英国文学2重点知识点梳理

PAGEPAGE10Part7TheRomanticPeriod(1798-1832)ChapterIIntroduction--RomanticisminEngland1Originoftheterm:Romance(French)n.传奇,小说Romantic(罗曼蒂克)adj.浪漫的Romanticismn.浪漫主义2.HistoricalBackgroundA.FrenchRevolutiona.thestormingofBastilleb.Liberty,Equality,andFraternity博爱c.Jean-JacquesRousseau（卢梭）:humannature;socialdemocracy《论人类不平等的起源和基础》;《社会契约论》;《爱弥儿》;《忏悔录》B.IndustrialRevolutiona.increasingmerchanizationb.economicdepressionc.disparitybetweentherichandthepoord.Ludditeriots(卢德派暴乱):workers’struggleC.SocialclassesinEnglandtherulingclass:thebourgeoisiethearistocraticclass:submittheproletariat:workersfrompeasants3.Culturalbackgroundnegativeattitudetowardstheexistingsocialandpoliticalconditionsreactionagainstneoclassicism4.TheMovement(1798~1832)1798:LyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》(WilliamWordsworth,S.T.Coleridge)--Manifesto1832:thedeathofSirWalterScott5.LiteraryAchievementsA.Romanticpoetry:anageofpoetry,asecondrenaissanceofliteratureinBritainShakespeare,Milton,WordsworthRomanticPoetsPre-romanticism:WilliamBlake,RobertBurnsLakers(thefirstgeneration)湖畔派诗人:Wordsworth,Coleridge,SoutheyRevolutionarypoets(thesecondgeneration)革命派诗人:Byron,Shelley,KeatsB.Novel:JaneAusten:loveandmarriageWalterScott:historicalnovelspreparationforthefulldevelopmentofthenovelinthe19thcenturyC.Prose:WalterScott,CharlesLamb兰姆,WilliamHazlitt,ThomasDeQuincey德昆西6.CharacteristicsofRomanticpoetryArebellionagainsttheNeoclassicismbelievinginthemoralgoodofpoetryemphasizingsubjectivityandspontaneity(主观性和自发性)theemphasisofimaginationWorshipofNatureboldexperimentsindividualismglorificationofthecommonplacetheadaptationoftheexotic7.Neo-classicismv.s.Romanticism(1).TheconceptofmanNew-classicists:asocialanimal.Romanticists:anindividualinthesolitarystate(2).New-classicistsemphasizethosefeaturesthatmenhaveincommon.Romanticistsemphasizethespecialqualitiesofeachindividual’smind.(3).Neo-classicistspayattentiontotheouterworldofsocialcivilization.Romanticistspayattentiontotheinnerworldofthehumanspirit.8terms(1)RomanticismAnartistic,literary,andintellectualmovementthatoriginatedinEuropetowardtheendofthe18thcenturyandinmostareaswasatitspeakintheapproximateperiodfrom1800to1850.PartlyareactiontotheIndustrialRevolution,itwasalsoarevoltagainstaristocraticsocialandpoliticalnormsoftheAgeofEnlightenmentandareactionagainstthescientificrationalizationofnature.(2)EnglishRomanticismEnglishRomanticism,asahistoricalphaseofliterature,isgenerallysaidtohavebegunin1798withthepublicationofWordsworthandColeridge’sLyricalBalladsandtohaveendedin1832withSirWalterScott’sdeathandthepassageofthefirstReformBillintheParliament.ItroseandgrewundertheimpetusoftheIndustrialrevolutionandtheFrenchRevolution.TherepresentativeromanticistsareWordsworth,Coleridge,Byron,Shelleyandsoon.Thegeneralfeaturesoftheworksoftheromanticistsare:1)theirdissatisfactionwiththebourgeoissociety,whichfindsexpressioninarevoltagainstoranescapefromtheprosaic,sordiddailylifeundercapitalism.2)Theirwritingsarefilledwithstrongwilledheroes,formidableevents,tragicsituations,powerfulconflictingpassions,andexoticpictures.3)Theypaidgreatattentiontothespiritualandemotionallifeofman.4)Natureoftenplaysanimportantroleintheirworks.TheRomanticperiodisanageofpoetry.(3)LakePoets湖畔派诗人TheLakePoetswereagroupofEnglishpoets，SamuelTaylorColeridge,RobertSouthey,andWilliamWordsworth.Theylivedinthe"LakeDistrict"innorthwesternEngland.ThisgroupwaspartoftheRomanticMovementofthelate1700'sandearly1800's.Questionsforfurtherdiscussion(1)WhatarethecharacteristicsofRomanticpoetry?