学通语法循序写作话题晨背

集释(一)“语境考查类”语法项目第一讲冠词单句语法填空1．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Theadobedwellings(土坯房)builtbythePuebloIndiansoftheAmericanSouthwestareadmiredbyeventhemostmodernofarchitectsandengineers.2．(2022·广东高考语法填空)Mr.Johnsonlivedinthewoodswithhiswifeandchildren.Heownedafarm,whichlookedalmostabandoned.3．(2022·浙江高考改编)Jane’sgrandmotherhadwantedtowriteachildren’sbookformanyyears,butonethingoranotheralwaysgotintheway.4．(2022·陕西高考改编)Themorelearnedamanis,themoremodestheusuallybecomes.5．(2022·重庆高考改编)IjustheardthebankwhereDoraworkswasrobbedbyagunmanwearingamask.一、不定冠词(一)不定冠词的基本用法1．表示泛指某个人或事物。ImetafriendofyourstodayasIhurriedofftowork.今天我在赶着去上班的路上遇到了你的一位朋友。2．用在第一次提到的单数可数名词前，表示泛指。MyfriendJohnisahandsomeyoungman,ayoungmaneveryonelikestoworkwith.我的朋友约翰是一个英俊的年轻人，一个人人都喜欢与他共事的年轻人。3．表示“某一个”，相当于acertain。IrememberhecamehereonaSundayandleftsoon.我记得他在某个星期天来过，并且很快就离开了。4．用在序数词前，表示“再一，又一”。Hemissedthegoldmedalinthehighjump,buthewillgetasecondchanceinthelongjump.他在跳高比赛中错失了金牌，但是在跳远比赛中他还有机会。5．用在形容词的比较等级前，表示“一个更……的”。Ifwesitnearthefrontofthebus,we’llhaveabetterview.如果我们坐在公共汽车的前部，视野就会更好些。6．用于物质名词或抽象名词具体化时。物质名词或抽象名词仅表示概念时，是不可数名词，前面不加不定冠词。但如果表示具体的人或事，特别是前面有形容词修饰时，就变成了可数名词，前面可加不定冠词。Tonyisafamouspianist.I’mabsolutelycertainthathisconcertthisSundaywillbeasuccess.托尼是一位著名的钢琴家，我十分确信这个星期天他的音乐会一定成功。(二)固定搭配中的不定冠词不定冠词常用于某些固定搭配中，常见的有：haveagiftfor有……的天赋 haveaholiday度假getalift/ride搭便车 payavisitto参观lendsb.ahand帮助某人 asaresult因此asarule通常，照例 inahurry匆忙地atadistance离一段距离 awasteof……的浪费Whatapity！真遗憾！ be/goonadiet节食acollectionof一批…… aknowledgeof知道haveagoodtime玩得高兴 makealiving谋生asamatteroffact事实上 haveahistoryof有……历史inasense/way在某种意义上 forawhile暂时，一时allofasudden突然 amatterof……的问题haveapopulationof有……人口coveranareaof占……的面积Youcanaskanyoneforhelp.Everyonehereiswillingtolendyouahand.(2022·安徽高考单选)你可以向任何人求助，这里的每个人都乐意帮助你。二、定冠词(一)定冠词的基本用法1．特指双方都知道的或上文提到过的人或物。IwenttoauniversityinNewZealand.Theuniversitywasfoundedintheearlytwentiethcentury.我在新西兰的一所大学就读，这所大学建立于20世纪初。2．用于单数可数名词或形容词前，表示一类人或物。①Asweallknow,thebrainisthecentreofthought.众所周知，大脑是思维的中心。②Asamatteroffact,thericharen’talwayshappy.eq\a\vs4\al(eq\a\vs4\al([名师指津])—————————————————————————————————————“the＋adj.”表示一类人的常用短语：therich富人 thedead死者thepoor穷人 theaged老人theold老人 theliving活着的人theyoung年轻人 theinjured/wounded受伤的人—————————————————————————————————————3．用于序数词和形容词或副词最高级以及形容词only,very,same等之前。①YangLiweiisthefirstmanwhohasbeenintospaceinChina.在中国杨利伟是第一个登上太空的人。②Now,yearslater,thisriverisoneofthemostoutstandingexamplesofenvironmentalcleanup.(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)在数年之后的现在，这条河成为了环境治理的最突出的范例之一。4．用于被限制性修饰语加以限制的人或物前。ThevillagewhereIwasbornhasgrownintoatown.(2022·陕西高考单选)我出生的村庄已变成了一个城镇。5．用于表示朝代、年代的名词前，或用于整十的数词复数前，表示某个年代。Asiswellknowntousall,theSecondWorldWarbrokeoutinthethirties.众所周知，二战爆发于30年代。6．用于表示姓氏的复数名词前，表示一家人或夫妇俩。TheSmithslivedintheapartmentaboveours.史密斯夫妇住在我们楼上的公寓里。7．用于世界上独一无二的事物前。Nooneknowsexactlyhowthemooncameintoexistence,asithappenedsolongago.没有人确切知道月球是怎样形成的，因为这发生在很久之前。8．用于被演奏的西洋乐器前。