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CO2Emissions
in2022
INTERNATIONALENERGY
AGENCY
TheIEAexaminesthe
fullspectrum
ofenergyissues
includingoil,gasand
coalsupplyand
demand,renewable
energytechnologies,
electricitymarkets,
energyefficiency,
accesstoenergy,
demandside
managementand
muchmore.Through
itswork,theIEA
advocatespoliciesthat
willenhancethe
reliability,affordability
andsustainabilityof
energyinits
31membercountries,
11associationcountries
andbeyond.
Thispublicationandany
mapincludedhereinare
withoutprejudicetothe
statusoforsovereigntyover
anyterritory,tothe
delimitationofinternational
frontiersandboundariesand
tothenameofanyterritory,
cityorarea.
IEAmember
countries:
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Canada
CzechRepublic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
Hungary
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Korea
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Mexico
Netherlands
NewZealand
Norway
Poland
Portugal
SlovakRepublic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
RepublicofTürkiye
UnitedKingdom
UnitedStates
TheEuropean
Commissionalso
participatesinthe
workoftheIEA
IEAassociation
countries:
Argentina
Brazil
China
Egypt
India
Indonesia
Morocco
Singapore
SouthAfrica
Thailand
Ukraine
Source:IEA.
InternationalEnergyAgency
Website:
CO2Emissionsin2022
Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|3
Keymessages
Globalenergy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%or321Mtin2022,
reachinganewhighofover36.8Gt.Followingtwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergyuseandemissions,causedinpartbytheCovid-19pandemic,lastyear’sgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sreboundofmorethan6%.Emissionsfromenergycombustionincreasedby423Mt,whileemissionsfromindustrialprocessesdecreasedby102Mt.
Inayearmarkedbyenergypriceshocks,risinginflation,anddisruptionsto
traditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthanfeared,despitegas-to-coalswitchinginmanycountries.Increaseddeploymentofcleanenergytechnologiessuchasrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumpshelpedpreventanadditional550MtinCO2emissions.Industrialproductioncurtailment,particularlyinChinaandEurope,alsoavertedadditionalemissions.
Specificchallengesin2022contributedtothegrowthinemissions.Ofthe
321MtCO2increase,60MtCO2canbeattributedtocoolingandheatingdemandinextremeweatherandanother55MtCO2tonuclearpowerplantsbeingoffline.
CO2growthin2022waswellbelowglobalGDPgrowthof3.2%,reverting
toadecade-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenby2021’ssharpreboundinemissions.ImprovementsintheCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’saverage.
Emissionsfromnaturalgasfellby1.6%or118Mt,followingcontinued
tighteningofsupplyexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraine.ReductionsinemissionsfromgaswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope(-13.5%).The
AsiaPacificregionalsosawunprecedentedreductions(-1.8%).
Increasedemissionsfromcoalmorethanoffsetreductionsfromnaturalgas.Amidawaveofgas-to-coalswitchingduringtheglobalenergycrisis,CO2emissionsfromcoalgrewby1.6%or243Mt,farexceedingthelastdecade’saveragegrowthrate,andreachinganewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.
Emissionsfromoilgrewevenmorethanemissionsfromcoal,risingby2.5%or268Mtto11.2Gt.Aroundhalfoftheincreasecamefromaviation,asairtravelcontinuedtoreboundfrompandemiclows,nearing80%of2019levels.Temperingthisincrease,electricvehiclescontinuedtogainmomentumin2022,withover10millioncarssold,exceeding14%ofglobalcarsales.
Thebiggestsectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022camefromelectricityandheatgeneration,whoseemissionswereupby1.8%or261Mt.Inparticular,globalemissionsfromcoal-firedelectricityandheatgenerationgrewby224Mtor2.1%,ledbyemergingeconomiesinAsia.
Astrongexpansionofrenewableslimitedthereboundincoalpoweremissions.Renewablesmet90%oflastyear’sglobalgrowthinelectricity
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|4
generation.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,anewannualrecord.
Emissionsfromindustrydeclinedby1.7%to9.2Gtlastyear.Whileseveral
regionssawmanufacturingcurtailments,theglobaldeclinewaslargelydrivenbya161MtCO2decreaseinChina’sindustryemissions,reflectinga10%declineincementproductionanda2%declineinsteelmaking.