(2)WhatarethedifferencesbetweenNeo-classicismandRomanticism?(3)Definetheterms:Romanticism,EnglishRomanticism&theLakePoets.(4)Research:Jean-JacquesRousseau（卢梭）Chapter2WilliamWordsworth威廉华兹华斯(1770~1850)1.HislifeEarlyyears:bornandgrewupintheLakeDistrict1787:CambridgeUniversity1790-91:tourtoFrance1797:friendshipwithColeridge1799:settledintheLakeDistrict1843:PoetLaureate2.HisContribution(1).usheringintheEnglishRomanticMovementwiththepublicationofLyricalBallads(1798)incollaborationwithSamuelTaylorColeridge(2).England’spoetlaureatein1843(桂冠诗人)(3).aworshipperofnature(4).Hedefinesthepoetas“amanspeakingtomen”andpoetryas“thespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings,whichoriginatesinemotionrecollectedintranquility.”(5).Hestartedthemodernpoetry,thepoetryofthegrowinginnerself.(6).HechangedthecourseofEnglishpoetrybyusingordinaryspeechofthelanguageandbyadvocatingareturntonature(7).Hisdeliberatesimplicityandrefusaltodecoratethetruthofexperienceproducedakindofpureandprofoundpoetry.3.HismajorworksLyricalBallads《抒情歌谣集》(1798)ThePrelude长诗《序曲》(1850)TheExcursion《远足》(1814)▲SignificanceofPrefacetoLyricalBallads1.InthePrefacetotheLyricalBallads,Wordsworthsetforthhisprinciplesofpoetry.2.Hebasedhisownpoeticaltheoryonthepremise前提thatgoodpoetryisthespontaneousoverflowofpowerfulfeelings.好诗都是强烈感情的自然流露3.Heappealeddirectlytoindividualsensationasthefoundationinthecreationandappreciationofpoetry.4.Ordinarypeasantsandchildrenmaybeusedassubjectsinthepoeticcreation.5.Astothelanguageusedinpoetry,Wordsworthendeavoredtobringlanguageneartothereallanguageofmen.▲HisfamouspoemsOde:IntimationsofImmortality《不朽颂》TinternAbbey《丁登寺》《廷腾寺》IWanderedLonelyasaCloud(Daffodils)《我好似一朵流云独自漫游》TotheCuckoo《致布谷鸟》LucyPoems《露茜组诗》4.Appreciation(1)《丁登寺》Lines/TinternAbbey"LinescomposedafewmilesaboveTinternAbbey,onrevisitingthebanksoftheWyeduringatour,July13,1798".(1)IntroductionTinternAbbeyislocatedinthesouthernWelshcountyofMonmouthshire蒙茅斯郡,andwasabandonedin1536.ThepoemisofparticularinterestinthatWordsworth'sdescriptionsofthebanksoftheRiverWye瓦伊河outlinehisgeneralphilosophiesonnature.(2)ThemestheimpactofthepassingoftimeamuchmoreintellectualandphilosophicalengagementwithnatureA“worshipperofNature”mentalimagesofnaturecanengender产生amysticalintuition直觉ofthedivine(3)Styleintightly-structuredblankverseInverse-paragraphsratherthanstanzasunrhymedandmostlyiniambicpentametercontainingelementsofalloftheode赋,thedramaticmonologue戏剧独白andtheconversationpoem对话诗(4)StructureLines1–24RevisitingthenaturalbeautyoftheWyefillsthepoetwithasenseof"tranquilerestoration恢复".Lines88–111Aftercontemplatingthefewchangesinscenerysincelasthevisited,Wordsworthisovercomewith"asensesublime崇高ofsomethingfarmoredeeplyinterfused混合,whosedwellingisthelightofsettingsuns".Heismetwiththedivineas"amotionandaspirit,thatimpelsallthinkingthings,allobjectsofthought,androllsthroughallthings".TheseareperhapsthemosttellinglinesinWordsworth'sconnectionofthe"sublime"with"divinecreativity",theresultofallowingnaturetobecome"theanchorofmypurestthoughts,thenurse,theguide,theguardianofmyheart,andsoulofallmymoralbeing".Lines114–160Inthefinalstanza,WordsworthaddresseshissisterDorothy,whodidnotaccompanyhimonhisoriginalvisittotheabbey,andperceivesinthedelightsheshowsattheresplendence辉煌andserenity肃穆oftheirenvirons环绕apoignantAppreciation(2)IWanderedLonelyasaCloud《我好似一朵孤独的流云》Wordsworthwrotethispoemofnatureafterhecameacrossalongbeltofgoldendaffodilstossing摇动,reeling卷anddancingalongthewaterside.Thispoemisperhapsthemostanthologized收入选集的poeminEnglishliterature,andtheonethattakesustothecoreofWordsworth’spoeticbeliefs.Itisoneofthemasterpiecesonnature.Summary:Thewordsdenoting表示dancing(fluttering,shining,twinkling,sparklingandtossing)recursineverystanzaofthepoem,revealingasenseofjoyandunityandcontinuityinthenaturalelementsofair,waterandearth.Therepetitionofthewordsforseeing(saw,gazed,andglance)anddancing(dancing,danceanddances)suggestboththatthevariouselementsofnatureareinharmonywithoneanotherandthatnatureisinharmonywithman.Inordertoconveytheharmonythepoetbringstheelementsofnaturetogetherinpair:daffodilsandwind(stanza1),daffodilsandstars(stanza2),waterandwind(stanza3).Natureandmancometogetherexplicitly明确地instanza4whenthespeakersayshisheartdanceswiththedaffodils.Fivewordsdenotingjoy(glee,gay,jocund,blissandpleasure)appearinsuccessioninthelasttwostanzas,suggestingtheintensityofthespeaker’shappiness.Appreciation(3)SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays《她住在人迹罕至的路边》1Commentonegirlwithtwodifferentsidestheviolet:modest,shy,unknowntotheoutsideworld,astar:"fair"and"shinning"tothewriter,sweetandmodestAttheendofthepoemitisdiscoveredthatthewomanhadpassedawaybutbecausetheworldnevertakesthetimetonoticeher,itslifeisnotaffected.Thereisasignificantshiftrightbeforethelastlineofthepoem.Itisherethatemotionisfirstexpressedbythewriter.Thelong"oh"carriesalloftheemotionofthepoem,onlyatthispointtheemotionisgrief.2Theme(1)Lucyisbeautifulasavioletandoutstandingasastarinthesky.Butherlifeislimitedandhastodecayanddeceaseasaflower—thisisthenaturallaw.However,sheispartofnaturewhensheisaliveandthesameistruewhensheisdeadbecausesheisalwayswithorinnature/nomatterinwhatstate.(2)Sheisbeautifulandoutstandingbutsheislonelyandnobodyknowsherbecausesheis"byamossystone/Halfhiddenfromtheeye!"However,nobodydiscoversthisfactbutI—thedifferencetome."I"discoveredherandinfact,nature."I"aminnatureandIlovenatureandLucy.SoLucyreferstonature.3Questions(1).Whatdoes“andoh,/Thedifferencetome!”imply?(2).Whydoesthewriteruse“unknown”and“know”inthesameline?Appreciation(4)TheSolitaryReaper孤独的割麦女SummaryThefirststanzaistheintroductionofthepoet’sencounteringasolitaryScottishrusticgirlwhowasreapingandsingingafascinating,melancholysongwhichhadacharmforWilliamWordsworth.Inthesecondstanza,thepoetmadetwosharpcomparisonsofthemelodytothesweetvoiceofanightingaleandthesongsangbyacuckoo-birdinspring.Moreover,hestatedthathersongwasfarmorebeautifulthanthem.Thethirdstanzaisaboutthepoet’sspeculationofthecontentofthesongwhichwassunginScot——whetheritwasaboutsomeold,sadmattersorsomesufferingsofpresenttime.ThefourthstanzaservesasaconclusioninwhichthepoetemphasizesthelingeringeffectofthemusiconWilliamWordsworth.Wordsworththinksthatcommonlifeistheonlysubjectofliteraryinterest.Thesorrowsandjoysofthecommonpeoplearehisthemes.Thepoemiswritteniniambictetrameter抑扬格四音步.Therhymeschemeforeachstanzaisababccdd.Appreciation(5)“ComposeduponWestminsterBridge,September3,1802”Lines1-3Thepoembeginsbygivingpraisetoasubject—thefairestthingonearth,asightso"touchinginitsmajesty"thatonlyadullpersonwouldpassitunnoticed.Intheselinesthespeakerisdiscussingasubjecthehasyettoidentify.Thetechniquebuildssuspense,andincreasesoursurprisewhen,inthefollowingline,thesubjectisnamed.Lines4-5Thesimileoftheselines—acitywearingthemorning'sbeautylikeagarment—isstrangeandarrestingforatleasttworeasons:wedonotnormallythinkofcitiesaswearinganything,anditisdifficulttoconceiveofhow"beauty"mightbeagarment.Butbecausethesimileissovivid,weareforcedtostopwhilereadingtheresultingimage,muchasWordsworthwasmadetostopbythesightofthecity.Inotherwords,wearemadetofeelwhatWordsworthfelt.Thefirsttwowordsofline4surpriseus,especiallyifwearefamiliarwithWordsworth'sotherworkandhisbeliefthatthecitydestroysmanyofthegoodqualitiesofhumanity—sympathy,kindness,andasenseofthesublime崇高.Anditisclearthatthecityisbeautifulpreciselybecauseitiswearingnothing.Lines6-7Theselinesworktoexplainthesimileofline4.Inthenineteenthcentury,fromcertainplacesinLondon,onecouldseethefieldsandlowhillswhichsurroundedthecity.Line8Inthenineteenthcentury,homesandbusinesseswereheatedbywoodandcoal;consequentlyagreatpallofsmokehungoverthecityalmostcontinually.Theabsenceofsmokeisduetotheseason(summer,whenroomsdonotrequireheating)andthetimeofday(earlymorning,whennooneisoperatingfurnaces火炉Lines9-10Thespeakerisawarethatheisusingatone,avocabularyandasenseofreverence敬畏reserved保留fordescriptionsofwaterfallsandmountainvistas.Hecomparesthiscityscapedirectlytothemandfindsitsuperior.Line11Thesunilluminating照亮alandscapewithitslightandsogivingitbeauty,describedinlines9-10,isinline11madeparalleltotheeffectofthelandscapeonthespeaker:asthesunilluminatesthelandscape,sothelandscapeilluminates(orsuppliesacalmto)thespeaker.Alsointhislinethespeakerhasmeldedtheexternalandtheinternal;heseesthe"calm"ofthecity,andhefeelsa"calm"withinhimself.Butbymakingthesameword("calm")theobjectofbothverbs("saw,"and"felt"),Wordsworthconnectshisfeelingtothefeelingsofthecity.Line12Thislineissignificantbecauseitdescribestheonlymovementinthepoem.Andtheriver’smovementisaglide—oneimaginesitssurfacesosmooththatonecannotbecertainitismovingatall.Theentiretyofthepoemportraysafrozenmomentintime,anextendedimage,akindofsnapshot.(快照）Line13-14The"mightyheart"meanstherhythmsofthecitywhenitscitizensareactive.ButthetermrecallssuggestionsinWordsworth'sotherpoemsofasinglespiritwhichimbues灌输everythingthatlives—a"worldspirit".ThesignificanceheremaybethatWordsworth,whoinmanyworksregardsthecityasseparatefromnatureandbyimplicationseparatefromthat"worldspirit"—hashereembraceditaspartofnature.Thatthepoemplayslooselywithinthesonnetformmaybeareflectionofthistheme.Muchasthecityonlyseemsseparatefromthenaturalworld,sothesonnetformonlyseemsseparatefrom"languagereallyusedbymen."5.Questionsforfurtherdiscussion(1).WhatisthesignificanceofPrefacetoLyricalBallads?(2).WhydidWilliamWordsworthinhis“TinternAbbey”mention“vagrantdwellers”and“someHermits”andin“IWanderedLonelyasaCloud”say“asaCloud”?(3).Howdoyouunderstand“achingjoys”and“dizzyrapture”inthelinesof“–Thattimeispast,/Andallitsachingjoysarenownomore,/Andallitsdizzyraptures.”inWordsworth’s“TinternAbbey”?(4).Whatdoes“She”(referringtoLucy)in“SheDweltAmongtheUntrodenWays”imply?(5).Whatisthethemeof“SheDweltAmongtheUntroddenWays”?Chapter3GeorgeGorden,LordByron乔治戈登拜伦爵士(1788–1824)1.IntroductionHisname:LordGeorgeGordonByronBirthdefect:clubfootPersonallife:travels;politicalcareer;affairs&scandalsDeath:illnessapassionateadvocateoffreedomandliberty"Iamsuchastrangemélangé庞杂ofgoodandevilthatitwouldbedifficulttodescribeme.”-Byron2.contribution(1).Hischiefcontributionisthecreationofthe“Byronichero”aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleorigin(2).Hisliterarycareerwascloselylinkedwiththestruggleandprogressivemovementsofhisage.Heishailedasthechampionofliberty.3.ImportantworksChildeHarold’sPilgrimage《恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记》DonJuan长篇诗体小说《堂璜》(1819–1824;incompleteonByron'sdeathin1824)4.Featuresofhispoetry(1).