AsfarasIknow,helikesplayingthepiano.据我所知，他喜欢弹钢琴。(二)固定结构及固定短语中的定冠词1．固定结构中的定冠词(1)用于“by＋the＋表示计量单位的名词”结构中，表示“按……计算”。—It’ssaidthatJohnwillbeinajobpayingoverD|S60,000ayear.—Right,hewillalsogetpaidbytheweek.——据说，约翰将获得一个年薪超过6万美元的工作。——是的，他的工资还将按周支付。(2)用于“动词＋sb.＋介词＋the＋身体某一部位”结构中。Hisnosebledwhenthethiefhithimintheface.那个贼打到了他的脸，他鼻子出血了。(3)用于themore...themore...(越……越……)结构中。Themorelovewegive,themorerespectwereceive.我们付出的爱越多，得到的尊敬就越多。2．固定短语中的定冠词atthemoment此刻；目前 intheend最后，最终totellthetruth说实话 ontheotherhand另一方面bytheway顺便说一下 inthemiddleof在……中间atthesametime同时 onthecontrary相反onthewhole总的来说 inthedistance在远处tothepoint中肯；切题makethemost/bestof充分利用gotothecinema/theater去看电影/戏剧Nowthatyouhavesuchagoodchance,you’dbettermakethebestofeveryminutetoachieveyourgoal.既然你有这么好的一次机会，你最好充分利用每一分钟去实现你的目标。三、零冠词(一)零冠词的基本用法下列情况下不用冠词。1．表示泛指的不可数名词或复数名词前。①Keepingadiaryisagoodhabit,bywhichyou’llmakegreatprogress.记日记是一个可以让你取得巨大进步的好习惯。②Telephonesarestillplayinganimportantroleinpeople’slife.电话在人们的生活中仍然起着重要的作用。2．表示月、季、星期、节假日、洲、三餐、球类、学科、棋类名词前。Ayearcanbedividedintofourseasons—spring,summer,autumnandwinter.一年可以分为四季——春、夏、秋、冬。3．与by连用的表示交通工具、通讯工具的名词前。Areyougoingtherebyplaneorbyship?你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？4．系动词turn后的单数名词作表语时。Afteryearsofhardwork,TomturnedengineerwhileMarygoodmanager.多年的努力之后，汤姆成了工程师而玛丽成了一位好经理。5．表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或补足语时。Dr.PeterSpence,headmasteroftheschool,toldus,“AfifthofpupilsheregoontostudyatOxfordandCambridge.”这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭斯博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”(二)固定结构及固定短语中的零冠词1．固定结构中的零冠词“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语，主句”，意为“虽然……但是……”。Youngmanasheis,hehasseenmuchoftheworld.尽管他很年轻，但他阅历很丰富。2．固定短语中的零冠词onpurpose故意地 bychance碰巧catchfire着火 atdawn在黎明facetoface面对面 outofdate过时的makeroomfor让位 indebt负债inshape健康 onfoot步行indanger在危险中 sidebyside并排fromtimetotime不时地 handinhand手拉手dayafterday日复一日地 heartandsoul全心全意地Tomalwaysgoesjogginginthemorningandheusuallydoespush­upstootostayinshape.(2022·江苏高考单选)汤姆总是在早上慢跑，他通常也做俯卧撑来保持健康。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2022·宁波七校联考)Nowadays,howwecantakegoodcareoftheoldisbecomingahotandserioustopic.2．(2022·大庆质量检测二)IfIwereevershortofcashandcouldn’taffordtodoanythingmuch,whichinthosedayswasusuallythecase,Icouldalwaysgooutsideandtakealookaround.3．(2022·丽水二模)Itwasaburning­hot,summer’sdayandIwaslongingtogoswimmingatthelocalpool.Instead,Iwasridinginthebackseatofthecarasmyparentsdrovetoafriend’shouse.4．(2022·江西八校一模)Hetappedherontheshoulder,“Hi!Ihavebeenlookingforyouforsuchalongtime！”5．(2022·长春调研考试)TodaytheInternetisplayinganimportantandessentialroleinourlife.6．(2022·浙江五校联考)Firstimpressionsarethemostlasting.Afterall,youcannevergetasecondchancetomakefirstimpressions.7．(2022·石家庄二模)OurdestinationwasOrewa,aseasidetown.8．(2022·青岛自主诊断)Afterashortsilence,themantoldthedoctorthatheseizedallthemoneythathisfathergavetohisbrother,whowasabroad.9．(2022·郑州高三二模)It’sapleasureformetobeheretospeaktosuchadistinguishedgroupfromallovertheworld.10．