China’semissionswererelativelyflatin2022,decliningby23Mtor0.2%.
Growingemissionsfromcombustionwereoffsetbydeclinesfromindustrialprocesses.Weakereconomicgrowth,decliningconstructionactivity,andstrictCovid-19measuresledtoreductionsinindustrialandtransportemissions.Powersectoremissionsgrowthslowedcomparedwiththeaverageofthepastdecadebutstillreached2.6%.
TheEuropeanUnionsawa2.5%or70MtreductioninCO2emissions
despiteoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline.Buildingssectoremissionsfellmarkedly,helpedbyamildwinter.Althoughpowersectoremissionsincreasedby3.4%,coalusewasnotashighasanticipated.Forthefirsttime,electricitygenerationfromwindandsolarPVcombinedexceededthatofgasornuclear.
USemissionsgrewby0.8%or36Mt.Thebuildingssectorsawthe
highestemissionsgrowth,drivenbyextremetemperatures.Themainemissionsreductionscamefromelectricityandheatgeneration,thankstounprecedentedincreasesinsolarPVandwind,aswellascoal-to-gasswitching.Whilemanyothercountriesreducedtheirnaturalgasuse,theUnitedStatessawanincreaseof89MtinCO2emissionsfromgas,asitwascalledupontomeetpeakelectricitydemandduringsummerheatwaves.
EmissionsfromAsia’semergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies,
excludingChina,grewmorethanthosefromanyotherregionin2022,
increasingby4.2%or206MtCO2.Overhalfoftheregion’sincreaseinemissionscamefromcoal-firedpowergeneration.
ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseries,the
GlobalEnergyTransitions
Stocktake
.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinoneplace,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28.
CO2Emissionsin2022
Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|5
GtCO2GtCO2
2
1
0
-1
-2
Energy-relatedCO2emissionsgrewby0.9%toover
36.8Gtin2022
Globalcarbondioxide(CO2)emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses
1
grew0.9%or321Mtin2022toanewall-timehighof36.8Gt.ThisestimateisbasedontheIEA’sdetailedregion-by-regionandfuel-by-fuelanalysis,incorporatingthelatestofficialnationalstatisticsandpubliclyavailabledataonenergyuse,economicindicators,andweather.
Lastyear’sincreasefollowstwoyearsofexceptionaloscillationsinenergy-relatedemissions.Emissionsshrankbymorethan5%in2020,astheCovid-19pandemiccutenergydemand.In2021,emissionsreboundedpastpre-pandemiclevels,growingmorethan6%intandemwitheconomicstimulusandtheroll-outofvaccines.
Figure1:GlobalCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessesandtheirannualchange,1900-2022
40
30
20
10
1900191019201930194019501960197019801990200020102022
IEA.CCBY4.0.
CO2emissionsfromenergycombustiongrewbyaround1.3%or423Mtin2022,whileCO2emissionsfromindustrialprocessesdeclinedby102Mt.Emissionsgrowthin2022wasbelowglobalGDPgrowth(+3.2%),revertingtoadecades-longtrendofdecouplingemissionsandeconomicgrowththatwasbrokenin2021.
1AllsubsequentmentionsofCO2emissionsrefertoCO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocesses,unlessotherwisespecified.Furtherdetailsaboutmethodologyareattheendofthereport.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|6
MtCO2
IncreaseDecreaseNetchangeIncreaseDecreaseNetchange
Meanwhile,improvementsinCO2intensityofenergyusewereslightlyslowerthanthepastdecade’s(2012-2021)annualaverage.
Thereweredivergenttrendsbetweenregionsandsectors.CO2emissionsgrewinNorthAmericaandAsia(excludingPeople’sRepublicofChina[“China”hereafter]),outweighingreductionsfromEuropeandChina.Atagloballevel,CO2emissionsfrompowerandtransport(includinginternationalbunkers)grewby261Mtand254Mt,respectively,morethanoffsettingreductionsfromindustryandbuildings.
Figure2:ChangeinCO2emissionsbyregionandbysector,2021-2022
600
500
400
300
200
100
Bysector
Byregion
Regions:
Restofworld
InternationalbunkersRestofAsiaPacific
NorthAmerica
Europe
China
Sectors:
Other
Buildings
Transport
Industry
Power
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.