thenovelty新奇ofhisorientalscenery(2).

theromanticcharacteroftheByronicHero(3).

theeasy,fluent,andnaturalbeauty5.CommentonByron’spoems(1).aleadingfigureinRomanticism,strongloveforfreedom.(2).strongemotionaloutpouringsanddistinctpoliticaltrendsBeingpowerfulandemotional，theprotagonists’extraordinarycharacter,plentifulimagination,strongromanticismandsoon--theseareallcharmsofhispoems.6.appreciation(1)SheWalksinBeauty《她走在美的光彩中》(1)Background:Writtenin1814,whenByronwastwenty-sixyearsold,andpublishedinHebrewMelodies希伯来旋律in1815,thepoemofpraise“SheWalksinBeauty”wasinspiredbythepoet’sfirstsightofhisyoungcousinbymarriage,AnneWilmot.Accordingtoliteraryhistorians,Byron’scousinworeablackgownthatwasbrightenedwithspangles.▲Byron'sfriendJamesW.Websterwritingabouttheevent"IdidtakehimtoLadySitwell'spartyinSeymourRoad.Hethereforthefirsttimesawhiscousin,theBeautifulMrs.Wilmot.WhenwereturnedtohisroomsinAlbany,hesaidlittle,butdesiredFletchertogivehimatumblerofBrandy,whichhedrankatoncetoMrs.Wilmot'shealth,thenretiredtorest,andwas,Iheardafterwards,inasadstateallnight.Thenextdayhewrotethosecharminglinesuponher--ShewalksinBeautyliketheNight"(2)ThemeofbeautyThepoemmixestogethertheimagesofdarknessandlight.Itsbeautyliesinitspowerfuldescriptionnotonlyofawoman’sphysicalbeauty,butalsoofherinteriorstrengths.Thereisnomentioninthepoemofspangles闪烁发光oragown礼服,noimagesofawomanactuallywalking,becausethepoetisaftersomethinglargerthanmerephysicaldescription.Appreciation(2)WhenWeTwoParted《想起从前我们俩分手》1.BackgroundThepoemwaswrittenin1808,concerningthealleged宣称relationshipbetweenLadyFrancesWebster(whomByronwasattractedto)andtheDukeofWellington.Appreciation(3)SonnetonChillon《咏锡庸》1.CastleofChillon瑞士西庸城堡2.Form:2quatrains+1sextetinItalianSonnettherhymepattern:abbaaccadededeLaststanza’sauditorydissonance听觉的不一致forcesthereadertoslowdownbybreakingtherhythmofthepoem,makingthereaderthinkmoreaboutthespeaker'smessageandacknowledgetheseriousnessofthespeakersintent.3.FrancoisdeBonnivard–aheroagainsttyrannybornin1496,becamepriorofthemonasteryofSt.VictornearGeneva,andconspired共谋withabandofardentpatriotsofthatcitytothrowofftheyokeoftheDukeofSavoyandestablishafreerepublic.ForthishewastwiceimprisonedbytheDuke;hissecondimprisonmentwasintheCastleofChillonandlastedfrom1530-1536.4.ThemeTheeternalandeverlastingspiritofthechainlessmindofapatriotisfreeevenwhenhisbodyisinchains.Thespiritoflibertyisatitsbrightestinprisonbecauseitthenburnsatitsintensest剧烈的.Theabode住所oflibertyistheheartinwhichonlylovealonecanbindtogetherandunitethespiritofpatriotism.5.Comment(1)Whenardentpatriotsarecapturedorarrestedtheyaresenttobekeptinthedungeons地牢tostaythereindefinitelyinthedarknessofacoldprisonhouse.Thedirtyfloorofthedungeonhasbecomeanaltarofprayerfortheimprisonedpatriots.(2)Thepriceoffreedomwillcomewhenthebloodofmartyrdomsisspilledonthestreets.(3)TheCastleisasymboloftyrannyandoppressionbecauseinitmanyafighterforfreedomwascondemntoliveinfettersanddie.(4)ByronsaysthatthemindofaloveroffreedomremainsfreeevenwheninprisonbecausetheseatoffreedomistheheartwhichnothingbuttheloveofGodcaneverbind束缚.(5)ThejudgmentofGodshallfallupontheblood-thirstytyrannies.(6)Thespiritoffreedomburnsbrightestwhenthebodyisinchainsandthenationgainsfreedomthroughthemartyrdomofchainedpatriots.(7)Itmovesandfliestotheheartsofeverypatriotliketheendlessblowofthewindandinfluencetheirminds.(8)Theybecomeevenmoredeterminedtofightbackwhenthemovementisbrutallysuppressedbythetyrant.(9)Bonnivardhasturnedtheprisonintoachurchbyhissacredpresence.6.WritingStyletheconflictbetweenlibertyandtyrannyaparadoxinthebeginningpersonificationoflibertyalongmetaphor:son-motherAppreciation(4):DonJuan《唐璜》1.introductionasatiricpoembasedonthelegendofDonJuanavariationontheepicform"EpicSatire“(Byron)morethan16,000linesofverseByroncompleted16cantos,leavingan\o"Unfinishedwork"unfinished17thcantobeforehisdeathin1824.Thepoemisinsixline\o"Iambicpentameter"iambic\o"Iambicpentameter"pentameterwiththerhymeschemeababccoftenthelastrhymingcoupletisusedforahumorcomicline.2.ReversingofDonJuanJuan:awomanizerinSpanishlegendToByron:someoneeasilyseducedbywomen,avictimofwomen,aByronichero3.ThemeAsatireandattackonBritishandEuropeannoblesocietyandpolitics.Thepoetusesthepastrevolutionaryexperiencestocomparewiththesocialrealityinhisage,disclosingthecrueltyofEuropeanreactionaryforcesandcallingonpeople’sstruggleforfreedom.▲TheIslesofGreece(CantoII)TheIslesofGreeceisasongsungbyasingerattheweddingceremonybetweenDonJuanandHaidee,inwhichByronexpressedhisfierypassionsfortheliberationoftheGreekpeoplethroughasinger’stongue.Thethemeofpatriotismandheroism1.contrastContrastbetweenthepastgloryoftheGreekpeopleandtheirpresentstateofenslavementtostiruptheGreekpeopletofightfortheirliberation2.AllusionsallusionstoGreekmythologyandhistoricaleventstohonortheGreekpeople’sancestorsandtheirrichculturalandhistoricalheritagetostrengthenthecontrastbetweenthepastandthepresent.3.repetetiontheline“FillhighthecupwithSamianwine!”Thesetwosimilarlineslinkupthesecondhalfofthelongpoemtightlytogetherandhelpenhancethepoet’emotion.Thereaderscanstronglysensethepoet’sfeelingsandemotionthroughtheserepeatedlines.4.GeneralcommentThewholepoemistouchingandpowerfulintermsofitstheme,itsabundanceinallusions,anditsemotionandlanguagevariation.Sometimesthelanguageisverysimpleandconcisebutsometimesitiscomplexandinreversion.AllthesehelpthepoetfullyrepresentshispassionsfortheliberationoftheGreekpeopleandhiscallforGreekpeopletotakeaction.Stanza1(1)beginningthepoemwithanapostrophe（呼语）,whichenhancesthepoet’semotionaswellasthereaders’(2)backtothepastgloryoftheancientGreece(exaltation提高)(3)adeeppathos突变：Onrecallingthepastandlookingatthepresent,thepoetsankintodeeplamentations,becausetheglorioushistoryhaspassedforlongandGreeceisundertherileoftheTurksnow.Stanza2(1)thetwonotableancientGreekpoetsAnacreonandHomer(“TheScianandTeianmuse”),whoembodytheglorioustreasureofancientGreece.