（课标通用）2023高考英语一轮复习专题19篇章结构题教学案

PAGEPAGE8专题19篇章结构题考纲展示命题探究1命题方式的特点篇章结构题主要考查考生在理解全文的根底上对文章描述事件的开展、所说明事物的结构或论述观点过程中使用的论证方法进行推理、分析和总结的能力。2常见的设问方式(1)Howisthepassageorganized?(2)Whichofthefollowingbestshowsthestructureofthepassage?(3)Theauthordevelopsthepassagemainlyby______.3篇章结构题的考前须知考生在做该题型时要学会把握文章的脉络，理解段落层次之间的关系，弄清作者的写作方法。英语的文章讲究使用主题段和主题句。主题段通常在文章的开头，简要概括文章的中心思想，主题句根据段落的写作手法的不同可能在段落的开头，也可能出现在段落的中间或末尾。段与段之间常用词语连接，承上启下，使文章行文连贯，逻辑严密。为突出主题，作者可能采用不同的写作手法来组织文章，通过举例、比拟、类比等手法来透彻说明主题观点。[考法综述]该类题主要考查文章开展的脉络、各段落的层次关系以及写作手法，如举例、比拟、类比等论证手法。命题法1段落组织方法典例1Theproductionofcoffeebeansisahuge,profitable,business,but,unfortunately,full­sunproductionistakingovertheindustryandbringingaboutalotofdamage.Thechangeinhowcoffeeisgrownfromshade­grownproductiontofull­sunproductionendangerstheveryexistenceofcertainanimalsandbirds,andevendisturbstheworld'secologicalbalance.Onalocallevel,thedamageoftheforestrequiredbyfull­sunfieldsaffectsthearea'sbirdsandanimals.Theshadeoftheforesttreesprovidesahomeforbirdsandotherspecies(物种)thatdependonthetrees'flowersandfruits.Full－suncoffeegrowersdestroythisforesthome.Asaresult,manyspeciesarequicklydyingout.Onamoregloballevel,thedestructionoftherainforestforfull­suncoffeefieldsalsothreatens(威胁)humanlife.Medicalresearchoftenmakesuseoftheforests'plantandanimallife,andthedestructionofsuchspeciescouldpreventresearchersfromfindingcuresforcertaindiseases.Inaddition,newcoffee­growingtechniquesarepoisoningthewaterlocally,andeventuallytheworld'sgroundwater.Bothlocallyandglobally,thecontinuedspreadoffull­suncoffeeplantations(种植园)couldmeanthedestructionoftherainforestecology.Thelossofshadetreesisalreadycausingaslightchangeintheworld'sclimate,andstudiesshowthatthelossofoxygen­givingtreesalsoleadstoairpollutionandglobalwarming.Moreover,thenewgrowingtechniquesarecontributingtoacidic(酸性的)soilconditions.Itisobviousthatthewaymuchcoffeeisgrownaffectsmanyaspectsoflife,fromthelocalenvironmenttotheglobalecology.Butconsumersdohaveachoice.Theycanpurchaseshade­growncoffeewheneverpossible,althoughatahighercost.Thefuturehealthoftheplanetandmankindissurelyworthmorethananinexpensivecupofcoffee.Whichofthefollowingshowsthestructureofthewholetext?(P：Paragraph)[答案]A篇章结构题。文章第一段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产的话题；二、三、四段介绍了阳光充足的咖啡生产带来的破坏；第五段劝说人们去购置对环境有利的阴凉处种植的咖啡，所以是总分总的结构，应选A。【解题法】段落组织方法的解题思路(1)通读全文，把握各段大意。(2)确定段落组织框架。①总分式：总分；分总；总分总。②并列式：段落之间是平行关系。③对照式：一正一反。命题法2写作方法(论证方法)类典例2Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculture'scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural(农村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion(时刻)oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhasitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforprosperity(兴旺)intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalledvasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(预示)successintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred­coloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.Theauthorexplainstheroleoffoodincelebrationsby________.A．usingexamples B．makingcomparisonsC．analyzingcauses D．