考研英语一真题及答案速查

2019年考研英语一真题

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2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark

A,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

TodayweliveinaworldwhereGPSsystems,digitalmaps,andothernavigation

appsareavailableonoursmartphones.]ofusjustwalkstraightintothewoods

withoutaphone.Butphones2onbatteries,andbatteriescandiefasterthanwe

realize.3yougetlostwithoutaphoneoracompass,andyou4can'tfind

north,wehaveafewtrickstohelpyounavigate5tocivilization,oneofwhichis

tofollowtheland.

Whenyoufindyourself6atrail,butnotinacompletely7area,

youhavetoanswertwoquestions:Which8isdownhill,inthisparticulararea?

Andwhereisthenearestwatersource?Humansoverwhelminglyliveinvalleys,and

onsuppliesoffreshwater.9,ifyouheaddownhill,andfollowanyH2Oyou

find,youshould10seesignsofpeople.

Ifyou'veexploredthe.areabefore,keepaneyeoutforfamiliarsights-youmay

be_1J_howquicklyidentifyingadistinctiverockortreecanrestoreyourbearings.

Another:Climbhighandlookforsignsofhumanhabitation.13,

evenindenseforest,youshouldbeableto14gapsinthetreelineduetoroads,

traintracks,andotherpathspeoplecarve15thewoods.Headtowardthese

16tofindawayout.Atnight,scanthehorizonfor17lightsources,suchasfires

andstreetlights,thenwalktowardtheglowoflightpollution.

18,assumingyou'relostinanareahumanstendtofrequent,lookfor

the19weleaveonthelandscape.Trailblazes,tiretracks,andotherfeatures

can20youtocivilization.

.1.

1.[A]Some[B]Most[C]Few[D]All

2.[A]put[B]take[C]run[D]come

3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D]Until

4.[A]formally[B]relatively[C]gradually[D]literally

5.[A]back[B]next[C]around[D]away

6.[A]onto[B]off[C]across[D]along

7.[A]unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar

8.[A]site[B]point[C]way[D]place

9.[A]So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D]Besides

10.[A]immediately[B]intentionally[C]unexpectedly[D]eventually

11.[A]surprised[B]annoyed[C]frightened[D]confused

12.[A]problem[B]option[C]view[D]result

13.[A]Aboveall[B]Incontrast[C]Onaverage[D]Forexample

14.[A]bridge[B]avoid[C]spot[D]separate

15.[A]from[B]through[C]beyond[D]under

16.[A]posts[B]links[C]shades[D]breaks

17.[A]artificial[B]mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited

18.[A]Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D]Generally

19.[A]memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings

20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C]lead[D]expose

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,

CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)

.2.

Text1

FinancialregulatorsinBritainhaveimposedaratherunusualruleonthebosses

ofbigbanks.Startingnextyear,anyguaranteedbonusoftopexecutivescouldbe

delayed10yearsiftheirbanksareunderinvestigationforwrongdoing.Themain

purposeofthis"clawback“ruleistoholdbankersaccountablefbrharmfulrisk-taking

andtorestorepublictrustinfinancialinstitutions.Yetofficialsalsohopeforamuch

largerbenefit:morelong-termdecision-making,notonlybybanksbutby

allcorporations,tobuildastrongereconomyforfuturegenerations.

“Short-termism“orthedesireforquickprofits,hasworsenedinpubliclytraded

companies,saystheBankofEngland'stopeconomist,AndrewHaldane.Hequotesa

giantofclassicaleconomics,AlfredMarshall,indescribingthisfinancialimpatience

asactinglike''childrenwhopicktheplumsoutoftheirpuddingtoeatthematonce”

ratherthanputtingthemasidetobeeatenlast.

TheaveragetimeforholdingastockinboththeUnitedStatesandBritain,he

notes,hasdroppedfromsevenyearstosevenmonthsinrecentdecades.Transient

investors,whodemandhighquarterlyprofitsfromcompanies,canhinderafirm's

effortstoinvestinlong-termresearchortobuildupcustomerloyalty.Thishasbeen

dubbed"quarterlycapitalism/5

Inaddition,newdigitaltechnologieshaveallowedmorerapidtradingofequities,

quickeruseofinformation,andthusshorterattentionspansinfinancialmarkets.

