高考英语二轮复习课件：8阅读理解判断题的命题特点解题方略(共57张PPT)

阅读理解判断推理题的命题特点、解题方略

判断推理题的命题特点：

阅读理解判断推理题属于主观题，是层次较高的设题。它包括判断和推理题。这两类题常常相互依存，推理是为了得出正确的判断，正确的判断又依赖于合乎逻辑的推理。推理题要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论，从而得到文章的隐含意义和深层意义。推理题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话，也可以是某几句话，但做题的指导思想都是以文字信息为依据，既不能做出在原文中找不到文字根据的推理，也不能据表面文字信息做过多的推理。所以，推理题的大多数答案只能是根据原文表面文字信息做一步推出的答案：即对原文某一句话或某几句话所作的同义改写或综合；只有极个别的要根据大意和综合某些话进行深层意义的推断。【常见设题方式】1.Whichofthefollowingconclusionscanwedrawaccordingtothepassage?2.Inwhichofthefollowingpublicationwouldthispassagemostlikelybeprinted?3.Thepassageimplies，butdoesn'tdirectlystatethat___________．4.Itcanbeinferred/concludedthat___________．5.Thewriterprobablyfeelsthat___________．6.Theauthorusestheexamplesof

toshowthat___________．7.Why?8.Thewritersuggeststhat________．9.What'stheauthor'sattitudetoward___________?

这种判断推理还是有一定的规律可以把握的。解题方略：

同学们在解推理判断题时，要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上，把握文章的真正内涵。①要吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础；②要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工，由表及里，由浅入深，从具体到抽象，从非凡到一般，通过分析、综合、判断等，进行深层处理，符合逻辑地推理。不能就是论事，断章取义，以偏概全。③要忠实于原文，以文章提供的事实和线索为依据。立足已知，推断未知。立足现在，猜测未来。不能主观臆想，凭空想象，随意揣[chuai]测，更不能以自己的观点代替作者的观点；④要把握句、段之间的逻辑关系，了解语篇的结构。要体会文章的基调，揣摸作者的态度，摸准逻辑发展的方向，悟出作者的弦[xián]外之音。（一）写作意图目的推测题此题型要求考生根据文章的论述，推测作者的写作意图目的及运用某种写作手法的目的。作者一般不直接陈述自己的意图，而是通过文章所提供的事实和形象，客观地使读者信服某种想法或意见。这种题型要求同学们不但能理解文章的内容，同时还要具备对作者阐述问题的写作方法进行归纳总结和分析的能力。如下文：

（1）(请用2分钟读完）Imaginethatthegenome(基因组)isabook.Thebookconsistsof23chapterswiththousandsofstoriesmadeupofparagraphs,wordsandlettersondifferentlevels.Thereareonebillionwordsinthebook,whichmakesitlongerthan5,000volumesthesizeofthisbook,oraslongas800Bibles.IfIreadthegenomeouttoyouattherateofonewordpersecondforeighthoursaday,itwouldtakemeacentury.IfIwroteoutthehumangenome,oneletterpermillimeter,mytextwouldbeaslongastheRiverDanube.设题：Therealpurposeoftheauthor'scomparison[kəmˈpærɪsn]ofthegenometoabookis___________．A.tofocusonthedifferencesbetweenthetwoB.tolayemphasisonthesimilaritiesbetweenthetwoC.tosimplifytheconcept

[ˈkɒnsept]

ofthehumangenomeD.togiveanexactdescriptionofthehumangenome解析：“基因组”是一个非常抽象难懂的科学术语。据信息句Imaginethatthegenome(基因组)isabook.作者在这里把“基因组”比作一本书，使一般读者能通俗形象地了解“基因组”的概念。故答案为C。

(2）(用5-6分钟读完）

BeldonandCanfieldaretwoseashoretowns，notfarapart．Bothtownshavemanyhotels，andinsummerthehotelsarefullofholidaymakersandothertourists（观光者）．