describingprocesses[答案]A篇章结构题。本文列举了不同文化背景下庆祝活动中的饮食文化。应选A项。【解题法】写作方法(论证方法)类解题思路(1)通读全文或某段，分析写作手法。(2)确定写作方法展开方式：①时间顺序；②空间顺序；③例证关系；④比照或类比关系。Passage1限时：6分钟体裁：议论文题材：科学生活类难度：中词数：320Technologicalchangeiseverywhereandaffectseveryaspectoflife,mostlyforthebetter.However,socialchangesthatarebroughtabouteq\a\vs4\al(P1)bynewtechnologyareoftenmistakeneq\a\vs4\al(W1)forachangeinattitudes.Anexampleathandistheinvolvementofparentsinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhoareattendingcollege.Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe“very〞or“somewhat〞overly­protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitorieseq\a\vs4\al(W2).Thesamesurveysalsoindicatethattherateofparentalinvolvementisgreatertodaythanitwasagenerationago.Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday'sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren'slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.eq\a\vs4\al(S)However,greaterparentalinvolvementdoesnotnecessarilyindicateeq\a\vs4\al(W3)thatparentsarefailingtoletgooftheir“adult〞children.Inthecontext(背景)ofthisdiscussion,itseemsvaluabletofirstfindoutthecauseofchangeinthecaseofparents'involvementwiththeirgrownchildren.Ifparentsofearliergenerationshadwantedtobeintouchwitheq\a\vs4\al(P2)theircollege­agechildrenfrequentlyeq\a\vs4\al(W4)，wouldthishavebeenpossible?Probablynot.Ontheotherhand,doesthepossibilityoffrequentcommunicationtodaymeanthattheurgetodosowasn'tpresentagenerationago?Manystudiesshowthatolderparents—today'sgrandparents—wouldhavecalledtheirchildrenmoreoftenifthemeansandcostofdoingsohadnotbeenabarrier.Furthermore,studiesshowthatfinancesarethemostfrequentsubjectofcommunicationbetweenparentsandtheircollegechildren.Thefactthatcollegestudentsarefinanciallydependentontheirparentsisnothingnew;norarerequestsformoremoneytobesentfromhome.Thisphenomenoneq\a\vs4\al(W5)isneithergoodnorbad;itisafactofcollegelife,todayandinthepast.Thankstotheadvancedtechnology,weliveinanageofbetteredcommunication.Thishasmanyimplicationswellbeyondtherolethatparentsseemtoplayinthelivesoftheirchildrenwhohaveleftforcollege.Butitisusefultobearinmindeq\a\vs4\al(P3)thatallsuchchangescomefromthetechnologyandnotsomeimagineddesirebyparentstokeeptheirchildrenundertheirwings.科学的变化影响着生活的各个方面，但是科技带来的社会变化常被误认为是态度的变化。作者对此举例进行了说明。1．Thesurveysinformusof________.A．thedevelopmentoftechnologyB．thechangesofadultchildren'sbehaviorC．theparents'over­protectionoftheircollegechildrenD．themeansandexpensesofstudents'communication答案C[细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“Surveys(调查)onthistopicsuggestthatparentstodaycontinuetobe‘very’or‘somewhat’overly­protectiveevenaftertheirchildrenmoveintocollegedormitories.〞可知，这些调查告知了我们父母对他们上大学的孩子保护过度。]2．Thewriterbelievesthat________.A．parentstodayaremoreprotectivethanthoseinthepastB．thedisadvantagesofnewtechnologyoutweighitsadvantagesC．technologyexplainsgreaterparentalinvolvementwiththeirchildrenD．parents'changedattitudesleadtocollegechildren'sdelayedindependence答案C[推理判断题。根据文章第一段第二句以及最后一段第二句可知，作者认为科技的开展使父母加强对他们上大学的孩子的管教。]3．Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?A．