“Thereseemstobeapredominanceofshort-termthinkingattheexpenseoflong­

terminvesting,saidCommissionerDanielGallagheroftheUSSecuritiesand

ExchangeCommissioninaspeechthisweek.

IntheUS,theSarbanes-OxleyActof2002haspushedmostpubliccompaniesto

deferperformancebonusesfbrseniorexecutivesbyaboutayear,slightlyhelping

reduce“short-termism."InitslatestsurveyofCEOpay,TheWallStreetJournalfinds

that“asubstantialpart“ofexecutivepayisnowtiedtoperformance.

Muchmorecouldbedonetoencourage“long-termismJsuchaschangesinthe

taxcodeandquickerdisclosureofstockacquisitions.InFrance,shareholderswho

holdontoacompanyinvestmentforatleasttwoyearscansometimesearnmore

votingrightsinacompany.

Withincompanies,therightcompensationdesigncanprovideincentivesfor

executivestothinkbeyondtheirowntimeatthecompanyandonbehalfofall

stakeholders.Britain'snewruleisaremindertobankersthatsocietyhasaninterestin

theirperformance,notjustfortheshorttermbutfbrthelongterm.

.3.

21.AccordingtoParagraph1,onemotiveinimposingthenewruleisto

[A]enhancebankers9senseofresponsibility.

[B]helpcorporationsachievelargerprofits.

[C]buildanewsystemoffinancialregulation.

[D]guaranteethebonusesoftopexecutives.

22.AlfredMarshallisquotedtoindicate

[A]theconditionsforgeneratingquickprofits.

[B]governments9impatienceindecision-making.

[C]thesolidstructureofpubliclytradedcompanies.

[D]"short-termism“ineconomicactivities.

23.Itisarguedthattheinfluenceoftransientinvestmentonpubliccompaniescanbe

[A]indirect.

[B]adverse.

[C]minimal.

[D]temporary.

24.TheUSandFranceexamplesareusedtoillustrate

[A]theobstaclestopreventing“short-termism".

[B]thesignificanceoflong-termthinking.

[C]theapproachestopromoting“long-termism".

[D]theprevalenceofshort-termthinking.

25.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]FailureofQuarterlyCapitalism

[B]PatienceasaCorporateVirtue

[C]DecisivenessRequiredofTopExecutives

[D]FrustrationofRisk-takingBankers

.4.

Text2

Gradeinflation一thegradualincreaseinaverageGPAs(grade-pointaverages)

overthepastfewdecades-isoftenconsideredaproductofaconsumererainhigher

education,inwhichstudentsaretreatedlikecustomerstobepleased.Butanother,

relatedforce-apolicyoftenburieddeepincoursecatalogscalled“grade

fbrgiveness”-ishelpingraiseGPAs.

Gradeforgivenessallowsstudentstoretakeacourseinwhichtheyreceiveda

lowgrade,andthemostrecentgradeorthehighestgradeistheonlyonethatcounts

incalculatingastudent'soverallGPA.

Theuseofthislittle-knownpracticehasacceleratedinrecentyears,ascolleges

continuetodotheirutmosttokeepstudentsinschool(andpayingtuition)and

improvetheirgraduationrates.Whenthispracticefirststarteddecadesago,itwas

usuallylimitedtofreshmen,togivethemasecondchancetotakeaclassintheirfirst

yeariftheystruggledintheirtransitiontocollege-levelcourses.Butnowmost

colleges,saveformanyselectivecampuses,allowallundergraduates,andeven

graduatestudents,togettheirlowgradesforgiven.