LastAugusttherewasafireattheSeabreezeHotelinBeldon.Thenextday，thisnewsappearedonpagetwoofthetown'snewspaper．TheBeldonPost：FIREATSEABREEZE

LatelastnightfiremenhurriedtotheSeabreezeHotelandquicklyputoutasmallfireinabedroom．Thehotelmanagersaidthatacigarettestartedthefire．Wesayagaintoallourvisitors：“Pleasedon'tsmokecigarettesinbed.”ThiswasBeldon'sfirsthotelfireforfiveyears．

TheCanfieldTimesgavethenewsinthesewordsonpageone：

ANOTHERBELDONHOTELCATCHESFIRE

LastnightBeldonfiremenarrivedjusttoolatetosaveclothing，bedclothesandsomefurnitureattheSeabreezeHotel．Anangryholidaymakersaid,“Anelectriclampprobablystartedthefire.Thebedroomlampsareveryoldatsomeofthesehotel．WhenIputmybedsidelighton，Iheardafunnynoisefromthelamp.”“WearegladtotellourreadersthatthissortofadventuredoesnothappeninCanfield.”

Whatarethefacts，then?Itisnevereasytofindouttheexacttruthaboutanaccident．TherewasafireattheSeabreezeHotellastAugust：thatisonefact．Doweknowanythingelse?Yes，weknowthatfiremenwenttothehotel.

Nowwhatdoyouthinkoftherestofthe“news”?设题：TheCanfieldTimesusedtheheadline（标题）likethisinordertomakeitsreadersthink

．A．hotelsinBeldonoftencatchfireB．hotelsinBeldondon'toftencatchfireC．thiswasthesecondfireattheSeabreezeHotelD．Beldonwasagoodplaceexceptthathotelstherearenotquitesafe答案为A。【解题思路】作者意图推断题。本文通过两个对手城市的报纸对同一件火灾事故的不同报道，对新闻报道的真实性提出了怀疑。AnotherBeldonHotelcatchfire中的another

是一个关键词，暗示了Beldon的宾馆火灾频繁。（二）因果推断题

要求考生根据已知结果推测导致结果的可能原因。考生要正确把握文章的内涵，理解文章的真正含义。解题时要特别留意以下提示词：(1)表示因果关系的名词：basis(根据)，result，consequence，reason;

(2)表示因果关系的动词及其短语：result

in(结果)，result

from(由于，由……)，follow

from(……结果)，base…on…(以……为基础)，bedue

to(由于);

(3)表示因果关系的连词或介词：because，since，for，as，therefore，so，thus，why，with;

(4)表示因果关系的副词及副词短语：as

a

result，consequently等。如下文(请用2分钟读完）（1）

Whentheyoungwaitressnearmyhousestartedsayinghellotomeeveryday，Iwasveryhappy．ShewasatleastfifteenyearsyoungerthanI．Onedayshesignedmetocomenear．WhenIwalkedover，sheasked

“Areyousingle?”“Why，yes.”Ianswered，smilingatherhappily．

“Soismymother．”shesaid，“Wouldyouliketomeether?”SoIknewwhyshealwayssaidhellotome.设题：1．Thewritertalkedaboutthewaitress'agebecausehethought___________．A.shewasyoungB.itapleasuretomakefriendswithherC.shewasbeautifulD.itstrangeforhertofallinlovewithhim

2．Thewaitresssaidhellotothewritereverydaybecause_________A.shelivednearhishouseB.heoftenwenttovisithermotherC.shewantedtobefriendlywithhimD.shelovedhimverymuch【解题思路】

这是两道推测原因的题目。女服务员天天向作者示好，作者产生误解，以为女孩对他有意。考虑到他们年龄相差悬殊，作者认为女孩爱上他有点希奇。故第1题答案是D。女孩问作者是否单身，并提到她母亲也是单身，并邀请他与她母亲见面，可见，女孩天天向他问好，目的是想取得他的好感，进而搓和他和她母亲。从信息句SoIknewwhyshealwayssaidhellotome.中的So得到提示，第2题答案是C。

