughthisprivatepupilsinhisAcademy,whichhefoundedasoneoftheearliestcentersofadvancedlearningintheworld.Aristotle:taughthisownprivatepupilsbytheuseoflaboratory,instruments,andspecimens.Diogenes:taughtallthosewhowouldcaretolistenbyhisownexampleorbytakingpeoplearoundhimforexamples.TextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第二十页，共49页。Diogenes:waysofteaching(para.6)Hecarriedalightedlampinbroaddaylightandinspectedthefaceofeveryonehemet.TextAnalysis“Whenyouareallsobusy,IfeelIoughttodosomething!”CharacterAnalysis第二十一页，共49页。Alexander:citizenoftheworld(paras.11-13)1.King:differentfromotherMacedoniansdrinking?women?fighting?2.Thinker:Aristotle’spupil,helearnedculturephilosophyprinciplesofscientificresearch3.ConquerortookcommandoftheLeagueofGreekStatescommander-in-chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold,rich,corruptAsiaTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第二十二页，共49页。CharacterAnalysisTextAnalysis第二十三页，共49页。“Standtooneside.You’reblockingthesunlight.”TheDramaticEncounter(paras.14-17)Thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwohistoricalcharacters.

DifferencesSimilaritiesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第二十四页，共49页。Diogenes

Alexander

PhysicalappearanceIdentificationStatusPossessions&PowerMissionDifferencesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysishigh,treatedwithrespect,greetedwithabowandacclamationlyingonthebareearth,shoeless,bearded,half-naked,likeabeggar,adoghandsomeface,fieryglance,strongbody,purpleandgoldcloak,airofdestinyphilosopher,missionarygreatmonarch,conquerorlow,treatedwithcontemptanddisapprovalnone,rejectingpossessionorpowerlandandabsolutepower“restampthecurrency”:tocallpeoplebacktothesimpleandnaturallife—truevaluebringpeopleofthewholeworldtothelightofcivilization第二十五页，共49页。Bothweregreatthinkers.Bothhadasenseofmission.Bothwere“citizensoftheworld,”admiringtheheroicfigureofHercules,wholaboredformankind.Bothwerefree.SimilaritiesTextAnalysisCharacterAnalysis第二十六页，共49页。TextAnalysisStructure1Paras.1-10Diogenes(life,philosophy,mission,waysofteaching)2Paras.11-13Alexander(aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring,noblemind)3Paras.14-17theirdramaticencounter第二十七页，共49页。Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood,andgotscantthanks;sometimesamischievouspebble,andgotashowerofstonesandabuse.(para.1)

Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim,buthehardlythankedthematall.Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun,butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn.PartI:ParaphraseTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第二十八页，共49页。2.Hislife’saimwascleartohim:itwas“torestampthecurrency”:totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife,toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings,andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues.(para.5)

Hispurposeinlifewascleartohim:itwas“toreprintthecoins.”Humanlifecanbetakenasthecleancoinswhichareimprintedwithfalsemarkings.Hewastoremovethefalsemarkingsandprintthetruevaluesonit.Inotherwords,hisaiminlifewastocallonpeopletorejectthefalse,conventionalwayoflifeandreturntothesimpleandnaturallife.PartI:ParaphraseTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第二十九页，共49页。Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovide____,hewasfree.(para.1)providefor:

givesbthethingsthattheyneedtolive,suchasfood,clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹。

Hehastoprovideforhisagedparentsandtwosisterwhoarestillatschool.道路被切断，无法给部队提供给养。

Theroadwascutoffandsuppliescouldnotbeprovidedforthetroops.forPartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十页，共49页。2.Asthemarketplace_____upwithshoppersandmerchantsandslavesandforeigners,hehad________throughitforanhourortwo.(para.1)Cf.wander,roam,ramble,strollTranslation中间还有两个小时，因此她逛了一趟商业中心。

Therewerestilltwohourstogo,soshestrolledthroughtheshoppingmall.漫步海边，感觉太好了。It’swonderfultotakeastrollalongtheseaside.strolledfilledPartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十一页，共49页。3.Hethoughteverybodylivedfartoo__________,expensively,anxiously.Whatgoodisahouse?(para.2)Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金。

Peterworkedoutanelaborateschemeforraisingthefund.他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜，结果被狠狠批评了一顿。

Theypreparedaveryelaboratemealforthebureauheadonlytobeseverelycriticized.elaboratelyPartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十二页，共49页。4.Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture:theanimals______________andsleepontheground.Allwerequire,sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly,isonegarmenttokeepuswarm,andsomeshelterfromrainandwind.(para.2)Translation这名警察死时很年轻，但他的一生过得很有意义。

Thepolicemandiedyoung,buthelivedameaningfullife.作为一个探险者，他的一生充满了冒险。Asanexplorer,helivedanadventurouslife.livehealthylivesPartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十三页，共49页。…hespentmuchofhislifein…Corinth,mockingandsatirizingitspeople,andoccasionally________oneofthem.(para.2)

convert:tomakesbchangefromonereligionorbelieftoanotherAnnhasconvertedtoIslamrecently.Marxistliteratureconvertedhimintoastaunchrevolutionary.