Greaterdeploymentofcleanenergytechnologieshelped
preventfurtheremissionsgrowthamidcrises
InanexceptionallyturbulentyearwithRussia'sinvasionofUkraine,energypriceshocks,risinginflation,andmajordisruptionstotraditionalfueltradeflows,globalgrowthinemissionswaslowerthananticipated.
ImpressivegrowthofsolarPVandwindgenerationhelpedpreventaround465MtCO2inpowersectoremissions.Othercleanenergytechnologies,includingotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps,helpedpreventanadditionalroughly85MtCO2.Withoutthisincreasedgrowthincleanenergydeployment,theannualincreaseinenergy-relatedemissionswouldhavebeenalmosttriple.Emissionsreductionsalsoresultedfromeconomicslowdowns,including
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|7
MtCO2
155MtCO2fromdecreasesinenergy-intensiveindustrialproduction,mainlyinChina,theEuropeanUnion,Japan,KoreaandNorthAmerica.
Specificchallengesin2022alsocontributedtotheglobalincreaseinemissions.Oftheoverallincreaseof321MtCO2,extremetemperaturescontributed60Mtfromheatingandcoolingforbuildings.Thedeclineinnuclearpowergeneration,duetobothmaintenanceandcontinuedphase-outs,ledtoanother55MtCO2.
Figure3:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbydriver,2021-2022
ActualincreaseAvoided
600
400
200
Other600Otherclean
technologies
Nuclearplants
offline
Heatingandcoolingduetoextremeweather
Wind
400
SolarPV
Industrial
200
slowdown
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Notes:SolarPVandwindrefertotheannualgrowthingeneration.Othercleantechnologiesistheannualgrowthinuseofotherrenewables,electricvehicles,andheatpumps.Inthisfigure,industryincludesironandsteel,chemicals,non-metallicminerals,andnon-ferrousmetals.
Reductionsinemissionsfromnaturalgasweremore
thanreplacedbyemissionsfromcoal
Emissionsfromnaturalgasdecreasedby1.6%or118Mtin2022,asanalreadytightgassupplywasexacerbatedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkraineandthewidespreadtradedisruptionsthatfollowed.
EmissionsreductionswereparticularlypronouncedinEurope,wheretheyfellby13.5%,withthestrongestyear-on-yearreductionscominginthelastmonthsoftheyear.Europeangaspricesreachedrecordhighsin2022followingasharpdeclineinRussiangasflows.However,amildstarttowinterhelpedreducehouseholdheatingdemand.IntheAsiaPacific,LNGspotpricesalsospiked,andnaturalgasemissionsdeclinedby1.8%,thelargestyear-on-yeardeclineeverseenintheregion.Bycontrast,naturalgasdemandremainedrobustintheUnitedStatesandCanada,whereemissionsfromgasincreasedby5.8%.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|8
GtCO2
Naturalgas
Coalemissionsgrew243Mttoanewall-timehighofalmost15.5Gt.This1.6%increasewasfasterthanthe0.4%annualaveragegrowthoverthepastdecade.
Figure4:ChangeinglobalCO2emissionsbyfuel,relativeto2019levels,2015-2022
1.0
Coal
0.5
0.0
-0.5Oil
-1.0
-1.5
20152016201720182019202020212022
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Oilemissionsgrewthemostlastyear
Emissionsfromoilgrewby2.5%(or268Mt)to11.2Gtin2022.Aroundhalfoftheyear-on-yearincreasecamefromaviationasairtravelcontinueditsrecoveryfrompandemiclows.Thereboundtopre-pandemicemissionslevelswasfasterinadvancedeconomies,wherelastyear’saviationemissionsreached85%of2019levels,comparedwith73%inemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.