TechnologyorAttitudeB．DependenceorIndependenceC．FamilyInfluencesorSocialChangesD．CollegeManagementorCommunicationAdvancement答案A[主旨大意题。文章就“家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系〞这一话题进行了讨论，“科技还是态度〞作文章标题最正确。]★4.Whichofthefollowingshowsthedevelopmentofideasinthispassage?I：IntroductionP：PointSp：Sub­point(次要点)C：Conclusion答案B[篇章结构题。整篇文章讨论的是家长对孩子的管教问题与科技之间的关系。第一段提出论点；第二段用调查说明作者不认可的一个观点；第三段用“However〞一词转折，说明第二、三段是不同的两个观点；第四、五两段用于支持第三段中提出的观点；最后一段作出了总结。]eq\a\vs4\al(W重点单词)1．mistakenadj.错误的2.dormitoryn.宿舍3．indicatev.说明；暗示4.frequentlyadv.频繁地5．phenomenonn.现象eq\a\vs4\al(P重点短语)1．bringabout引起；造成2．beintouchwith和……有联系3．bearinmind记住eq\a\vs4\al(S句式仿写)原文：Thisisusuallyinterpretedasasignthattoday'sparentsaretryingtomanagetheirchildren'slivespastthepointwherethisbehaviorisappropriate.(where引导的定语从句，先行词point表示抽象地点)译文：这经常被解读为一种信号，当前的父母管理自己孩子的生活超出了行为恰当的地步。仿写：Thetreatmentwillcontinueuntilthepatientreachesthe__point_where_he_can_walkcorrectlyandsafely.治疗将持续到病人能到达正确平安地行走的地步。Passage2限时：7分钟体裁：说明文题材：史地常识类难度：中词数：291Therearemanyplacestogoonsafari(欣赏野生动物)inAfrica,butridingahorsethroughthefloodedwatersofBotswana'sOkavangoDeltamustrankaseq\a\vs4\al(P1)oneoftheworld'smostexcitingwildlifejourneys.Severalsafaricampsoperateasthebaseforthisadventure,providinguniqueridestwiceadaytoexploredeepintothedelta.Thecampshaveexcellenthorses,professionaleq\a\vs4\al(W1)guidesandlotsofsupportworkers.Theyhaveareputationeq\a\vs4\al(W2)forprovidingagreatridingexperience.Themorningride,whentheguidestakeyoutobeautiful,shallowlakesfullofwaterlilies,tendstobemoreactive.Itisunlikeanyotherridingexperience.Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface,itistrulyexciting.eq\a\vs4\al(S)Youareverylikelytocomeacrosslargewildanimals,too.Onhorsebackitispossibletogetquiteclosetoelephants,giraffesandmanyotheranimals.Thesenseofexcitementandtensionlevelsrisesuddenlythough,asdoesyourheartrate,asyoumoveclosertothem.Intheevening,ridesareusuallyatamorerelaxedandunhurriedpace,withgoldenlightstreamingacrossthegrassydeltaandtheanimalscomingouttoeatanddrink.Sedatethoughtheyare,ridesatthistimeofdayarestillveryimpressive.Asthesun'srayspassthroughthedustkickedupbythehorses,theromanceofAfricacomestolife.Backatthecampyoucankickoffeq\a\vs4\al(P2)yourbootsandenjoyexcellentfoodandwine.Lookingbackonyourday,youwillfindithardtodenythatahorsebacksafariisascloseasyouwillevercometoansweringthecallofthewild.在非洲欣赏野生动物的地方很多，然而最让人兴奋的旅程莫过于博茨瓦纳的奥卡万戈三角洲的马背之旅。1．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“They〞referto?A．Floodedwaters. B．Wildlifejourneys.C．Safaricamps. D．Uniquerides.答案C[词义猜想题。第二段介绍safaricamps，第一句说明safaricamps的根本行程，第二句说明了safaricamps的优势，第三句中的They和前两句的主语内容相同，指代safaricamps。]2．Whatdoestheauthorfindmostexcitingaboutahorsebacksafari?A．SeeingandfeelingtherealAfricanlife.B．Enjoyinggoodfoodandwineatthecamp.C．Huntinglargeanimalsjustasourancestorsdid.D．Beingpartofthesceneandgettingclosetoanimals.答案D[细节理解题。由第三段第三句可知，水花与彩虹相映成趣，溅落在身上的水花声音清脆，画面与声音让人兴奋不已。由第三段最后一句可知，和动物靠得越近越让人兴奋紧张。故D项正确。]3．Whatdoestheunderlinedword“Sedate〞probablymean?A．Wildandromantic.B．Slowandpeaceful.C．Hungryandthirsty.D．Activeandexcited.