(2)ItisagreatpitythatwhilethefameofAnacreonandHomergoesbeyondthegeographicallimittothewesternworldandthewesternworldstudiesandtreasurestheproductsandthelightshedbythisoncegloriousland,theGreekpeoplehaveforgottentheirownglorioustreasureofthepast.Stanza3(1)allusiontoatremendousbattleinwhichtheancientGreeksdefeatedtheinvadingPersiansattheMarathonplain.(2)HerethepoetdirectlyexpresseshiswishforGreecetobeindependent.(3)Howeverthepoetfeelsthislandcannotbeslavedandarevoltmusttakeplace,heistobedisappointed.7.terms(1)ByronicHero拜伦式英雄aproud,mysteriousrebelfigureofnobleoriginwithimmensesuperiorityinhispassionsandpowers,wouldcarryonhisshoulderstheburdenofrightingallthewrongsinacorruptsociety,andwouldrisesingle-handedlyagainstanykindoftyrannicalruleseitheringovernment,inreligion,orinmoralprincipleswithunconquerablewillsandinexhaustibleenergies.Theconflictisusuallyoneofrebelliousindividualsagainstoutwornsocialsystemsandconventions.SuchaheroappearsfirstinChildeHarold’sPilgrimage,andthenfurtherdevelopedinlaterworkssuchasTheOrientedTales,Manfred,andDonJuan.ThefigureismodeledonthelifeandpersonalityofByronhimself,andmakesByronfamousbothathomeandabroad.8.Topicsforfurtherdiscussion(1).WhydidByronusesomanyallusionsabouthistoricfiguresandplacesinTheIslesofGreece?(2).WhatisthethemeofTheIslesofGreece?(3).InTheIslesofGreece,thepoetByronrepeatedtheline“FillhighthebowelwithSamianwine”for4times.Whatsignificancedoesithaveforthethemeofthepoem?(4).WhatisByronicHero?Chapter4PercyByssheShelley珀西比希雪莱(1792–1822)1.IfWintercomes,canSpringbefarbehind?-Shelley“Oneofthebestartistsofusall.”-WilliamWordsworth“WithoutexceptionthebestandleastselfishmanIeverknew.”-ByrononeofthemajorEnglishRomanticpoetsandiscriticallyregardedasamongthefinestlyricpoetsintheEnglishlanguageAradicalinhispoetryandhispoliticalandsocialviews2.HislifeahappyandcontentedchildhoodEducation:Eton;OxfordMarriage:HarrietWestbrook;MaryShelleyFriendshipwithByronDaysinItalyDeath3.HisInfluenceShelleybecameanidolofthenextthreeorfourgenerationsofpoets,includingimportantVictorianandPre-Raphaelite前拉斐尔派poetssuchasRobertBrowning,andDanteGabrielRosetti.HewasadmiredbyOscarWilde,ThomasHardy,GeorgeBernardShaw,BertrandRussell,W.B.Yeats,KarlMarx,UptonSinclairandIsadoraDuncan.HenryDavidThoreau'scivildisobediencewasapparentlyinfluencedbyShelley'snon-violenceinprotestandpoliticalaction.4.hispoetryPoems:Ozymandias奥西曼达斯OdetotheWestWind西风颂ToaSkylark致云雀TheCloud云TheMasqueofAnarchy专制者的假面游行QueenMab《麦布女王》Drama:TheCenci钦契PrometheusUnbound解放了的普罗米修斯5.appreciation(1)OdetotheWestWind西风颂(1)BackgroundanodewrittenbyShelleyin1819nearFlorence,Italypublishedin1820inLondonaspartofthePrometheusUnboundAtthetimeofcomposingthispoem,ShelleywithoutdoubthadthePeterlooMassacreofAugust1819inmind.Hisotherpoemswrittenatthesametime—"TheMaskofAnarchy,""PrometheusUnbound,"and"Englandin1819"—takeupthesesameproblemsofpoliticalchange,revolution,androleofthepoet.thespeakerlamenting哀叹