(2022·南阳一中三模)ImaginefallingtowardstheplanetEarthatanawesomespeedof300kilometersperhour.11．(2022·济南高考模拟)Whenhebecameadoctor,hetappedpeople’scheststoseehowmuchliquidwasintheirlungs.Laennecdidthesameandlearnedtotellbytappingcarefullyonachestwhetheritwasdiseasedornot.12．(2022·大庆市二轮复习检测)Ishouldbeveryinterestedtomeetthemanwhothrewthestoneyoumentionedinthenewspaper.Ⅱ.语法填空(2022·绍兴一中三模)Itwasabusydayatthegrocerystoreandanoldcouplewereinlinebehindmewithbirthdayballoons.From1theysaid,Iknewtheirnephewhadatwinandsomethingbadhappenedtothebabyatbirth.Thoughtheydidalltheycould2(help)thembuttimesweretoughforthem.Theyseemedtobetoonervousandweretoo3(anxiety)toleave,soIasked4theywantedtogoaheadofmeornot.Theydidn’tunderstandwhatI5(mean)atfirst.Afterknowingit,theywereveryappreciative.Buttheystoodbehindme.AtthattimeIknewithadtobeasignificantdaytothem.Nothingcouldbe6(good)ifsomeoneofferedtohelpthem.SoItoldthecashiertoaddtheballoonstomypurchases.Theoldcouplerefusedatfirst7Iinsisted.Isaid,“Youtellyoursweetnephewthattherearestillnicepeopleleftwhowantedtogivethem8handinthisworld.”Theythankedmeoverandoverandthecashierwasmovedtotears,9(say)therewasanangelinherlinetoday.Thatlittleactof10(kind)madeeveryonewhosawitfeelgood—butitmademefeelthebestofall!eq语篇解读：本文为记叙文，讲述了作者帮助他人的故事。1．what考查名词性从句。介词后接宾语从句，设空处为连接代词，此处表示“从他们所说的话”，故填what。2．tohelp考查非谓语动词。此处作目的状语，故用动词不定式。3．anxious考查形容词。该词在系动词be之后且有too修饰，故用形容词anxious。4．whether考查宾语从句。此处为宾语从句的连接词，表示“是否”，且与ornot搭配，故用whether。5．meant考查时态。此处为宾语从句的谓语动词，主句为一般过去时，所以从句也用一般过去时。6．better考查形容词比较级。否定词与比较级连用表示最高级的含义。7．but考查连词。此处表示转折关系，故用but。8．a考查冠词。givesb.ahand为固定短语，意为“帮助某人”。9．saying考查非谓语动词。此处作状语，非谓语动词与其逻辑主语之间为主动关系，故用现在分词。10．kindness考查名词。介词of后应用名词，故填kindness。anactofkindness“善行”。第二讲代词单句语法填空1．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Afewhoursbefore,I’dbeenathomeinHongKong,withits(it)chokingsmog.2．(2022·广东高考语法填空)Nowitoccurredtohim(he)thathisfarmhadmuchpotentialandthatthedeathofthecowwasabitofluck.3．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Thenthedriverstoodupandasked,“Didanyoneloseasuitcaseatthelaststop？”Awomanonthebusshouted,“Oh,dear!It’sme/mine(I)”．4．(2022·广东高考语法填空)Lastyear,mybrotherandIwenttoMiamiforavacation.Someofmyfriendswhohadbeentherebeforesaiditwasawonderfulholidaydestination.5．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)Theriverwassopollutedthatitactuallycaughtfireandburned.6．(2022·陕西高考改编)Towarmhimself,thesailorsatinfrontofthefirerubbingonebarefootagainsttheother.一、人称代词形式句法功能主格I,we,you,he,she,it,they主要用作主语，有时用作表语宾格me,us,you,him,her,it,them作动词或介词的宾语；口语中常用宾格作表语①Shewasbeautifulandcouldrunfasterthanothers.她(那时)很美并且比其他人跑得快。②Givemeachallenge,andIwillmeetitwithjoy.让我迎接挑战，我会欣然接受。二、物主代词形式句法功能形容词性物主代词my,our,your,his,her,its,their作定语名词性物主代词mine,ours,yours,his,hers,its,theirs作主语、宾语或表语Heinvitedsomefriendsofhistohisparty.他邀请了他的一些朋友参加宴会。