Collegeofficialstendtoemphasizethatthegoalofgradeforgivenessisless

aboutthegradeitselfandmoreaboutencouragingstudentstoretakecoursescritical

u

totheirdegreeprogramandgraduationwithoutincurringabigpenalty.Ultimately?^^

saidJackMiner,OhioStateUniversity'sregistrar,t6weseestudentsachievemore

successbecausetheyretakeacourseanddobetterinsubsequentcoursesormaster

thecontentthatallowsthemtograduateon

Thatsaid,thereisawayinwhichgradeforgivenesssatisfiescolleges9ownneedsas

well.Forpublicinstitutions,statefundsaresometimestiedpartlytotheirsuccessonmetrics

suchasgraduationratesandstudentretention-sobettergradescan,byboostingfigures

likethose,meanmoremoney.AndanythingthatraisesGPAswilllikelymake

students-who,attheendoftheday,arepayingthebill-feelthey'vegottenabettervalue

fortheirtuitiondollars,whichisanotherbigconcernforcolleges.

Indeed,gradeforgivenessisjustanotherwaythatuniversitiesarerespondingto

consumers9expectationsfbrhighereducation.Sincestudentsandparentsexpecta

collegedegreetoleadtoajob,itisinthebestinterestofaschooltoturnout

graduateswhoareasqualifiedaspossible-oratleastappeartobe.Onthis,students9

andcolleges9incentivesseemtobealigned.

.5.

26.Whatiscommonlyregardedasthecauseofgradeinflation?

[A]Thechangeofcoursecatalogs.

[B]Students9indifferencetoGPAs.

[C]Colleges9neglectofGPAs.

[D]Theinfluenceofconsumerculture.

27.Whatwastheoriginalpurposeofgradeforgiveness?

[A]Tohelpfreshmenadapttocollegelearning.

[B]Tomaintaincolleges5graduationrates.

[C]Topreparegraduatesforachallengingfuture.

[D]Toincreaseuniversities5incomefromtuition.

28.AccordingtoParagraph5,gradeforgivenessenablescollegesto

[A]obtainmorefinancialsupport.

[B]boosttheirstudentenrollments.

[C]improvetheirteachingquality.

[D]meetlocalgovernments9needs.

29.Whatdoesthephrase“tobealigned^^(Line5,Para.6)mostprobablymean?

[A]Tocounterbalanceeachother.

[B]Tocomplementeachother.

[C]Tobeidenticalwitheachother.

[D]Tobecontradictorytoeachother.

30.Theauthorexaminesthepracticeofgradeforgivenessby

[A]assessingitsfeasibility.

[B]analyzingthecausesbehindit.

[C]comparingdifferentviewsonit.

[D]listingitslong-runeffects.

.6.

Text3

Thisyearmarksexactlytwocenturiessincethepublicationof"Frankenstein;or,

TheModemPrometheus/byMaryShelley.Evenbeforetheinventionoftheelectric

lightbulb,theauthorproducedaremarkableworkofspeculativefictionthatwould

foreshadowmanyethicalquestionstoberaisedbytechnologiesyettocome.

Todayther呼idgrowthofartificialintelligence(AI)raisesfundamentalquestions:

“Whatisintelligence,identity,orconsciousness?Whatmakeshumanshumans?”

Whatisbeingcalledartificialgeneralintelligence,machinesthatwouldimitate

thewayhumansthink,continuestoevadescientists.Yethumansremainfascinatedby

theideaofrobotsthatwouldlook,move,andrespondlikehumans,similartothose

recentlydepictedonpopularsci-fiTVseriessuchas“Westworld"and"Humans.”

Justhowpeoplethinkisstillfartoocomplextobeunderstood,letalone

reproduced,saysDavidEagleman,aStanfordUniversityneuroscientist.uWearejust

inasituationwheretherearenogoodtheoriesexplainingwhatconsciousnessactually

isandhowyoucouldeverbuildamachinetogetthere79

Butthatdoesn'tmeancrucialethicalissuesinvolvingAIaren5tathand.The

cominguseofautonomousvehicles,forexample,posesthornyethicalquestions.

Humandriverssometimesmustmakesplit-seconddecisions.Theirreactionsmaybe

acomplexcombinationofinstantreflexes,inputfrompastdrivingexperiences,and

whattheireyesandearstelltheminthatmoment.AI“vision“todayisnotnearlyas

sophisticatedasthatofhumans.Andtoanticipateeveryimaginabledrivingsituation

isadifficultprogrammingproblem.