（2）(用6分钟读完）

Theentertainmentprofessionor“showbusiness”attractsmanyyoungpeople.Unfortunately,onlyveryfewcanhopetobecomefamousandsuccessful.Talentisnotenough,becauseshowbusinessisascompetitiveasanyotherbusiness.Withoutagoodmanager,

aperformercanneverhopetosucceed.Fashionisimportantinthisbusiness,too.Thebesttailorintheworldwillneverbeasuccessifhemakesold-fashionedclothes.Inexactlythesameway,aperformermustchangehis“act”inordertofollowthetasteofthemoment.Thisistrueforactors,dancersandcomedians,butperhapsmostofallsingers.“Pop”standsfor“popular”andapopsingerhastoworkveryhardtobecomepopular.Hemusteithergivethepublicwhattheyalreadywant,orhemustfindanewwayofsingingthatwillattracttheirattention.Evenwhenhehassucceeded,andhisrecordsaresoldeverywhere,hecannotrelax.Thenhemustworkharderthaneverbecausetherearealwaysyoungersingerstryingtobecomefamousandtostealsomeofthe

popularity.

Thelifeofasuccessfulpopsingerisnotatalleasy.Hecanonlyrelaxwhenheisalone,becauseeverythinghedoesiswatchedandreportedinthespecialnewspaperwrittenforthe“fans”.Thefansarethemostimportantpeopleintheworldforthesingers.Theybuyhisrecords,theygotohisconcertsandtheymakehimrichandfamous.

Buttheycanbeveryannoying,too.Sometimestheirenthusiasmgetsohystericalthattheydoanythingtogeta“souvenir”(纪念品).Theystealhandkerchiefs,theytearoffbuttons,andtheyevencutoffpiecesoftheunfortunatesinger'shair.Manysingershavebeenforcedtohide.Apopsingerhastospendalotofmoneyonclothes,becausehemustalwayslooksmartoratanyratedifferent.Hemusthavealuxuriouscar.And—mostimportant—hemustalwayskeepsmilingforthebenefitofhispublic.设题：1.Whymustapopsingerhaveagoodmanager?___________.A.ToprotecthimfromhisfansB.TolookafterhisbusinessinterestC.Tohelphimtochangehis“act”D.Sothathecanrelax2.Whymustapopsingerworkevenharderwhenhehasbecomefamous?___________.A.BecausehewantstoattracttheattentionofthepublicB.BecausehewantstosellmorerecordsC.BecausehewantstobecomepopularD.Becausehewantstostaypopular【解题思路】1.答案为B。因果推断题。根据信息句Talentisnotenough,becauseshowbusinessisascompetitive[kəmˈpetətɪv]asanyotherbusiness.Withoutagoodmanager,aperformercanneverhopetosucceed.我们可以知道，正因为这个行业竞争激烈，所以表演者需要一个好的经纪人。帮助演员策划和安排商业表演活动，协助他的演艺事业的发展。故B项正确。Because在此是一个明显的提示词。