三、反身代词形式句法功能myself,yourself,himself,herself,itself,ourselves,yourselves,themselves作宾语、表语或同位语Thechildlookedathimselfinthemirrorwithinterest.eq\a\vs4\al(eq\a\vs4\al([名师指津])—————————————————————————————————————含有反身代词的习惯用语：byoneself独自地 foroneself亲自cometooneself苏醒；恢复知觉 dressoneself自己穿衣behaveyourself举止规矩有礼 devoteoneselfto致力于applyoneselfto专心致志于 helponeselfto随便吃/用enjoyoneself玩得开心 seatoneself就座，入席makeyourselfathome别客气 teachoneself自学adapt/adjustoneselfto适应于—————————————————————————————————————四、指示代词指示代词用法this/these指在时间或空间上较近的人或事物；this可指下文将要谈到的人或物that/those指在时间或空间上较远的人或事物；that可指上文提到过的人或物such指代前面所叙述的人或事物。作主语时，谓语动词的单复数取决于后面的名词或代词的数so代替一个句子或短语所表达的事情，意思是“如此，这样”。在believe,think,expect,suppose,imagine,guess等词后用so代替前文提出的观点①Thequalityofeducationinthissmallschoolisbetterthanthatinsomelargerschools.(2022·天津高考单选)这所规模很小的学校的教学质量比有些规模较大的学校的教学质量还要好。②StudyingWendy’smenu,IfoundthatmanyoftheitemsaresimilartothoseofMcDonald’s.(2022·浙江高考单选)研究了温迪的菜单，我发现其中很多东西和麦当劳的相似。③Sucharemyfriendswhowillneverfailtohelpmewhenneeded.我的朋友们就是这样：永远会在我需要他们时伸出援手。④—IsJamescomingtonight?—Ithinkso,butI’mnotsure.——詹姆斯今晚会来吗？——我想会的，但我不能肯定。五、不定代词(一)不定代词的基本用法不定代词用法each/both/alleach指“(两者或两者以上物或人中的)每个”；both表示“两者都”；all指“(三者或三者以上物或人中的)所有，全部”either/neithereither表示“(两者中的)任何一个”；neither表示“两者都不”none/nothingnone表示“(三者或三者以上)全无，没有一点”；nothing表示“没有任何东西，没有事”anotheranother泛指“(三者或三者以上中的)另一，又一”other/othersother泛指“其余的，另外的”，只作定语。other＋可数名词复数＝otherstheother/theotherstheother特指“(两者之中的)另一个”。theother＋可数名词复数＝theothers①Asthetwodictionariesareuseful,I’lltakebothandeitherofthemisveryimportanttome.因为这两本字典有用，我把两本字典都带上，每一本对我而言都很重要。②—WouldyouliketogoshoppingwithmeonSaturdayorSunday?—I’msorry.Neitherwillsuitme.I’llbeawayonbusinessduringthatperiod.——星期六或星期天陪我去购物好吗？——对不起。那两天都不行。我那段时间将正在出差。③Youareateamstar！Workingwithothersisreallyyourcupoftea.你是队里的明星！与别人一起工作的确是你的所爱。④Neithersideispreparedtotalktotheotherunlesswecansmooththingsoverbetweenthem.除非我们能够消除他们之间的矛盾，否则他们双方都不打算与对方讲话。(二)复合不定代词的用法某……任何……每个……；所有……没有……人someone/somebodyanyone/anybodyeveryone/everybodynoone/nobody物somethinganythingeverythingnothing①Thereissomethinginhiswords.Weshouldhaveatry.他说的话不无道理，我们应该试一试。②Thisprojectrequirescloseteamwork.Nothingwillbeachievedunlessweworkwelltogether.(2022·安徽高考单选)这个项目需要密切的团队合作，除非我们通力合作，否则将一事无成。(三)表示数量的不定代词的用法代词用法表示意义含义few修饰可数名词否定含义几乎没有afew修饰可数名词肯定含义几个；一些little修饰不可数名词否定含义几乎没有alittle修饰不可数名词肯定含义少量；一点点many修饰可数名词肯定含义许多much修饰不可数名词肯定含义许多①Fewofuscanspeakfourforeignlanguages.我们当中很少有人会说四种外语。②Ihaveafewfriends,butmyyoungersisterhasveryfew.我有一些朋友，但我妹妹几乎没有朋友。③ShecanspeakalittleFrench,butsheknowslittleEnglish.她能讲点法语，但她几乎不懂英语。六、it的用法1．it用作人称代词，用来指代事物或上文提到过的内容。TheSmithsboughtanewhousebutitwillneedalotofworkbeforetheycanmovein.史密斯一家买了一套新房子，但是在入住之前有大量的工作要做。2．it指时间、距离、天气等。It’s112milesfromLondontoBirmingham.从伦敦到伯明翰有112英里。3．it用作形式主语或形式宾语，而把真正的主语或宾语放在后面，真正的主语或宾语往往由从句、动名词、不定式充当。①Itisnogoodlivingalonewithoutkeepingintouchwithothers.独居而不和他人来往没有好处。(it作形式主语，动名词短语livingalonewithout...为真正的主语)②Nomatterwhereheis,hemakesitaruletogoforawalkbeforebreakfast.不管在哪里，他养成了早餐前散步的习惯。(it作形式宾语，动词不定式togofor...为真正的宾语)③Hedidn’tmakeitclearwhenandwherethemeetingwouldbeheld.他没说清楚何时何地举行会议。