答案B[词义猜想题。由第四段第一句可知，夜晚的马背之旅令人放松、不匆忙，只有B项“缓慢的；宁静的〞与此处基调相同，故B项符合题意。]★4.TheauthorintroducestheridingexperienceintheOkavangoDeltamainlyby________.A．followingspaceorderB．followingtimeorderC．makingclassificationsD．givingexamples答案B[篇章结构题。由第三段中的“Themorningride〞，第四段中的“Intheevening〞以及最后一段中的“Backatthecamp〞可知，对奥卡万戈三角洲的旅行介绍是按照时间顺序进行的。]eq\a\vs4\al(W重点单词)1．professionaladj.职业的；专业的2．reputationn.名声；声望；名誉eq\a\vs4\al(P重点短语)1．rankas列为；排名为2．kickoff踢开eq\a\vs4\al(S句式仿写)原文：Withrainbowsforminginthesplashingwateraroundyouandthesoundofhugedropsofwaterbouncingoffyourbodyandface,itistrulyexciting.(with复合结构)译文：伴随着在身边溅起的水中形成的彩虹和大的水滴从你的身上和脸上落下的声音，这真的太令人兴奋了。仿写：With_nothing_leftinthecupboard,shewentouttogetsomethingtoeat.家里橱柜里没有吃的了，她出去买些吃的。Passage3限时：6分钟体裁：说明文题材：生态环境类难度：易词数：271TheAfricanelephant,thelargestlandanimalremainingonearth,isofgreatimportanceeq\a\vs4\al(P1)toAfricanecosystem(生态系统).Unlikeotheranimals,theAfricanelephantistoagreatextenteq\a\vs4\al(P2)thebuilderofitsenvironment.Asabigplant­eater,itlargelyshapestheforest­and­savanna(稀树草原)surroundingsinwhichitlives,thereforesetting_the_termsofexistenceeq\a\vs4\al(W1)formillionsofotheranimalsthatliveinitshabitat(栖息地)．Itistheelephant'sgreatdesireeq\a\vs4\al(W2)forfoodthatmakesitadisturberoftheenvironmentandanimportantbuilderofitshabitat.eq\a\vs4\al(S)Initscontinuoussearchforthe300poundsofplantsitmusthaveeveryday,itkillssmalltreesandunderbushes,andpullsbranchesoffbigtrees.Thisresultsineq\a\vs4\al(P3)numerouseq\a\vs4\al(W3)openspacesinbothdeeptropicalforestsandinthewoodlandsthatcoverpartoftheAfricansavannas.Intheseopenspacesarenumerousplantsinvariousstagesofgrowththatattractavarietyofotherplanteaters.Taketherainforestsforexample.Intheirnaturalstate,thespreadingbranchesoverheadshutoutsunlightandpreventthegrowthofplantsontheforestfloor.Bypullingdowntreesandeatingplants,elephantsmakeopenspaces,allowingnewplantstogrowontheforestfloor.Insuchsituationseq\a\vs4\al(W4)，theforestsbecomesuitableforlargehoofedplanteaterstomovearoundandforsmallplanteaterstogettheirfoodaswell.WhatworriesscientistsnowisthattheAfricanelephanthasbecomeanendangeredspecies.Iftheelephantdisappears,scientistssay,manyotheranimalswillalsodisappearfromvasteq\a\vs4\al(W5)areasofforestandsavanna,greatlychangingandworseningthewholeecosystem.本文主要讲述的是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。1．Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A．DisappearanceofAfricanelephants.B．ForestsandsavannasashabitatsforAfricanelephants.C．TheeffectofAfricanelephants'searchforfood.D．TheeatinghabitofAfricanelephants.答案C[主旨大意题。本文主要讲述的就是在非洲草原的生物链中大象的重要作用，它不断的寻找食物拓宽了其他动物的生存空间等。故C正确。]2．Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“settingtheterms〞mostprobablymean?A．Fixingthetime. B．Worseningthestate.C．Improvingthequality. D．Decidingtheconditions.答案D[词义猜想题。根据文章“Asabigplanteater,itlargelyshapestheforest­and­savanna(稀树草原)surroundingsinwhichitlives,thereforesettingthetermsofexistenceformillionsofotheranimalsthatliveinitshabitat.〞说明非洲大象塑造了草原的环境，也决定了其他动物的生存条件。故D项正确。]3．Whatdoweknowabouttheopenspacesinthepassage?A．Theyresultfromthedestructionofrainforests.B．