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Chap1.IntroductiontoMaterialsChap1.IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandChap2.InorganicNon-metallicChap3.MetallicMaterialsandChap4.PolymerChap5.RenewableEnergyMaterialsandChap6.SolarChap7.Chap8.FeaturesofSpecializedChap9.SelectiveEnglishforMaterialsScienceandChapChap1.IntroductiontoMaterialsScienceandEngineeringUnit1MaterialsScienceandUnit2ClassificationofUnit3ChemicalBandingandSolidUnit4Structure-PropertyRelationshipofUnit1MaterialsScienceandDefinitionofClassesof1 Unit2Unit2ClassificationofChemicalMetallicInorganicNonmetallicOrganicPolymerCompositeStructureFunctionalInformationAerospaceEnergyBiomedical单晶材料：(SingleCrystal多晶材料：(Polycrystalline非晶态材料：(Amorphous准晶材料：(Quasicrystalline2Unit3ChemicalUnit3ChemicalBondingandSolidAtomicTheelectronicstructureofChemicalTheatomicnumberofanatomindicatesthenumberofprotons(positivelychargedparticles)whichareinitsnucleus,andinaneutralatomtheatomicnumberisalsoequaltothenumberofelectronsinitschargecloud.Alltheelementshavebeenclassifiedaccordingelectronconfigurationintheperiodic3TheTherelativeatomicmassofanelementisthemassingramsof6.023×1023atoms(Avogadro’snumberNA)ofthatelement.3.2TheelectronicstructureofQuantumnumbersarethenumbersinanatomassignelectronstodiscreteenergyTheenergyleveltowhicheachelectronbelongsisdeterminedbyfourquantumnumbers.TheprincipalquantumnumberThesubsidiaryquantumnumberThemagneticquantumnumberElectronspinquantumnumberElectronPauliexclusionThisprinciplestipulatesthateachelectronstatecanholdnomorethantwoelectrons,whichmusthaveoppositespins.7s7p6s6p6d6f5s5p5d5f4s4p4d4f3s3p3d2s4ElectronsElectronswiththesamesubsidiarynumberhaveasmanyparallelspinsasElectronegativeelementsarenonmetallicinnatureandacceptelectronsinchemicalreactionstoproducenegativeions,oranions.Electronegativitydescribesthetendencyofanatomtogainanelectron.

氢键（hydrogenbond），是氢原（氟、氧、氮等）以共价键结合，若与电负性大的原子Y（与相同的也可以）接近，在X与Y之间以氢为媒介，生成X-H…Y形式的一种特殊的分子间相互作用，称为氢键（X与Y可以是同一种类原子， 分子之间的氢键）。53.3Chemical

Atomic sandFNFAFN:FA:FR:BondingE

Primary tomicIonicForatomic

ENEA

Ionicbondingisalwaysfoundincompoundsthatarecomposedofbothmetallicandnonmetallicelements,elementsthataresituatedatthehorizontalextremitiesoftheperiodictable.6

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ZZ 0 1 0

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4 anZ1,Z2＝numberofelectronsremovedoraddedfromtheatomsduringtheionformatione＝electrona＝interionicseparation ExampleIftheattractive betweenapairofMgandSis1.49×10NandiftheSionhasaradiusof0.184nm,calculateavaluefortheionicradiusoftheMgioninnanometers.ZZe

Materialswithcovalentbondingarecharacterizedbybondsthatareformedbysharingofvalenceelectronsamongtwoormoreatoms.Q

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(2)(2)(1601019C)24[8.851012C2(Nm2）](149108N)7MetallicMetallicbondingoccursinsolidInmetalsinsolidstate,atomsarepackedrelativelyclosetogetherinasystematicpatternorcrystal

（VanDerwaalsThedriving forsecondarybondingistheattractionoftheelectricdipolescontainedinatomsorAnelectricdipolemomentiscreatedwhentwoandoppositechargesare

VanDerwaalsAdipolemomentisdefinedasthechargevaluemultipliedbytheseparationdistancebetweenpositiveandnegativecharges,ordipoleqmagnitudeofelectricdseparationdistancebetweenthecharge

Ifthe ctionsarebetweentwodipolesthatareinatomsormolecules,werefertothemas

Whenaninduceddipoleinctswithamoleculethathasapermanentdipolemoment,werefertothisinctionasaDebyeinction. H8 Iftheinctionsarebetweenmoleculesthatarepermanentlypolarized,werefertotheseasKeesominction.

Thesebondingsarisebecausetheasymmetricaldistributionofelectronchargedistributionintheseatomscreateselectricdipoles.

PermanentDipolebondsexistbetweenadjacentpolarH HH

%ioniccharacter(1(1/4)(XXXandXaretheelectronegativitiesoftheatomsAandBinthecompoundIonicIonicbondingPrimaryatomicbondsCovalentMetallicPermanentdipoleSecondaryatomicFluctuatingdipoleMaterialsSciencedealswiththerelationshipbetweenmacroscopicpropertiesandthemicroscopic9 （pfor（pfor（nforAsinglesemiconductorcrystalstructurecanbeselectivelydopedwithtwodifferentkindsofimpuritiesthatwillformadjacentp-typeandn-typesemiconductors.Thetransitionbetweenthetwotypesofsemiconductorsisthep-njunctionandiswhereelectronsandholes Astheelectronsenterthep-typeregion,fillingtheholes,theatoms Astheelectronsenterthep-typeregion,fillingtheholes,theatoms negativelychargedwhiletheatomsleftbehind,withfewerelectron,andnew epositivelycharged.theprocesscanbeconsideredasaflowofholesoracurrentflowofpositivelychargedvacancies,whichisoppositetotheelectronflow.Fundamentalsofintegratedcircuits(IC)集成电 Bell

20002000NobelPrizeinPhysicsTexasInstruments,in1958Typicalwaferwithanarrayof 磁滞回磁滞回Ref.ElectronicRef.ElectronicMaterialsScience,EugeneA.Irene,AJohnWiley&Sons,Inc.,Learning3-4studentsperSci