2014年考研英语二模拟测试题(九)

PAGE英语（二）试题—PAGE1—（共11页）2014英语二模拟试卷SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)fromeachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)IntheUnitedStates,thefirstdaynurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostof2werecharitable.BothinEuropeandintheU.S.,thedaynurserymovementreceivedgreat3duringtheFirstWorldWar,when4ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemploymentofunprecedentednumbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished5inmunitionsplants,underdirectgovernmentsponsorship.6thenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose7,thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar,8,Federal9thedaynurseries,chieflyby10them.The11oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofdaynurseriesinalmostallcountries,aswomenwere12calledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschools,14$6,000,000inJuly,1942,foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.Bytheendofthewar,inAugust,1945,morethan100,000childrenwerebeingcared16indaycarecentersreceivingFederal17.Soonafterward,theFederalgovernment18cutdownitsexpendituresforthispurposeandlater19them,causingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.However,theexpectationthatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheir20attheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled.

1.[A]latter [B]late [C]other [D]first

2.[A]those [B]them [C]whose [D]whom

3.[A]impetus [B]input [C]imitation [D]initiative

4.[A]sources [B]abundance [C]shortage [D]reduction

5.[A]hardly [B]entirely [C]only [D]even

6.[A]Because [B]As [C]Since [D]Although

7.[A]unanimously [B]sharply [C]predominantly [D]militantly

8.[A]therefore [B]consequently [C]however [D]moreover

9.[A]over [B]in [C]at [D]about

10.[A]formulating [B]labeling [C]patenting [D]licensing

11.[A]outset [B]outbreak [C]breakthrough [D]breakdown

12.[A]again [B]thus [C]repeatedly [D]yet

13.[A]circumstance [B]occasion [C]case [D]situation

14.[A]regulating [B]summoning [C]allocating [D]transferring

15.[A]expanded [B]facilitated [C]supplemented [D]compensated

16.[A]by [B]after [C]of [D]for

17.[A]pensions [B]subsidies [C]revenues [D]budgets

18.[A]prevalently [B]furiously [C]statistically [D]drastically

19.[A]abolished [B]diminished [C]jeopardized [D]precluded

20.[A]nurseries [B]homes [C]jobs SectionIIReadingComprehensionPartA

Directions:Thereare4passagesinthispart.Eachofthepassagesisfollowedby5questionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachofthemthereare4choicesmarkedA,B,CandD.ChoosethebestoneandmarkyouranswerontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