2.答案为D。因果推断题。据信息句Thenhemustworkharderthaneverbecausetherearealwaysyoungersingerstryingtobecomefamousandtostealsomeofthepopularity.一个成名演员要更加努力地工作，直接原因文中已有论述，即表演行业是个竞争十分激烈的行业，新人不断涌现，对成名演员造成很大的压力。那么间接原因是什么?通过前面的分析我们可以推断出成名演员更加卖力地工作，是因为他要保持他的名气，延长他的艺术生命。Because起到提示作用；故答案选D。（三）细节推断题：要求考生根据语篇关系，推断具体细节，如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。一般可根据短文提供的信息，或者借助生活常识等进行推理判定。常见的事实细节题有如下：1）排序题。2）语义转换题3）图形辨认题4）数字换算题5）表格理解题6）应用广告类事实信息题等。【一般题干设问形式】1)Accordingtothepassage,who/what/which/when/where/why/howmany/howmuch/howlong/howsoon/howoften?______.2）Whichofthefollowingisthecorrectorderof?_____________.3)Whichofthefollowingstatementistrue/NOTtrue?_____________.4)Whichofthefollowingismentioned/NOTmentioned?_____________.5)AllofthefollowingaretrueEXCEPT_____________.【解题方法】1）排序题解题方法：这种试题要求考生根据动作发生的先后顺序和句子之间的逻辑关系，找出事件发生的正确顺序。同学们在做这种题时可采用“首尾定位法”，即最先判断第一个找出第一个动作和最后一个动作，迅速缩小选择范围，从而快速选出正确答案。2）应用广告类事实信息题解题方法：“题干定位法”（直接阅读题干，在文中找答案，不必阅读全文）。3）图形辨认题解题方法：“按文索图法”（找出描绘图形的相关句段，进行文图对照）4）数字换算题解题方法：“列表推算法”（找出与题干相关的数据列表或推算）。5）表格理解题解题方法：“文表分析法”（把题干、选项与表格对照分析）。6）语义转换题解题方法：跳读查找法这是做事实细节题最基本也是最常用的方法。在通常情况下，细节题主要考查考生对某句话或某几句话的理解，同学们若能根据题干内容从原文中找到相关的句子，然后进行比较和分析，便可确定最佳答案。运用跳读查找法时，同学们要特别注意试题(包括选项)与原文之间的适当变换。根据近几年的考题情况来看，现在很少有直接用原文中的句子进行考查和测试的，而通常要进行一定的处理。而这种“处理”主要就是指进行语义转换，其中包括同义变换、概念解析、归纳事实等。例如：(1)(用6分钟读完）

Youcan’talwayspredictaheavyrainorrememberyourumbrella.ButdesignerMikhailBelvacvdoesn’tthinkthatforgettingtochecktheweatherforecastbeforeheadingoutshouldresultinyougettingwet.That’swhyhecreatedlampbrella,alamppostwithitsownrainsensingumbrella.ThedesignersayshecomeupwiththeideaafterwatchingpeoplegetwetonstreetsinRussia.“once,IwasdrivingonacentralSaintPetersburgstreetadsawthestreetlampslightinguppeopletryingtohidefromtherain.Ithoughtitwouldbeappropriatetohaveacanopy(伞蓬)builtintoastreetlamp.”hesaid.Thelampbrellaisastandard-lookingstreetlampfittedwithanumbrellacanopy.Ithasabuilt-inelectricmotorwhichcanopenorclosetheumbrellaondemand.Sensors(传感器)thenensurethattheumbrellaofferspedestriansshelterwheneveritstartsraining.Inadditiontotherainsensor,there’salsoa360°motionsensoronthebiberglassstreetlampwhichdetectswhetheranyone’susingthelampbrella.Afterthreeminutesofnotbeingusedthecanopyisclosed.

Accordingtothedesigner,thelampbrellawouldmoveatarelativelylowspeed,soasnottocauseharmtothepedestrians.Besides,itwouldbegroundedtoprotectfrompossiblelightingstrike.Eachlampbrellawouldofferenoughshelterforseveralpeople.Beinginstalledat2metersofftheground,itwouldonlybeadangerforthetallestofpedestrians.

Whiletherearenoplanstotakelampbrellaintoproduction,BelyacvsaysherecentlyintroducedhiscreationoneMoscowDepartment,andinsiststhiscreationcouldbeinstalledonmystreetwherealotofpeoplewalkbuttherearenocanopiestoprovideshelter.设题：Whichofthefollowingshowhowthelampbrellaworks?

