普通心理学第七讲演示文稿

普通心理学第七讲演示文稿1当前1页，总共37页。（优选）普通心理学第七讲2当前2页，总共37页。ThoughtThinking,meansrepresentingthingsmentallyandoperatingontheserepresentations.3当前3页，总共37页。OutlineUnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsReasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingLanguage4当前4页，总共37页。1.UnitsofThought:Images,Concepts,andPropositionsMentalImages&MentalModelsConceptsandCategoriesPropositions5当前5页，总共37页。1.1MentalImagesandMentalModelsMentalImageAvisualrepresentationofastimulus.MentalModelsRepresentationsofsystemsthatenablepeopletodescribe,explain,andpredictthewaythingswork.6当前6页，总共37页。1.2ConceptsandCategoriesConceptsMentalrepresentationofaclassofobjects,ideas,oreventsthatsharecommonproperties.CategorizationTheprocessofgroupingobjectsconsideredequivalentandexcludingthosethatarenot.Visualized&morethanvisualimage(car)Well-defined&FuzzyConcepts(good)7当前7页，总共37页。8当前8页，总共37页。ConceptsanditsOrganizationSetTheorySetofDefining(core)FeaturesFeatureIntegrationModelPrototypes原型Bird----robin&penguin9当前9页，总共37页。概念与归类狗样例定义特征德国牧羊犬猎狗长毛卷耳狗玩具狮子狗四足、有尾动物吠声、气喘、淌口水通常受驯养、友好能捉跳蚤10当前10页，总共37页。水果样例的典型性11当前11页，总共37页。概念的形成Hypothesis-testingTheory整体策略部分策略同时性扫描连续性扫描保守性聚焦博弈性聚焦12当前12页，总共37页。1.3PropositionsThesmallestunitsof

meaning

thatcanstandaloneasanassertionandbejudgedtrueorfalse.13当前13页，总共37页。2.Reasoning,ProblemSolving,andDecisionMakingReasoningProblemSolvingDecisionMakingFactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingParallelDistributedProcessingUsingComputerstoSimulateThoughtADifferentPerspective:psychodynamic/behavioralview14当前14页，总共37页。2.1ReasoningReasoningtheprocessbywhichpeoplegenerateandevaluatelogicalargumentsInductiveReasoning----observationreasoningfromspecificobservationstogeneratepropositionsthatareprobablytrue.DeductiveReasoning----ideaDrawingconclusionsfromassumptionsorpremises. 15当前15页，总共37页。三段论(Syllogism)AllA(s)areBCisanACisaB16当前16页，总共37页。三段论推理未婚者都不戴结婚戒指。小李未戴结婚戒指。所以，小李未婚。卡片一面是数字，一面是字母。如果卡片一面是字母A，另一面就是数字3。要验证第二个命题，必须翻什么卡片？AB3217当前17页，总共37页。2.2ProblemSolvingTheprocessoftransformingonesituationintoanotherthatmeetsagoal.18当前18页，总共37页。2.2.1TheProblem-solvingProcess Theproblemspace NoproblemInitialStateOperatorsGoalState19当前19页，总共37页。2.2.2ThreeComponentsInitialstateExistingofproblemOperatorsmentalandbehavioralprocessesaimedattransformingtheinitialstateuntiliteventuallyapproximatesthegoalstate.GoalstateProblemissolved20当前20页，总共37页。2.2.3StepsinProblemSolvingHollandetal.(1986):four-stepprocessDifferencesbetweenthetwostatesIdentifyandselectpossibleoperatorsApplytheoperators(Subgoals)ContinueusingoperatorsuntildifferencesareeliminatedWellorIll-definedproblemScience/Sociallife(信息和标准)21当前21页，总共37页。Problem-SolvingStrategiesAlgorithmsSystematicproblem-solvingproceduresthatinevitablyproduceasolution.HeuristicsCognitiveshortcutsorRulesofThumbHypothesistestingExperience/Expectation/Motivation/Personality如何解决：半夜时分隔壁宿舍太闹/过得不开心22当前22页，总共37页。2.3DecisionMakingDecisionmakingTheprocessbywhichanindividualweighstheprosandconsofdifferentalternativesinordertomakeachoice.Information-processingmodelsUtility/ProbabilityUtilityValueWeightedUtilityValueExpectedUtility23当前23页，总共37页。24当前24页，总共37页。RiskStrategies

(nonstatisticalriskestimate)Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetowin$100Suregainof$80Whichisyourchoice?85%chancetolose$100Surelossof$80Risk-averse/Risk-seekingstrategyOptimisticbias(whenestimateownrisks)25当前25页，总共37页。2.4FactorsThatInterferewithRationalThinkingRepresentativeness&AvailabilityHeuristicDecidingwhetheranobjectorincidentbelongsinaparticularclass.Judgingthelikelihoodofsomethinghappeningonthebasisofitsavailabilityinmemory.ConfirmationBias2,4,6,MentalSetFunctionalFixedness26当前26页，总共37页。2.5ParallelDistributedProcessingRuelhartetal.,1986:PDPmodelofcognitionTwopropositionsofPDPmodelParallelLetter-recognition/word-recognitionDistributed27当前27页，总共37页。2.6UsingComputerstoStimulateThoughtArtificialIntelligenceGPS,GeneralProblemSolverELIZAExpertSystems28当前28页，总共37页。2.7ADifferentPerspective:PsychodynamicandBehavioralViewofDecisionMakingRationaldecisionmakerofinformation-processingtheory.Decisionsinvolvemotivationandemotion,whichcanbetoomanyandirrationalandnotberepresentedinconsciousawareness.SyllogismaboutChairmanMaoWilson&Schooler(1991):草莓酱Wilsonetal.(1993)：艺术画29当前29页，总共37页。AssignmentNo.4人类思维过程容易出现失误。为什么？ 请展开思路，从多个角度加以说明。30当前30页，总共37页。3.LanguageThesystemofsymbols,sounds,meanings,andrulesfortheircombinationthatconstitutestheprimarymodeofcommunicationamonghumans.31当前31页，总共37页。MaintopicsonlanguageLanguageandThoughtTransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningFromBabblingtoBanteringNonverbalCommunicationIsLanguageDistincttoHumans?32当前32页，总共37页。3.1LanguageandThoughtHununoo(Philippines):92namesforriceGender/timephraseinEnglishB.Whorf(1956):WhorfianHypothesis

LanguageshapesthoughtThoughtshapeslanguageRosch(1973):Danipeopleforcolor(onlytwo)TheUnitedStates/TheseUnitedStates33当前33页，总共37页。3.2TransformingSoundsandSymbolsintoMeaningElementsofLanguagephoneme,morpheme,sentence(phrase),grammarSlipsoftheTongue:Misp