Text1Ofalltheareasoflearningthemostimportantisthedevelopmentofattitudes:emotionalreactionsaswellaslogicalthoughtprocessesaffectthebehaviorofmostpeople.“Theburntchildfearsthefire”isoneinstance;anotheristheriseofdespotslikeHitler.Boththeseexamplesalsopointupthefactthatattitudescomefromexperience.Intheonecasetheexperiencewasdirectandimpressive;intheotheritwasindirectandcumulative.TheNaziswereinfluencedlargelybythespeechestheyheardandthebookstheyread.Theclassroomteacherintheelementaryschoolisinastrategicpositiontoinfluenceattitudes.Thisistruepartlybecausechildrenacquireattitudesfromthoseadultswhosewordsarehighlyregardedbythem.Anotherreasonitistrueisthatpupilsoftendevotetheirtimetoasubjectinschoolthathasonlybeentoucheduponathomeorhaspossiblyneveroccurredtothembefore.ToachildwhohadpreviouslyacquiredlittleknowledgeofMexicohisteacher’smethodofhandlingsuchaunitwouldgreatlyaffecthisattitudetowardMexicans.Themediathroughwhichtheteachercandevelopwholesomeattitudesareinnumerable.Socialstudies(withspecialreferencetoraces,creedsandnationalities),sciencemattersofhealthandsafety,theveryatmosphereoftheclassroom...theseareafewofthefertilefieldsfortheinculcationofproperemotionalreactions.However,whenchildrengotoschoolwithundesirableattitudes,itisunwisefortheteachertoattempttochangetheirfeelingsbycajolingorscoldingthem.Shecanachievethepropereffectbyhelpingthemobtainconstructiveexperiences.Toillustrate,first-gradepupilsafraidofpolicemenwillprobablyaltertheirattitudesafteraclassroomchatwiththeneighborhoodofficerinwhichheexplainshowheprotectsthem.Inthesameway,aclassofolderchildrencandevelopattitudesthroughdiscussion,research,outsidereadingandall-daytrips.Finally,ateachermustconstantlyevaluateherownattitudes,becauseherinfluencecanbenegativeifshehaspersonalprejudices.Thisisespeciallytrueinrespecttocontroversialissuesandquestionsonwhichchildrenshouldbeencouragedtoreachtheirowndecisionasaresultofobjectiveanalysisofallthefacts.21.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetext?[A]Anassertionismadeandtwoexamplesaregiventoillustrateit.[B]Acontroversyisstatedandtwooppositepointsofviewarepresented.[C]Awidelyaccepteddefinitionispresentedandtwomenaredescribed.[D]Anideaisstatedandtworesultsofrecentresearcharesummarized.22.Thecentralideaconveyedintheabovetextisthat[A]attitudesaffectouractions.[B]teachersplayasignificantroleindevelopingorreshapingpupils’attitudes.[C]attitudescanbemodifiedbysomeclassroomexperiences.[D]bytheirattitudes,teachersdon'taffectpupils'attitudesdeliberately.23.Inparagraph6theauthorimpliesthat[A]theteachershouldguidealldiscussionsbyrevealingherownattitude.[B]insomeaspectsofsocialstudiesagreatervarietyofmethodscanbeusedintheuppergradesthaninthelowergrades.[C]peopleusuallyactonthebasisofreasoningratherthanonemotion.[D]children'sattitudesoftencomefromthoseofotherchildren.24.Astatementnotmadeorimpliedinthetextisthat[A]attitudescanbebasedonthelearningofuntruestatements.[B]worthwhileattitudesmaybedevelopedinpracticallyeverysubjectarea.[C]attitudescannoteasilybechangedbyrewardsandlectures.[D]theattitudesofelementaryschool-agedchildrenareinfluencedprimarilybythewaytheyweretreatedasinfants.25.Thetextspeciallystatesthat[A]directexperiencesaremorevaluablethanindirectones.[B]whateverattitudesachildlearnsinschoolhavealreadybeenintroducedathome.[C]teacherscansometimeshaveanunwholesomeinfluenceonchildren.[D]teachersshouldalwaysconcealtheirownattitudesText2Anindustrialsociety,especiallyoneascentralizedandconcentratedasthatofBritain,isheavilydependentoncertainessentialservices:forinstance,electricitysupply,water,railandroadtransport,andharbors.Theareaofdependencyhaswidenedtoincluderemovingrubbish,hospitalandambulanceservices,and,astheeconomydevelops,centralcomputerandinformationservicesaswell.Ifanyoftheseservicesceasestooperate,thewholeeconomicsystemisindanger.Itisthiseconomicinterdependencyoftheeconomicsystemwhichmakesthepoweroftradeunionssuchanimportantissue.Singletradeunionshavetheabilitytocutoffmanycountries'economicbloodsupply.ThiscanhappenmoreeasilyinBritainthaninsomeothercountries,inpartbecausethelaborforceishighlyorganized.About55percentofBritishworkersbelongtounions,comparedtounderaquarterintheUnitedStates.Forhistoricalreasons,Britain'sunionshavetendedtodevelopalongtradeandoccupationallines,ratherthanonanindustry-by-industrybasis,whichmakesawagespolicy,democracyinindustryandtheimprovementofprocedureforfixingwagelevelsdifficulttoachieve.Thereareconsiderablestrainsandtensionsinthetradeunionmovement,someofthemarisingfromtheiroutdatedandinefficientstructure.Someunionshavelostmanymembersbecauseoftheirindustrialchanges.Othersareinvolvedinargumentsaboutwhoshouldrepresentworkersinnewtrades.Unionsforskilledtradesareseparatefromgeneralunions,whichmeansthatdifferentlevelsofwagesforcertainjobsareoftenasourceofbadfeelingbetweenunions.Intraditionaltradeswhicharebeingpushedoutofexistencebyadvancingtechnologies,unionscanfightfortheirmembersdisappointingjobstothepointwherethejobsofotherunionmembersarethreatenedordestroyed.TheprintingofnewspapersbothintheUnitedStatesandinBritainhasfrequentlybeenhaltedbytheeffortsofprinterstoholdontotheirtraditionalhighly-paidjobs.Tradeunionshaveproblemsofinternalcommunicationjustasmanagersincompaniesdo,problemswhichmultiplyinverylargeunionsorinthosewhichbringworkersinverydifferentindustriestogetherintoasinglegeneralunion.Sometradeunionofficialshavetobere-electedregularly;othersareelected,orevenappointed,forlife.Tradeunionofficialshavetoworkwithasystemof“shopstewards”inmanyunions,“shopstewards”beingworkerselectedbyotherworkersastheirrepresentativesatfactoryorworkslevel.26.WhyistheinterdependenceoftheUKeconomymentionedinparagraph1?[A]Topointuptheimportanceofthetradeunionpower.[B]Tooutlineinbriefthegreatscaleofessentialservices.[C]Toillustratethedangerinthewholeeconomicsystem.[D]Tobringoutacentralizedandconcentratedindustrialsociety.27.Becauseoftheirout-of-dateorganizationsomeunionsfinditdifficultto[A]recruitnewmemberstojoin.[B]remoldthemselvesasindustrieschange.[C]adapttoadvancingtechnologies.[D]bargainforhighenoughwages.28.Disagreementsarisebetweenunionsbecausesomeofthem[A]takeoverotherunions'jobs.[B]trytowinovermembersofotherunions.[C]protecttheirownmembersattheexpenseofothers.[D]intendtorepresentworkersinnewtradeorganizations.29.Whatbasicproblemarewetoldmosttradeunionsface?[A]Theyareequalinsizeofinfluence.[B]Theyarelesspowerfulthaneverbefore.[C]Theydon'thaveenoughmembers.[D]Theyarenotorganizedefficiently.30.Thetitlewhichbestexpressestheideaofthetextwouldbe[A]BritishTradeUnionsandTheirDrawbacks.[B]ACentralizedandConcentratedSociety.[C]ThePowerofTradeUnionsinBritain.[D]TheStructureofBritishTradeUnions.Text3Shoppinghasalwaysbeensomethingofanimpulseactivity,inwhichobjectsthatcatchourfancywhilestrollingareimmediatelyboughtonawhim.Advertisersandsellershavetakenadvantageofthisfact,carefullypositioninginexpensivebutattractiveitemsonpathsthatwearemostlikelytocross,hopingthatourhumannaturewillleadtoagreaterprofitforthem.WiththedawnoftheInternetanditsexplodinguseacrosstheworld,thesametacticsapply.Advertisersnowplace“banners”,linkstocommercialwebsitesdecoratedwithattractivepicturesdesignedtocatchoureyeswhilebrowsingthewebs,onkeywebsiteswithheavytraffic.Theypaytopdollarfortheright,thuscreatingprofitsforthehostingwebsiteaswell.Theseactionsareperformedinthehopesthatduringthecourseofourcasualandleisurelywebsurfing,we'llclickonthatbannerthatsparksourinterestandthus,intheory,buytheproductsadvertised.Initialresultshavebeenpositive.Websitesreportahugeinflowofcash,bothfromtheadvertiserswhotemptcustomersinwiththebannersandthehostingwebsites,whicharepaidforallowingthebannerstobeputinplace.AstrustandconfidenceinInternetbuyingincreasesandinformationsecurityisheightenedwithnewtechnology,thevolumeofbuyingisincreasing,leadingtoevengreaterprofits.Thecurrentsituation,however,isnotquiteasoptimistic.Justasmagazinereaderstendtounconsciouslyignoreadvertisementsintheirfavoriteperiodicals,webbrowsersarebeginningtoallowbannerstosliptheirnoticeaswell.Internetusersrespondtothefloodofbannersbyviewingthemasannoyances,anegativeimagethatishurtingsales,sinceusersarenowlessreluctanttoclickonthosebanners,preferringnottosupportthesystemthatputstheminplace.IfInternetadvertisingistocontinuetobeaviableandprofitablebusinesspractice,newmethodswillneedtobeconsideredtoreinvigoratetheindustry.Withtherecentdepressioninthetechnologysectorandslowingeconomy,evennewpracticesmaynotdothetrick.AsconsumersaresavingmoreandfrequentingtraditionalrealestatebusinessesovertheirInternetcounterparts,thefateofInternetbusinessiscalledintoquestion.Thecomingyearswillbetheonlyreliableindicationofwhethershoppingontheworldwidewebisthewaveofthefutureorsimplyanimpulseactivitywhosewhimhaspassed.31.ItcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraphthatInternetadvertising[A]hastakentheplaceofmoretraditionalmethodsofadvertising.[B]isoneofthemosteffectivewaystomakeprofitsontheweb.[C]isparallelingadvertisingmethodsintraditionalbusinesssettings.[D]seekstotemptcustomersthroughimpulseshoppingmethods.32.Thesecondandthirdparagraphsarewritteninordertoillustrate[A]thepolicyInternetadvertisersdesigntolureclienteleanditsoutcome.[B]theprocessandmixedconsequencesofInternetadvertisingandshopping.[C]thebiggestsplashInternetadvertisershaverecentlymadeinsalespromotions.[D]thebannersInternetadvertiserstakeadvantageoftoarousecustomers'interest.33.Analyzingthecurrentstateoftheonlineadvertisinginparagraph4,theauthorimpliesthat[A]ithastobemodifiedovertimetoremaineffective.[B]forallitscurrentprofits,itwillfadeinthelongrun.[C]bannersarebeginningtolosetheiradvertisingefficiency.