Cf.tomakesthchangefromoneform,systemtoadifferentoneThisispartoftheprocessofconvertingironintosteel.tochangefromoneobjectintoanother

Ican’tseehowthisplasticsheetconvertsintoatent.

PartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisconverting第三十四页，共49页。6.Hewasnotthefirstto______suchathing.Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidso___choice,_____principle.(para.3)inhabitSomeoftherarespeciesinhabitthearea.bychoiceShetookthejobintheWestbychoice.outof

Justoutofcuriosity,whydidyoutakethatjob?PartI:Words&ExpressionsinhabitbyTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisoutof第三十五页，共49页。7.They_______him.Heistheirslave.Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse,perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue,lastinggood,hisownindependence.(para.4)Cf.Whatpossessedhimtosayastupidthinglikethat?Sheseemedpossessed.Nobodycouldtalkheroutofit.PartI:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysispossess第三十六页，共49页。8.Therefore,hechosetoliveinAthensorCorinth,wheretravelersfromallovertheMediterraneanworldconstantlycameandwent.And,

design,hepubliclybehavedinsuchwaysastoshowpeoplewhatreallifewas.(para.6)Translation世界是有意缔造的呢，还是偶然形成的呢？Wastheworldmadebydesignordiditcomeintoexistencebychance?PartI:Words&ExpressionsbyTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十七页，共49页。1.Thelittlesquarebegantofillwithpeople—pageboys,soldiers…theyallgraduallyformedacirclearoundDiogenes.Helookedthem_____,asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunks,andshookhishead.(para.11)lookover:(here)examine,scrutinizeMoreexampleswith“over”:thinkover,talkover,readover,goover

PartII:Words&ExpressionsoverTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第三十八页，共49页。Withhishandsomeface,hisf____glance,hisstrongbody,hispurpleandgoldcloak,andhisairofd_______,hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog’sk______.(para.14)Lookingatthepoorbrokencask,thesingler______garment,andtheroughfigurelyingontheground,hesaid:“IsthereanythingIcandoforyou,Diogenes?”(para.15)moreexamples:

belovedwife,blessedmorning,awickedman,myagedparents,aruggedcoastlinePartIII:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisieryestinyennelagged第三十九页，共49页。3.TheMacedonianofficers,afterdecidingthatDiogeneswasnot_____thetroubleofkicking,werestartingto______andnudgeoneanother.(para.17)Cf.worth,worthwhile,worthyaworthwhilecause/discussion/jobHighpricesintheUKmakeitworthwhileforbuyerstolookabroad.beworthyofattention/consideration/mentionAnumberofthefindingsareworthyofnote.aworthychampion/winner/sonPartIII:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysisworthguffaw第四十页，共49页。

Cf.grin,guffaw,titter,chuckle,gigglegrin:tomakeawidesmileguffaw:tolaughloudlytitter:tolaughinasuppressedwaychuckle:tolaughsoftlyinalowtonegiggle:tolaughquietlyinasilly,childish,uncontrolledwayPartIII:Words&ExpressionsTextAnalysisDetailedAnalysis第四十一页，共49页。ReinforcementWritingTechniquesDiscussionDiogenesandAlexanderUnit4Translation第四十二页，共49页。ReinforcementWritingTechniquesComparison&Contrast→examplesusetransitionalwordsorexpressionstomakecomparisonandachieveunity:notso(para.5),theother…butfor…(para.6)usetransitionalparagraphtoachievecoherence2.Parallelism

achieveincreasedstrength,soundingmorepowerful,moreeffective,e.g.para.143.Euphemism

e.g.donehisbusiness,naturalacts第四十三页，共49页。Hewasone,butnot

theother.(para.1)NotsoDiogenes.(para.5)ButforDiogenes,…(para.6)…Alexanderwasfarolderandwiserthanhisyears.(para.12)LikeallMa