TheyprovidefoodmainlyforAfricanelephants.C．Theyarehometomanyendangeredanimals.D．Theyareattractivetoplant­eatinganimalsofdifferentkinds.答案D[细节理解题。根据文章“ThisresultsinnumerousopenspacesinbothdeeptropicalforestsandinthewoodlandsthatcoverpartoftheAfricansavannas.Intheseopenspacesarenumerousplantsinvariousstagesofgrowththatattractavarietyofotherplanteaters.〞说明开放的空间对于其他的食草动物也很重要。故D项正确。]★4.Thepassageisdevelopedmainlyby________.A．showingtheeffectandthenexplainingthecausesB．pointingoutsimilaritiesanddifferencesC．describingthechangesinspaceorderD．givingexamples答案A[篇章结构题。本文主要通过描述大象的行为带来的具体影响以及对这些影响的原因的解释。故A项正确。]eq\a\vs4\al(W重点单词)1．existencen.存在2．desirev．/n.欲望；要求3．numerousadj.许多的；很多的4．situationn.情况；形势5．vastadj.广阔的；巨大的eq\a\vs4\al(P重点短语)1．ofgreatimportance很重要的2．toagreatextent在很大程度上3．resultin导致eq\a\vs4\al(S句式仿写)原文：Itistheelephant'sgreatdesireforfoodthatmakesitadisturberoftheenvironmentandanimportantbuilderofitshabitat.(强调句型)译文：正是大象对食物的欲望使它成为环境的破坏者和栖息地的修建者。仿写：It_was_the_culture_rather_than_the_language_thatmadeithardforhimtoadapttothenewenvironmentabroad.是文化而不是语言，使他很难适应国外的新环境。Passage4限时：6分钟体裁：议论文题材：健康类难度：易词数：283Withthedevelopmentofeq\a\vs4\al(P1)society,thechoiceoffoodanddrinksforchildrenismorediversifiedthaneverbefore.However,everycoinhastwosides.Manyfactssuggestthatchildrenareoverweighteq\a\vs4\al(W1)andthesituationisgettingworse,accordingtothestatisticseq\a\vs4\al(W2).Ifeelthereareanumberofeq\a\vs4\al(P2)reasonsforthis.Somepeopleblameeq\a\vs4\al(W3)thefactthatwearesurroundedeq\a\vs4\al(W4)byshopssellingunhealthyeq\a\vs4\al(W5)，fattyfoods,suchasfriedchickenandicecream,atlowprices.Thishasturnedoutawholegenerationofgrown­upswhoseldomcookamealforthemselves.Iftherewerefeweroftheserestaurantsthenprobablychildrenwouldbuylesstake­awayfood.Thereisanotherargumentthatblamesparentsforallowingtheirchildrentobecomeoverweight.Iagreetoeq\a\vs4\al(P3)this,becausegoodeatinghabitsbeginearlyinlife,longbeforechildrenstarttovisitfastfoodshops.Ifchildrenaregivenfriedchickenandchocolateratherthanhealthyfood,orarealwaysallowedtochoosewhattheyeat,theywillgoforsweetandsaltyfoodseverytime,andthiswillcarryonthroughouttheirlives.Thereisathirdreasonforthissituation.Childrenthesedaystakeverylittleexercise.Theydonotwalktoschool.Whentheygethome,theysitinfrontofthetelevisionortheircomputers.Notonlyisthisanunhealthypastime(消遣),italsogivesthemtimetoeatmoreunhealthyfood.eq\a\vs4\al(S)Whattheyneedistogooutsideandplayactivegamesorsports.Theabovearethemainreasonsforthisproblem,andthereforewehavetoencourageyoungpeopletobemoreactive,aswellasguidingthemawayfromfastfoodshopsandbadeatinghabits.本文第一段是一个中心段，提出儿童肥胖的问题，在2,3,4段中分别给出一个原因。在文章最后一段进行了总结提出了解决问题的方法。1．Whatissuggestedbytheauthortodealwith“overweight〞？A．Blamingtheshopssellingunhealthyandfattyfoods.B．Askingyoungchildrentowalktoschooleveryday.C．Livinganactivelifeandremovingbadeatinghabits.D．NotwatchingTVorplayingcomputergamesafterschool.答案C[推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Theabovearethemainreasonsforthisproblem,andthereforewehavetoencourageyoungpeopletobemoreactive,aswellasguidingthemawayfromfastfoodshopsand