Wheneverdecisionsarebasedonmassesofdata,“youquicklygetintoalotof

ethicalquestions/9notesTanKiatHow,chiefexecutiveofaSingapore-basedagency

thatishelpingthegovernmentdevelopavoluntarycodefortheethicaluseofAI.

AlongwithSingapore,othergovernmentsandmega-corporationsarebeginningto

establishtheirownguidelines.Britainissettingupadataethicscenter.Indiareleased

itsAIethicsstrategythisspring.

OnJune7Googlepledgednotto“designordeployAI”thatwouldcause"overall

harm,“ortodevelopAi-directedweaponsoruseAIforsurveillancethatwould

violateinternationalnorms.ItalsopledgednottodeployAIwhoseusewouldviolate

internationallawsorhumanrights.

Whilethestatementisvague,itrepresentsonestartingpoint.Sodoestheidea

thatdecisionsmadebyAIsystemsshouldbeexplainable,transparent,andfair.

Toputitanotherway:Howcanwemakesurethatthethinkingofintelligent

machinesreflectshumanity'shighestvalues?Onlythenwilltheybeusefulservants

andnotFrankenstein^out-of-controlmonster.

.7.

31.MaryShelley'snovelFrankensteinismentionedbecauseit

[A]fascinatesAIscientistsallovertheworld.

[B]hasremainedpopularforaslongas200years.

[C]involvessomeconcernsraisedbyAItoday.

[D]hassparkedseriousethicalcontroversies.

32.InDavidEagleman5sopinion,ourcurrentknowledgeofconsciousness

[A]helpsexplainartificialintelligence.

[B]canbemisleadingtorobotmaking.

[C]inspirespopularsci-fiTVseries.

[D]istoolimitedforustoreproduceit.

33.Thesolutiontotheethicalissuesbroughtbyautonomousvehicles

[A]canhardlyeverbefound.

[B]isstillbeyondourcapacity.

[C]causeslittlepublicconcern.

[D]hasarousedmuchcuriosity.

34.Theauthor'sattitudetowardGoogle'spledgesisoneof

[A]affirmation.

[B]skepticism.

[C]contempt.

[D]respect.

35.Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext?

[A]Al'sFuture:IntheHandsofTechGiants

[B]Frankenstein,theNovelPredictingtheAgeofAI

[C]TheConscienceofAI:ComplexButInevitable

[D]AIShallBeKillersOnceOutofControl

.8.

Text4

Stateswillbeabletoforcemorepeopletopaysalestaxwhentheymakeonline

purchasesunderaSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaythatwillleaveshopperswith

lighterwalletsbutisabigfinancialwinforstates.

TheSupremeCourt9sopinionThursdayoverruledapairofdecades-olddecisionsthat

statessaidcostthembillionsofdollarsinlostrevenueannually.Thedecisionsmadeitmore

difficultforstatestocollectsalestaxoncertainonlinepurchases.

Thecasesthecourtoverturnedsaidthatifabusinesswasshippingacustomer's

purchasetoastatewherethebusinessdidn'thaveaphysicalpresencesuchasa

warehouseoroffice,thebusinessdidn'thavetocollectsalestaxforthestate.

Customersweregenerallyresponsibleforpayingthesalestaxtothestatethemselves

iftheyweren'tchargedit,butmostdidn5trealizetheyoweditandfewpaid.

JusticeAnthonyKennedywrotethatthepreviousdecisionswereflawed."Eachyear

thephysicalpresencerulebecomesfurtherremovedfromeconomicrealityandresultsin

significantrevenuelossestotheStates,“hewroteinanopinionjoinedbyfourotherjustices.

Kennedywrotethattherule“limitedstates9abilitytoseeklong-termprosperityandhas

preventedmarketparticipantsfromcompetingonanevenplayingfield."