(it作形式宾语，从句whenandwhere...为真正的宾语)[知识积累]常用it作形式主语或形式宾语的句式：Itisapity/shamethat... 真可惜/丢人……Itisnowonderthat... 难怪……Itseems/appearsthat... 似乎/看起来……Itlooks/seemsasif/though... 看起来好像……Ithappensthat... 碰巧……Itoccursto/comesto/strikes/hitssb.that... 某人突然想起……Itissaid/reported/announced/believed/hoped/suggestedthat... 据说/据报道/据宣布/人们认为/人们希望/人们建 议……Itisnouse/good/awasteoftimedoingsth. 做某事没有用/好处/浪费时间Ittakessb.sometimetodosth. 做某事花费某人多长时间主语＋表示情感倾向的动词或动词短语(enjoy,prefer,love,like,hate,dislike,appreciate,rely/counton等)＋it＋that/if/when...①Iwouldappreciateitifyoutakemysuggestionintoconsideration.如果你考虑我的建议我将感激不尽。②Itisawasteoftimetryingtopersuadehimtochangehisisknowntousall,heissostubborn.试图说服他改变主意是在浪费时间。众所周知，他是如此固执。Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2022·曲阜市三校模拟)Ithastowaitpatientlyandpitifullyforitsownertoclaimit,otherwiseit’llremainaloneasadesertedumbrella.2．(2022·三门峡市考前适应性训练)SherememberedhowdifficultitwastochooseasuitableChristmaspresentforherfather.3．(2022·湖州模拟)Ijustchooseasimplerlifestyle,onewhereIcanridemybikealloveranddonothavetomakeagreatlivingtosurvive.4．(2022·杭州二中模拟)Somepeopletakegreatpleasureinhelpingandgivingtosomeoneelsewhileothersfeelhappydoingtheopposite.5．(2022·长春新高三起点调研)Foronething,itcanprovideacolorfulplatformtoshowtheirtalent.Foranother,itisausefulwaytoreleasetheirpressure.6．(2022·河南省考前质量检测二)Thelessskinapersonhasrelativetohisweight,theeasieritisforhimtokeepwarm.7．(2022·浙江效实中学模拟)WhenIwasontheairplane,IkepttellingmyselfthatIhadtobestrongwhenfacinganytroublesorproblems.8．(2022·三门峡市考前适应性练习)Shedidnothesitateforlong:althoughherfathersmokedapipeonlyonceinawhile,sheknewthatthiswasapresentwhichwasboundtopleasehim.9．(2022·石家庄二模)“Speedup.70km/hisn’tfastenough.Youareholdingupthetraffic，”anothervoiceorderedfromtheseatnexttomine/me(I)．10．(2022·贵州质量检测)Whenhecametolife,hefoundhimselflyingontheground,bleedinginthehead.11．(2022·江西高安中学模拟)Ihopemyparentswon’ttrytoforcemetodotheir(they)favoritejob.12．(2022·云南第一次检测)Meetingmyfavoritefootballstarfacetofacewasanunforgettablemoment,oneIwillalwaystreasure.Ⅱ.语法填空(2022·温州十校第一次联考)Woman：Welcometoourprogram.Todaywe1(invite)FredWatson,adrivinginstructorwithover20years'experiencetotalktousaboutlearningtodrive.Well,Fred，2youthinkit'sgettingmoreexpensivetolearntodrivethesedays?Man：Well，3depends.Ifyoucometo4privateinstructorlikeme,it's5(probable)goingtobeabitlessexpensivethangoingtoabigschool.Thethingis,peoplehaveusuallyheardofthebigschoolsandtrustthem,whileIgetcustomersthroughpersonalconnections.Woman:Doesthatmeanyouhavetotry6(hard)togetcustomers?Man：Notnow.WhenIstartedIhadto,butatthemomentI'mfullybookedasmypricesarequitecompetitive.Woman:Learningtodriveisusuallyanervousexperiencefor7(begin).Whatdoyouthink?Man：Well,itcanbe!ButItrytogetthem8(sit)quietlyinthedriver'sseatforafewmomentswiththeireyes9(close).You'dbesurprisedhowitchangessomepeople.Theyfeelmuchmorereadytodriveiftheyhavehadafewquietmoments.Woman：Yes,Isupposesomepeoplearemorenervous10others.答案：1．haveinvitedthat8．tosit第三讲介词与介词短语单句语法填空1．