A.motor→canopy[ˈkænəpi]→sensorsB.Sensors→motor→canopy

C.motor→sensors→canopyD.canopy→motor→sensors答案B。细节理解排序题。【解题思路】原文定位，根据第三段信息段Thelampbrellaisshelterwheneveritstartsraining，可以排除A、C、D选项。伞棚的打开或关闭是先由传感器来接受然后通过motor来进行操控，因此答案为B选项。（四）人物性格、态度及观点推断题。高考阅读测试中有些是考查考生对作者的主导思想、被描写人物语气、言谈话语中流露的情绪、性格倾向和作者或文中人物态度、观点等方面的理解题。做这一类题时一定要留意：

1)由表及里的正确把握字里行间的意思，切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观。

2)特别留意那些描写环境气氛的语言，以及表达感情、态度观点的词语。要特别留意作者在文章中的措词，尤其是表达感情色彩的形容词。

3)能结合自己平时积累的有关英语国家的文化传统、风俗习惯等背景知识来识别和评价。

例如：(用5分钟读完）Awell-knownoldmanwasbeinginterviewedandwasaskedifitwascorrectthathehadjustcelebratedhis99thbirthday,"That'sright,"saidtheoldman."Ninety-nineyearsold,andIhaven'tanenemyintheworld.They'realldead."

"Wellsir,"saidtheinterviewer,"Ihopeverymuchtohavethehonorofinterviewingyouonyourhundredthbirthday."

Theoldmanlooksattheyoungmanclosely,andsaid,"Ican'tseewhyyoushouldn't.Youlookfitandhealthytome!"设题：Whatkindofmanwouldyousaytheoldmanwas?A.Hewassilly.B.Hewasunpleasant.C.Hewasveryproudandsureofhishealth.D.Hewasveryimpolitetoyoungpeople.解析:从最后两段段意理解到记者希望在老人100岁生日时能再访老人，希望他能活到100岁。而老人故意曲解记者的话(我看不出你明年为什么不能采访我?你似乎还很健康呀!)表现了老人对自己健康状态的自信。答案为C。再如Atypicalliontamer(驯兽师)inpeople'smindisanentertainerholdingawhip(鞭)andachair.Thewhipgetsalloftheattention,butit'smostlyforshow.Inreality,it'sthechairthatdoestheimportantwork.Whenaliontamerholdsachairinfrontofthelion'sface,theliontriestofocusonallfourlegsofthechairatthesametime.Withitsfocusdivided,thelionbecomesconfusedandisunsureaboutwhattodonext.Whenfacedwithsomanyoptions,thelionchoosestofreezeandwaitinsteadofattackingthemanholdingthechair.Howoftendoyoufindyourselfinthesamepositionasthelion?Howoftendoyouhavesomethingyouwanttoachieve(e.g.loseweight,startabusiness,travelmore)—onlytoendupconfusedbyalloftheoptionsinfrontofyouandnevermakeprogress?Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest，thepeoplewhowanttoimprovetheirlivesareleftconfusedbyalloftheconflictinginformation.Theendresultisthatwefeellikewecan'tfocusorthatwe'refocusedonthewrongthings,andsowetakelessaction,makelessprogress,andstaythesamewhenwecouldbeimproving.Itdoesn'thavetobethatway.Anytimeyoufindtheworldwavingachairinyourface,rememberthis:Allyouneedtodoisfocusononething.Youjustneedtogetstarted.Startingbeforeyoufeelreadyisoneofthehabitsofsuccessfulpeople.Ifyouhavesomewhereyouwanttogo,somethingyouwanttoaccomplish,someoneyouwanttobecome...takeimmediateaction.Ifyou'reclearaboutwhereyouwanttogo,therestoftheworldwilleitherhelpyougetthereorgetoutoftheway.