Totaltransportemissionsincreasedby2.1%(or137Mt),alsodrivenbygrowthinadvancedeconomies.Nonetheless,emissionswouldhavebeenhigherwithouttheacceleratingdeploymentoflow-carbonvehicles.Electriccarsalessurpassed10millionin2022,makingupover14%ofglobalsales.Ifallnewelectriccarsontheroadhadbeentypicaldieselorgasolinecars,globalemissionslastyearwouldhavebeenanother13Mthigher.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|9
GtCO2
15
12
9
6
3
Despitepromisinggrowthinrenewables,powersector
emissionshadthelargestsectoralgrowth
Thelargestabsolutesectoralincreaseinemissionsin2022wasfromelectricityandheatgeneration.Electricityandheatsectoremissionsincreasedby1.8%(or261Mt),reachinganall-timehighof14.6Gt.Gas-to-coalswitchinginmanyregionswasthemaindriverofthisgrowth:CO2fromcoal-firedpowergenerationgrewby2.1%,ledbyincreasesinAsianemergingmarketanddevelopingeconomies.Naturalgasemissionsinthepowersectorremainedcloseto2021levels,proppedupmostsignificantlybyanincreaseintheUnitedStates.
Globalelectricitydemandincreasedby2.7%,andoverallcarbonintensityoftheelectricitygenerationdeclinedby2.0%,resuminganine-yeartrendthathadbeenbrokenin2021.
Theresumeddeclineincarbonintensityresultedfromthefastdeploymentofrenewablesacrossallregions,withrenewablesmeeting90%ofglobalgrowthinelectricitydemand.SolarPVandwindgenerationeachincreasedbyaround275TWh,helpingtoavoidaround465Mtinpowersectoremissions.Althoughseveralcountriesregisteredseveredroughtsin2022,globalhydrogenerationgrewby52TWhfrom2021’slevels,whichwerelowbecauseofwatershortagesinmanyregions.
Figure5:GlobalCO2emissionsbysector,2019-2022
PowerIndustryTransportBuildings
Note:Transportincludesinternationalbunkers.
2019
2020
2021
2022
IEA.CCBY4.0.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|10
Degreedays
China
China
Relianceoncoal-andgas-firedpowerinextreme
weatherdroveupemissionsacrossregions
Emissionswerepushedupbyrelianceonfossilfuelpowerplantstomeetexcesscoolingdemandduringextremesummerheat,withcoolingdegreedaysacrossseveralregionsin2022exceedingtypicallevelsoreventhemaximumseenbetween2000and2021.IntheUnitedStates,theshareofnaturalgasinthepowerfuelmixsurpassed40%inJulyandAugust.CoalpowergenerationinChinaincreasedinAugustby
around15%year-on-year
toexceed500TWh.Inbothcountries,emissionslevelsforthefirsthalfoftheyearwerelowerthanin2021,beforesummerheatwavesreversedthetrend.
Europesawthesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years,andasaresult,emissionsfrombuildingswerelowerthananticipated.
Forthefullyear,coolingandheatingdemandfromextremeweatherpushedupglobalemissionsbyaround60MtCO2,aroundtwo-thirdsofwhichcamefromadditionalcoolingneeds,andtheremainingthirdfromheatingneeds.Thisaccountedforalmostone-fifthofthetotalglobalincreaseinCO2emissions.
Figure6:Coolingdegreedaysinsummermonthsandheatingdegreedaysinwintermonthsforselectedcountries/regions,2000-2022
600
500
400
300
200
100
Coolingdegreedays(Jun-Aug)
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
Heatingdegreedays(Oct-Dec)
2000-2021
2022
UnitedStates
European
Union
United
States
EuropeanUnion
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Notes:Coolingdegreedaysillustratehowhotaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto21⁰C.Heatingdegreedaysillustratehowcoldaveragedailytemperatureswereandaremeasuredrelativeto18⁰C.
CO2Emissionsin2022
Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|11
China’semissionsbarelychangedfrom2021to2022,
amidCovid-19lockdownsandarealestateslump
Energy-relatedemissionsinChinawererelativelyflatbetween2021and2022,decreasingby0.2%or23Mttoaround12.1Gt.Emissionsfromenergycombustionalonegrewby88Mt,entirelyduetoincreaseduseofcoal,butthiswasmorethanoffsetbydeclinesinemissionsfromindustrialprocesses.Theoverallyearlydeclinewasthefirstsincestructuralreformsdroveemissionslowerin2015.