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)ForthosewhoflytoGuilin,it’sonlyanhourawaybycarandoffersallthesceneryofthebetter­knowncity.2．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Whenanewdaybreaks,thewallshavegivenuptheirheatandarenowcoldenoughtocoolthehouseduringthehotday;atthesametime,theywarmupagainforthenight.3．(2022·广东高考语法填空)Hesoldorexchangedsomeofthemilkinthetownsnearbyforotherfoodandmadecheeseandbutterforthefamilywithwhatwasleft.4．(2022·新课标全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Igotaplacenexttothewindow,soIhadagoodviewofthesidewalk.5．(2022·广东高考语法填空)Ididn’tunderstandwhythiswouldhappenandmycreditcardhadalreadybeenchargedforthereservation.6．(2022·辽宁高考语法填空)Don’tlaughatme.Imaylookfunny.一、介词1．表示方位的at,in,on,to,beside/by和near介词用法示例at一般指在较小的地方Imethimattheshop.in一般指在较大的地方，或在某一范围内TheyarrivedinBeijingyesterday.ShandongProvinceliesintheeastofChina.on一般指在物体的表面，或相邻并接壤的两个地域Thepictureishangingonthewall.VietnamisonthesouthofChina.to表示某范围外不接壤的两位置JiangsuProvinceistothesoutheastofHebeiProvince.beside/by“在……的旁边”Shewasstandingbesidehermother.Thereisasmallhousebytheriver.near“接近；靠近”Thereisasupermarketnearmyhome.2．表示方位的between和among介词用法示例between在两者或每两者之间IsatdownbetweenSueandJane.among在三者或三者以上之间Theteacherwasstandingamongthestudents.3．表示方位的across,through,over和past介词用法示例across从……的表面穿过Hewalkedacrossthesquaretomeetus.through从……的内部穿过Theguideledusthroughtheforest.over从……的上面跨过Thethiefjumpedoverthefenceandfledaway.past从……的旁边经过Shewalkedpasttheshop.4．表示时间点的at,in和on介词用法示例at表示在某个时间点、时刻或重大节日at9：00;atnoon;atdaybreak;atChristmasin表示在某个较长的时间内，如世纪、朝代或年月；泛指的上午、下午、傍晚inthe21stcentury;inSeptember;inthemorningon表示在具体某一天或具体某一天的上午、下午、晚上on2nd,September;onthemorningof1st,May5．表示时间段的for和since介词用法示例for“for＋时间段”意为“多长时间”，表示动作持续的时间长短，一般作完成时、过去时或将来时的时间状语Hehaslivedinthesmallvillageforfiveyears.IstudiedinPekingUniversityfor4years.since“since＋时间点”意为“自从(过去某时)以来”，作完成时的时间状语Hehasworkedinthiscompanysincegraduation.Tomhasbeendoinghishomeworksince7o’clock.6．表示交通方式的by,in和on介词用法示例by“by＋名词”表示交通方式时，名词前不加冠词Mybrotherusuallygoestoschoolbybike.in/onin/on后的名词必须有冠词或代词等修饰Myfatheroftengoestoworkinhiscar/onhisbicycle.7．表示“用……”的by,in和with介词用法示例by指“靠……手段，用……方法，凭借……”，后可接名词、代词或动名词Hemadealivingbysellingnewspaperswhenhewasyoung.in多用于表示语言、材料的名词前Alltheapplicantsarerequiredtofillintheforminink.with多用于表示有形的工具或身体器官的名词前Theyarebusydiggingwithspades.8．表示“除……外”的except,exceptfor和besides介词用法示例except表示“除……之外(其他的都)”，其后的宾语是被排除在外的，侧重同类事物的排除AllmyfriendstookpartinthepartyexceptJohn.exceptfor其后被排除的内容与主语往往不是同一类的Hiscompositionisgoodexceptforafewspellingmistakes.besides表示“除……之外(其他的也)”，其后的宾语是被包括在内的HehaslearnedGerman,FrenchbesidesEnglish.9．其他常考介词的用法(1)against的用法含义示例(表示态度)反对Anagreementseemstobeimpossiblebecausethemajorityofthecommitteemembersareagainstit.(表示对比)以……为背景Theskier’sredclothesstoodoutclearlyagainstthesnow.(表示方位)倚靠着……Thegirlwasleaningagainstthewallwithherarmsfolded.(2)beyond的用法含义示例(表示位置)在……另一边，在……更远处Thesmallvillageis20milesbeyondthetown.(表示时间)晚于……Hedelayedthematterbeyondthefixedtime.