解析：本文是一篇议论文，作者通过讨论驯兽师在训练狮子时的技巧以及狮子面临的疑惑入手，谈论人们面临该种境况时应该怎么做。首段介绍驯兽师在训练狮子时的关键是使用椅子来分散它的注意力。此处可推断出驯兽师使用椅子的意图，也能推测出作者的写作意图。第二段介绍人们在生活中也会面临相似的情况，作者通过两个问句引发读者的思考，并正式切入主题：人们在日常生活中面临各种选择时也会感到迷惑，不知如何选择。第三段为下文的衔接过渡，讲述了作者对专家的专注点和人们通常采取的措施的想法。3.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardstheexpertsmentionedinParagraph3?A．Tolerant. B．Doubtful.C．Respectful. D．Supportive.答案：B推理判断题。根据文章第三段中的“Thisupsetsmetonoendbecausewhilealltheexpertsarebusydebatingaboutwhichoptionisbest...”可知，作者对专家是持怀疑态度的。易错提醒：

没有根据文章中的有效信息进行合理推断Itwasthefirstsnowofwinter—anexcitingdayforeverychildbutnotformostteachers.Upuntilnow,Ihadbeenabletodressmyselfforrecess(课间休息),buttodayIwouldneedsomehelp.Imanagedtogetintomywoolsnowpants.ButIstraggledwithmyjacketbecauseitdidn'tfitwell.Itwasahand­me­downfrommybrother,anditmademewonderwhyIhadtowearhisuglyclothes.Atleastmyhatandmatchingscarfweremine,andtheywerequitepretty.FinallyitwastimetohaveMissFinlaysonhelpmewithmyboots.Inhercalm,motherlyvoiceshesaid,“Bytheendofwinter,youwillbeabletoputonyourownboots.”Ididn'trealizeatthetimethatthiswasmoreastatementofhopethanofconfidence.Ihandedhermybootsandstuckoutmyfoot.Likemostchildren,Iexpectedtheadulttodoallthework.Aftermuchwigglingandpushing,shemanagedtogetthefirstoneintoplaceandthen,withasigh,workedthesecondoneontoo.Iannounced，“They'reonthewrongfeet.”Withthegracethatonlyexperiencecanbring，shestruggledtogetthebootsoffandwentthroughthejoylesstaskofputtingthemonagain.ThenIsaid，“Thesearen'tmyboots.youknow.”Asshepulledtheoffendingbootsfrommyfeet，shestillmanagedtolookbothhelpfulandinterested.Oncetheywereoff.Isaid，“Theyaremybrother'sboots.Mymothermakesmewearthem，andIhatethem！”Somehow，fromlongyearsofpractice，shemanagedtoactasthoughIwasn'tanannoyinglittlegirl.Shepushedandshovedlessgentlythistime，andthebootswerereturnedtotheirproperplaceonmyfeet.Withagreatsighofrelief，seeingtheendofherstrugglewithme，sheasked，“Now，whereareyourgloves？”Ilookedintohereyesandsaid.“Ididn'twanttolosethem.soIputthemintothetoesofmyboots.”Q．Whatmadeitsohardfortheteachertohelpthelittlegirlputherbootson?A．Theglovesinthetoesoftheboots.B．Theslownessoftheteacher.C．Thewrongsizeoftheboots.D．Theunwillingnessofthegirl.易错提醒：考生容易误选D项，认为作者不愿意穿她哥哥的靴子而导致老师帮她穿靴子很难，这是一种主观臆断。因为尽管作者不愿意穿她哥哥留给她的靴子，但是老师在给她穿的时候，她并没有反抗，所以这不是穿靴子困难的原因，其原因是作者把手套放在靴子里面了。答案：A。

所以，做推理判断题应注意以下几点，就能避免少出错误：(1)要判断有据，推论有理，忠于原文。切忌主观臆断。(2)要全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论。(3)要善于揣摩作者的写作思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。(4)不可直接选取文中的原句。同学们，只要我们把握了判断推理题这类题的命题特点，并掌握了其解题技巧，