WhileChinasignificantlyrampedupdomesticcoalproductionandcoalpowercapacityadditionslastyear,actualcoalconsumptiondidnotfullykeeppace.TemperedbyalargeincreaseinsolarPVandwindgeneration,coalaccountedforaroundthree-fifthsofthefuelmixinelectricitygeneration.Totalelectricitydemandgrewmuchslowerthantheaverageseenoverthelastdecade.Assuch,emissionsfromcoal-firedpowerincreasedbyaround3%,inpartduetotheramp-upofcoalpowerplantsduringheatwaves,aswellastoincreasingrelianceonelectricityordistrictheatingfuelledbycoal.
Industrysectoremissionsdeclined,buttheeffectsofChina’scrackdownondebt-financedpropertyandtheongoingrealestateslumpwerenotfullyreflectedin2022industryemissions.Constructionnewstartsweredownbyaround40%year-on-year,whiletheproductionofsteelandcementwerejust2%and10%lowerthanin2021,respectively.Asaresult,China’sindustrysectoremitted161Mtlessthantheyearbefore,withalargeshareofthisdeclinefromprocessemissions.China’sunprecedentedlylargeyear-on-yeardeclinepulleddownglobalindustryemissions.
Incontrasttotheglobalgrowthintransportsectoremissions,China’stransportemissionsregistereda3.1%decreasein2022.Covid-19measureswerestronglyreinforcedincomparisonto2021,includingtotallockdownsinmajorcitiesandrestrictionsoncrossingprefectureorprovinceboundaries.Atthesametime,electriccarsalesreached6millionin2022,preventingfurtheremissionsfromdieselandgasolinecars.
UnitedStatesemissionsgrewin2022,drivenbyrising
naturalgasconsumption
USemissionsgrewby0.8%(or36Mt)to4.7Gtin2022.Theannualgrowthwasmuchslowerthan2021’sspurtbutstilladeviationfromthepreviousdecade’sdecliningtrend.Whilemostothercountriesshiftedawayfromnaturalgasinthefaceoflastyear’spricespikes,theUnitedStatesincreaseditsconsumption.
CO2Emissionsin2022
Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|12
Emissionsfromnaturalgasincreased89Mt,morethansupplantingthe69Mtdeclineincoalemissions.
Emissionsgrewthemostinthebuildingssector,rising26Mtandfarexceedingthelastdecade’sannualaveragegrowth(around7Mtperyear).Thejumpwasmostlycausedbycoldweatherduringtheearlymonthsoftheyear.
Powersectoremissionsdecreasedby20Mt,inlargepartthankstosolarPVandwindgenerationincreasingbyaround95TWh.Withoutlastyear’sriseinrenewables,powersectoremissionswouldhavebeenaround65MtCO2higher.However,powergenerationcontributedmorethanhalfofthegrowthinnaturalgasemissions,asthetrendofcoal-to-gasswitchingresumedafterastrongcoalreboundin2021,withnaturalgaspowerplantsmeetingpeakcoolingdemandduringthesummer’sheatwaves.
EnergycrisispushedEuropeanUniontocutemissions
throughcleanpoweranddemandreductionmeasures
Despitethecoincidingchallengesofoilandgasmarketdisruptions,hydroshortfallsduetodrought,andnumerousnuclearplantsgoingoffline,theEuropeanUnionreduceditsemissionsby2.5%(or70Mt),thankstoamildwinter,effectiveenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,behaviourchanges,andindustrialproductioncurtailments.Reducednaturalgasemissionsmorethanoffsetincreasesinemissionsfromcoalandoil.
Buildingssectoremissionsdeclinedthemost,by60Mt,enabledbyexceptionallymildweatherfromOctobertoDecember2022–thesecondwarmeststarttowinterinthelast30years–andcollectiveenergyconservationmeasures.Averageelectricityconsumptionwaslower,evenaccountingforweather,andelectricityusewaslesssensitivetotemperaturechangesin2022thanin2019,pointingtotheroleofbehaviourchange.EUheatpumpsalesreached2.8million,morethandoublinginseveralcountriesfromthepreviousyear.MeanwhileindustrysectorCO2emissionsdeclinedby42Mt.