Therulingisavictoryforbigchainswithapresenceinmanystates,sincethey

usuallycollectsalestaxononlinepurchasesalready.Now,rivalswillbecharging

salestaxwheretheyhadn'tbefore.Bigchainshavebeencollectingsalestax

nationwidebecausetheytypicallyhavephysicalstoresinwhateverstateapurchaseis

beingshippedto.A,withitsnetworkofwarehouses,alsocollectssalestax

ineverystatethatchargesit,thoughthird-partysellerswhousethesitedon'thaveto.

Untilnow,manysellersthathaveaphysicalpresenceinonlyasinglestateora

fewstateshavebeenabletoavoidchargingsalestaxeswhentheyshiptoaddresses

outsidethosestates.SellersthatuseeBayandEtsy,whichprovideplatformsfor

smallersellers,alsohaven'tbeencollectingsalestaxnationwide.Undertheruling

Thursday,statescanpasslawsrequiringout-of-statesellerstocollectthestate'ssales

taxfromcustomersandsendittothestate.

Retailtradegroupspraisedtheruling,sayingitlevelstheplayingfieldforlocal

andonlinebusinesses.Thelosers,saidretailanalystNeilSaunders,areonline-only

retailers,especiallysmallerones.Thoseretailersmayfaceheadachescomplyingwith

variousstatesalestaxlaws.TheSmallBusiness&EntrepreneurshipCouncil

advocacygroupsaidinastatement,"Smallbusinessesandinternetentrepreneursare

notwellservedatallbythisdecision.^^

.9.

36.TheSupremeCourtdecisionThursdaywill

[A]betterbusinesses9relationswithstates.

[B]putmostonlinebusinessesinadilemma.

[C]makemoreonlineshopperspaysalestax.

[D]forcesomestatestocutsalestax.

37.Itcanbelearnedfromparagraphs2and3thattheoverruleddecisions

[A]haveledtothedominanceofe-commerce.

[B]havecostconsumersalotovertheyears.

[C]werewidelycriticizedbyonlinepurchasers.

[D]wereconsideredunfavorablebystates.

38.AccordingtoJusticeAnthonyKennedy,thephysicalpresencerulehas

[A]hinderedeconomicdevelopment.

[B]broughtprosperitytothecountry.

[C]harmedfairmarketcompetition.

[D]boostedgrowthinstates9revenue.

39.WhoaremostlikelytowelcometheSupremeCourtruling?

[A]Internetentrepreneurs.

[B]Big-chainowners.

[C]Third-partysellers.

[D]Smallretailers.

40.IndealingwiththeSupremeCourtdecisionThursday,theauthor

[A]givesafactualaccountofitanddiscussesitsconsequences.

[B]describesthelongandcomplicatedprocessofitsmaking.

[C]presentsitsmainpointswithconflictingviewsonthem.

[D]citessomecasesrelatedtoitandanalyzestheirimplications.

.10.

PartB

Directions:

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youare

requiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelist

A-Gandfillingthemintothenumberedboxes.ParagraphsCandFhavebeen

correctlyplaced.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

[A]Thesetoolscanhelpyouwineveryargument-notintheunhelpfulsenseof

beatingyouropponentsbutinthebettersenseoflearningabouttheissuesthat

dividepeople.Learningwhytheydisagreewithusandlearningtotalkandwork

togetherwiththem.Ifwereadjustourviewofarguments一fromaverbalfightor

tennisgametoareasonedexchangethroughwhichweallgainmutualrespect,and

understanding-thenwechangetheverynatureofwhatitmeansto'"win"an

argument.

回Ofcourse,manydiscussionsarenotsosuccessful.Still,weneedtobecarefulnot

toaccuseopponentsofbadargumentstooquickly.Weneedtolearnhowto

evaluatethemproperly.Alargepartofevaluationiscallingoutbadarguments,

butwealsoneedtoadmitgoodargumentsbyopponentsandtoapplythesame

criticalstandardstoourselves.Humilityrequiresyoutorecognizeweaknessin

yourownargumentsandsometimesalsotoacceptreasonsontheoppositeside.