(表示程度)超出，非……所能及Tobeacknowledgedasthefirsttoreceivethishonorisbeyondexpressioninwordsforme.(3)over的用法含义示例(表示方位)越过Theairplaneflewoverthemountainsanddisappearedinthedistance.(表示等级或数目)高于，在……之上，超过Hehasgotthejobbecausehehastheadvantageoverothersofknowingmanylanguages.(表示时间或过程)在……期间I’msorryIdidn’tphoneyou,butI’vebeenverybusyoverthepastcoupleofweeks.(4)to的用法含义示例(表示方向、距离)到，向，去Itwasonthewaytotherailwaystation.(表示时间)直到……为止，到Hewakesataquartertosixeverymorning.(表示比较、比例、参照)与……相比，相对于……而言Ipreferorangestoapples.(表示对象关系)属于，对，给Thehospitalisattachedtotheuniversity.达到(某一点或某个限度)Temperaturesdroppedto25degreesbelowzero.(5)under的用法含义示例在……下面，在……之下Sheplacedtheladderunderthewindow.在……过程中Thepossibilityofemployingmorestaffisstillunderdiscussion.(数字、数量、年龄或价格)低于，少于，在……以下Thesetoysarenotsuitableforchildrenunderfive.受……影响She’sbeenunderalotofpressureatwork.(6)with的用法含义示例和……一起，和，同，跟Wouldyouliketogoshoppingwithme？(表示同时或同一方向)随着Withtimegoingby,thelittletreehasgrownup.具有，带有ThedictionaryiswhatIwant,butIdon’thaveenoughmoneywithme.由于，因为Hetrembledwithfear.(表示方式)用Hecutitwithaknife.二、介词短语介词的固定搭配考查有两种：一是考查固定搭配中的介词；二是考查介词短语。①Whilestayinginthevillage,Jamesunselfishlysharedwhateverhehadwiththevillagerswithoutaskingforanythinginreturn.(2022·浙江高考)当詹姆斯住在这个村里的时候，他无私地把他的任何东西都与村民分享而不图任何回报。②Startingyourownbusinesscouldbeawaytoachievingfinancialtheotherhand,itcouldjustputyouindebt.(2022·江西高考)自己做生意或许是获得经济独立的一种方法，另一方面，它也可能让你负债。[知识积累]介词的常用搭配一览1．介词与名词的常用搭配(1)at＋n.表示状态ataloss不知所措 atpeace处于和平中atwar在战争中 atwork在工作(2)其他以at开头的介词短语atthebeginningof 在……的开始atthecostof 以……的代价attheriskof 冒……的危险atthemercyof 在……支配下；任由……摆布(3)on＋n.表示状态onexhibition/show在展出 onfire着火onsale出售，打折 ontheway在途中onthedecrease/increase在减少/在增加onholiday/vacation在度假onduty/guard在值班/站岗(4)其他以on开头的介词短语onaccountof因为 onbehalfof代表onnoaccount/condition决不(5)by＋n.表示方式byaccident偶然 byair/plane乘飞机bychance偶然 bycoincidence碰巧byhand用手工 bymistake错误地bytheday按天算 bynature天生地(6)in＋n.表示方式incash用现金付款 inwidth在宽度上indepth在深度上 indetail详细地insize在大小上 inheight在高度上inlength在长度上 inEnglish用英语(7)其他以in开头的介词短语inneedof需要 innocase决不innotime立刻 innoway决不inplaceof代替 inpossessionof拥有，占有inadditionto另外 inchargeof掌管……inresponseto作为回应 inreturn作为回报inspiteof尽管 inexchangefor作为交换infavorof支持，赞成incaseof万一；如果；假如incelebrationof为庆祝……incontrolof管理；控制；操纵inhonourof为向……表示敬意inmemoryof为了纪念……insupportof为支持……inthechargeof在……的管理下inthedirectionof在……方向inthefaceof面对……(8)of＋n.表示特征(等于相应的形容词)ofbenefit有益处的 ofhelp有帮助的ofimportance重要的 ofsignificance有意义的ofuse有用的 ofvalue有价值的(9)outof＋n.表示状态outofbalance失去平衡 outofbreath上气不接下气outofcontrol不受控制 outofdate过期outofdebt不欠债 outoforder出故障outofshape走样，不成形 outofsight看不到outofthequestion不可能 outofwork失业(10)under＋n.表示被动underattack遭到袭击 underdiscussion在讨论中underpressure在压力下 undertreatment在治疗中undercontrol处于控制之中 underconstruction在建造中(11)with＋n.表示方式withdelight/joy高兴地 withdifficulty困难地withease轻而易举地 withfear害怕地withpleasure乐意地(12)beyond＋n.表示“超出……，难以……”beyondcompare无与伦比 beyondreach够不到beyonddescription难以描述beyonddoubt不用怀疑，确实地beyondexpression/words难以表达2．介词与形容词的常用搭配(1)be＋adj.