CO2Emissionsin2022
Growthinemissionslowerthanfeared
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|13
GW
Figure7:DailyaverageelectricityloadatdifferenttemperaturesintheEuropeanUnion,2019and2022
400
350
300
250
2019
Oct-Dec2022
Thermosensitivity
2019
Thermosensitivity
Oct-Dec2022
200
0481216⁰C
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Notes:Thermosensitivityshowsthelineofbestfitbetweenaveragedailyelectricityloadandaveragedailytemperature.2019isshownasanindicativehistoricyearbeforethepandemic.
Source:AnalysisbasedonIEA
WeatherforEnergyTracker
and
RealTimeElectricityTracker.
Powersectoremissionsincreasedby28Mteventhoughelectricitydemanddeclined,asatemporarilyhigherrelianceoncoalincreasedcarbonintensity.A15%increaseinwindandsolarPVgenerationhelpedpreventfurthercoalusewithwindandsolarPVforthefirsttimejointlyovertakinggasaswellasnuclearasthetopsourceofEurope’selectricitygeneration.Thisrecord-breakingincreaseinsolarPVandwindgenerationavoidedalmost75MtCO2ofemissions.Withouthydrogenerationdecreasingby21%year-on-yearandnuclearby17%,another80Mtcouldhavebeenaverted.
Despitetheglobalenergycrisis,recoveryfromthe
Covid-19pandemicisprovingmoresustainablethanpastcrises
CountriesrespondedtothehighenergypricesandenergysecurityconcernscausedbyRussia’sinvasionofUkrainewithenergyconservationmeasures,fuelswitching,andanaccelerationofcleanenergytechnologydeployment.
Emissionstrendsnowstandincontrasttothoseseenafterthe2008globalfinancialcrisis.EnergyintensityofGDPisnow3.5%below2019pre-pandemiclevels,comparedto2%belowthreeyearsaftertheonsetofthefinancialcrisis.CO2intensityofenergyusein2022waslowerthanbeforethepandemic,afterashort-livedreboundin2021,unliketheincreasethatemergedintheearly2010s.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|14
Index(2008=100)
Index(2019=100)
Thelargegreenspendingcomponentofstimuluspackagesappearstobemakingalastingimpactoncontrollingemissionsgrowth.BetweenApril2020andOctober2022,economicrecoverypackagesenactedbygovernmentsworldwideincludedUSD1215billionincleanenergyinvestmentsupport,asdetailedintheIEA’s
GovernmentEnergySpendingTracker
.Thisiswellovertwicethefinancialcommitmentsmadetogreenrecoverymeasuresafterthefinancialcrisis.
Figure8:Globalemissionsintensityofenergyuseandenergyintensityofeconomicactivity,2008-2011and2019-2022
Financialcrisis
105
100
952008200920102011
EnergyintensityofGDP
105Covid-19pandemic
100
95
2019202020212022
CO₂intensityofenergy
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Energy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsreached
41.3GtCO2-eqin2022
Totalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsincreasedby1.0%toanall-timehighof41.3GtCO2-eq(see“Datasourcesandmethod”forglobalwarmingpotentialvalues).CO2emissionsfromenergycombustionandindustrialprocessaccountedfor89%ofenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissionsin2022.
Methanefromenergycombustion,leaksandventingrepresentedanother10%,mostlycomingfromonshoreoilandgasoperationsaswellassteamcoalproduction.
Methaneemissionsrosetonearly135Mt
CH4oraround4GtCO2-eqin2022,despitehighnaturalgaspricesthatincreasedthecosteffectivenessofmethaneabatementtechnologies.
IEA.CCBY4.0.
PAGE|15
GtCO2-eq
Figure9:Globalenergy-relatedgreenhousegasemissions,2000-2022
40
30
20
10
Non-CO2:
Nitrousoxide
Methane
COb2l:ank_series
Industrialprocesses
Flaring
Waste
Naturalgas
Oil
Coal
200020052010201520202022
IEA.CCBY4.0.
Source:FlaringemissionsarefromIEAanalysisbasedonthe
WorldBankGlobalGasFlaringReductionProgramme.
ThisreportisthefirstintheIEA’snewseriescalledthe
GlobalEnergyTransitions
Stocktake
.ThenewtrackerconsolidatestheIEA’slatestanalysisinonelocation,makingitfreelyaccessibleinsupportofthefirstGlobalStocktakeinthelead-uptoCOP28ClimateChangeCo
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