[C]Noneofthesewillbeeasybutyoucanstartevenifothersrefuseto.Nexttime

youstateyourposition,formulateanargumentforwhatyouclaimandhonestly

askyourselfwhetheryourargumentisanygood.Nexttimeyoutalkwith

someonewhotakesastand,askthemtogiveyouareasonfortheirview.Spell

outtheirargumentfullyandcharitably.Assessitsstrengthimpartially.Raise

objectionsandlistencarefullytotheirreplies.

[D]Carnegiewouldberightifargumentswerefights,whichishowweoftenthinkof

them.Likephysicalfights,verbalfightscanleavebothsidesbloodied.Even

whenyouwin,youendupnobetterofKYourprospectswouldbealmostas

dismalifargumentswereevenjustcompetitions-like,say,tennisgames.Pairs

.11.

ofopponentshittheballbackandforthuntilonewinneremergesfromallwho

entered.Everybodyelseloses.Thiskindofthinkingiswhysomanypeopletryto

avoidarguments,especiallyaboutpoliticsandreligion.

码Inhis1936workHowtoWinFriendsandInfluencePeople,DaleCarnegiewrote:

“Thereisonlyoneway...togetthebestofanargument-andthatistoavoidit.”

Thisaversiontoargumentsiscommon,butitdependsonamistakenviewof

argumentsthatcausesprofoundproblemsfbrourpersonalandsociallives-and

inmanywaysmissesthepointofarguinginthefirstplace.

[F]Theseviewsofargumentsalsounderminereason.Ifyouseeaconversationasa

fightorcompetition,youcanwinbycheatingaslongasyoudon'tgetcaught.

Youwillbehappytoconvincepeoplewithbadarguments.Youcancalltheir

viewsstupid,orjokeabouthowignoranttheyare.Noneofthesetrickswillhelp

youunderstandthem,theirpositionsortheissuesthatdivideyou,buttheycan

helpyouwin-inoneway.

冏Thereisabetterwaytowinarguments.Imaginethatyoufavorincreasingthe

minimumwageinourstate,andIdonot.Ifyouyell,"Yes,"andIyell,"No,"

neitherofuslearnsanything.Weneitherunderstandnorrespecteachother,and

wehavenobasisforcompromiseorcooperation.Incontrast,supposeyougivea

reasonableargument:thatfull-timeworkersshouldnothavetoliveinpoverty.

ThenIcounterwithanotherreasonableargument:thatahigherminimumwage

willforcebusinessestoemployfewerpeopleforlesstime.Nowwecan

understandeachother5spositionsandrecognizeoursharedvalues,sinceweboth

careaboutneedyworkers.

41.F|T|43.44.45.

.12.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.

YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)

ItwasonlyafterIstartedtowriteaweeklycolumnaboutthemedicaljournals,

andbegantoreadscientificpapersfrombeginningtoend,thatIrealisedjusthowbad

muchofthemedicalliteraturefrequentlywas.Icametorecognisevarioussignsofa

badpaper:thekindofpaperthatpurportstoshowthatpeoplewhoeatmorethanone

kiloofbroccoliaweekwere1.17timesmorelikelythanthosewhoeatlesstosuffer

lateinlifefromperniciousanaemia.(46)Thereisagreatdealofthiskindof

nonsenseinthemedicaljournalswhich,whentakenupbybroadcastersandthelay

Dress,generatesbothhealthscaresandshortliveddietaryenthusiasms.

Whyissomuchbadsciencepublished?Arecentpaper,titled“TheNatural

SelectionofBadScience”,publishedontheRoyalSociety'sopensciencewebsite,

attemptstoanswerthisintriguingandimportantquestion.Itsaysthattheproblemis

notmerelythatpeopledobadscience,butthatourcurrentsystemofcareer

advancementpositivelyencouragesit.Whatisimportantisnottruth,butpublication,

whichhasbecomealmostanendinitselfTherehasbeenakindofinflationary

processatwork:(47)nowadaysanyoneapplyingforaresearchposthastohave

publishedtwicethenumberofpapersthatwouldhavebeenrequiredforthesamepost

only10yearsag：o.Nevermindthequality,then,countthenumber.

(48)AttemDtshavebeenmadetocurbthistendency,fbrexample,bytryingto

incorporatesomemeasureofquali