＋aboutbeanxiousabout 忧虑……becuriousabout 对……好奇beparticularabout 对……讲究/挑剔beworried/concernedabout 对……担心(2)be＋adj.＋atbeangryat因……生气 begoodat擅长beastonishedat对……吃惊 bepresentat出席bedisappointedat对……失望(3)be＋adj.＋inbeabsorbedin专注于…… beactivein积极于……bedressedin穿着…… beengagedin忙于……berichin富含…… beoccupiedin忙于……beinterestedin对……感兴趣beinvolvedin包括在……中，被卷入(4)be＋adj.＋forbeeagerfor渴望…… befamousfor以……著名befitfor适合，胜任…… behungryfor渴望……bereadyfor准备好…… besorryfor对……感到抱歉bethankfulfor因……而感激beanxiousfor急切盼望，渴望……bepreparedfor为……做好准备(5)be＋adj.＋frombeabsentfrom缺席 bedifferentfrom不同于befarfrom远离 befreefrom不受……影响(6)be＋adj.＋tobecloseto接近…… becontraryto与……相反bedevotedto致力于…… beequalto等于……befamiliarto对……来说熟悉 befriendlyto对……友好begoodto对……有好处 begratefulto对……心存感激beharmfulto对……有危害 bekindto对……友好beopposedto反对…… besimilarto与……相似be/getusedto(变得)习惯于……(7)be＋adj.＋ofbeawareof意识到…… befondof喜欢……befullof充满…… beproudof因……而自豪beshortof缺乏…… betiredof厌烦……beashamedof为……感到羞耻(8)be＋adj.＋withbebusywith忙于…… befilledwith充满becombinedwith与……结合 becontentwith对……满意becoveredwith被……覆盖 befamiliarwith对……熟悉bepatientwith对……有耐心 bepopularwith受……的欢迎besatisfiedwith对……满意bepleasedwith对……感到满意byangrywith(sb.)对(某人)发怒beconcernedwith与……有关；涉及，关心，关注Ⅰ.单句语法填空1．(2022·南昌二中模拟)Thetwobrothersdecidedtoleaveatmidnight,fortheyhadmanymilestocover.2．(2022·山东潍坊三模)ThewatchesarrivedinstoresinlateApril.Theyaresoldatdifferentprices,beginningat$349.3．(2022·嘉兴二模)Asaneight­year­oldboy,Ispentmostofthatafternoonsittingintheshadewhiletheysweatedinthesunshine.4．(2022·山东滕州5月模拟)Yearsafterward,thenobleman’ssonwasstrickenbyaserioussavedhim？Penicillin.5．(2022·大庆市二轮复习检测)Theadvertisementsaidthatasuitablehouseinaquietareawasupforsaleatareasonableprice,andthehousewaswithinastone’sthrowofarailwaystationfromwhichtherewerefrequenttrainstothebigcity.6．(2022·杭州二模)Thepurposeofthearticleistodrawpublicattentiontotheproblem.7．(2022·石家庄二模)Histeachertookadeepdrink,smiledwarmly,andthankedhisstudentverymuchforthesweetyoungmanwenthomewithahappyheart.8．(2022·郑州高三诊断)HelearnedupwithscientistsfromtheFreeUniversityanddividedafarmintoeightirrigatedareas.9．(2022·三门峡市考前适应性练习)Janestoppedwhereasmallcrowdofmenhadfoundsomegoodqualitypipesonsale.10．(2022·石家庄二模)IthoughtIwastotallypreparedforthejourney,butnothingcouldhavepreparedmeformyfamily’scomplaints.11．(2022·海口二模)Withhisincredibletalent,Messihassurprisedtheworld.12．(2022·济南二模)Thegirlinareddressismysister,andthereddresslooksbeautifulonher.Ⅱ.语法填空(2022·宁夏银川一中一模)Scientistshavediscoveredthat1(stay)inthecoldcouldhelpusloseattheUniversityofCaliforniafoundthatexposuretothecoldincreaseslevelsofaproteinthathelpsformbrownfat—thetypeoffatthatproducesheatandkeepsuswarm.Brownfatburnsenergy,2helpsuslosefatstoresextraenergy,whichresults3weightresearcherssaidthatbecauseairconditioningandheatinggiveusconstant,4(comfort)temperatures,ourbody’sneedforbrownfathasfoundthat:“OutdoorworkersinnorthernFinlandwho5(expose)tocoldtemperaturehave6significantamountofbrownfatwhen7(compare)tosame­agedindoorworkers.”Theresearchwasconducte