[D]Internetadvertisingmethodswillcontinuetodecreasesales.34.Theexpression“dothetrick”inthelastparagraphmostprobablymeans[A]cometothepoint.[B]fulfilltheirpurpose.[C]failoftheirsuccess.[D]liveuptotheirpromise.35.Theauthor'sattitudetowardonlineadvertisingcanbesummarizedas[A]reservedconsentbutdiscontent.[B]objectiveanalysisvoidofopinions.[C]enthusiasticsupportbutslightcontempt.[D]approvalsofarbutuncertaintyinthefuture.Text4Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalactivities,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed“intuition”tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperformwell-learnedbehaviorpatternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninan“Aha!”experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyleofexecutivemanagementisthat“thinking”isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften“know”whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.36.Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat[A]aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.[B]theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.[C]twooppositepointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.[D]awidelyaccepteddefinitionispresentedandqualified.37.Inrelationtothe“writersonmanagement”mentionedinPara.2,thetextsuggeststhatthey[A]havenotbasedtheiranalyzesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.[B]havereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanwhatmanagersdo.[C]havemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.[D]havenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuitioninmanagerialpractice.38.Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT[A]tospeedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.[B]toidentifyaproblemorbringtogetherdifferentfacts.[C]toinitiatecleargoalsandintheendattainthem.[D]toevaluatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem.39.Whenmentioning“thinking/actingcycles”(inPara.4),theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat[A]amanageranalyzesaseriesofproblemsandthenactsonthatanalysis.[B]amanagergathersdatabyactingandthenobservestheeffectsofaction.[C]actionandanalysisinmanagerialpracticeinvariablyoccursimultaneously.[D]amanagertakesaction,beingabletoclarifyreasonsforthataction.40.Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehaviorbetweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?[A]ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.[B]ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.[C]ManagerYdrawsonyearsofpersonalexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.[D]ManagerXdependsonday-by-daytacticalactivities;ManagerYdoesnot.PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatext.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)[A]PhysicalChanges[B]LowSelf-Esteem[C]EmergingIndependenceandSearchforIdentity[D]EmotionalTurbulence[E]InterestintheOppositeSex[F]PeerPressureandConformityThetransitiontoadulthoodisdifficult.Rapidphysicalgrowthbeginsinearlyadolescence—typicallybetweentheagesof9and13—andthoughtprocessesstarttotakeonadultcharacteristics.Manyyoungstersfindthesechangesdistressingbecausetheydonotfullyunderstandwhatishappeningtothem.Fearsandanxietiescanbeputtorestbysimplykeepinganopenlineofcommunicationandpreparingforchangebeforeitoccurs.Themainissuesthatariseduringadolescenceare:41Achild’sselfworthisparticularlyfragileduringadolescence.Teenagersoftenstrugglewithanoverwhelmingsensethatnobodylikesthem,thatthey’renotasgoodasotherpeople,thattheyarefailures,losers,uglyorunintelligent.42Someformofbodilydissatisfactioniscommonamongpre-teens.Ifdissatisfactionisgreat,itmaycausethemtobecomeshyorveryeasilyembarrassed.Inothercases,teensmayacttheopposite—loudandangry—inanefforttocompensateforfeelingsofself-consciousnessandinferiority.Asalarmingasthesebodilychangescanbe,adolescentsmayfinditequallydistressingtonotexperiencethechangesatthesametimeastheirpeers.Latematurationcancausefeelingsofinferiorityandawkwardness.43Youngpeoplefeelmorestronglyabouteverythingduringadolescence.Fearsbecomemorefrightening,pleasuresbecomemoreexciting,irritationsbecomemoredistressingandfrustrationsbecomemoreintolerable.Everyexperienceappearsking-sizedduringadolescence.Youngstershavingadifficultadolescencemaybecomeseriouslydepressedand/orengageinself-destructivebehavior.Often,thefirstcluethatateenagerneedsprofessionalhelpisadeep-rootedshiftinattitudeandbehavior.Parentsshouldbealerttothewarningsignsofpersonalitychangeindicatingthatateenagerneedshelp.Theyincluderepeatedschoolabsences,slumpinggrades,useofalcoholorillegalsubstances,hostileordangerousbehaviorandextremewithdrawalandreclusiveness.44Thereistremendouspressureonadolescentstoconformtothestandardsoftheirpeers.Thispressuretowardconformitycanbedangerousinthatitappliesnotonlytoclothingandhairstyles;itma