2015年医学考博英语辅导讲义-基础起步核心语法精讲

考博英语基础语法与长难第二部分长难句第一础语实形容词性从句－定语从句步／条件）简单 复合 并列一、动词1着进行简单的复习，让熟悉一下谓语动词不同形式所表示的不同时态。时现在过去将来过去将来态一般进行完成完成进行—2am/is/are3have/has4have/hasbeen二1do-2was/were3had4hadbeen三2will/shallbe4will/shallhavebeen四1would2wouldbe3wouldhave4wouldhavebeen2Gerund现在分词（thePresentParticiple）和过去分词（thePastParticiple，即动词的非谓语形式。todo-二、名词通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。①Thathewillcomeandhelpyouis②WhetherthereislifeonthemoonisaninterestingWhathewants lusisnotclear.Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.①Itisknowntoushowhebecamea②WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenItThathewillcomeandhelpyouiscertain.Itiscertainthathewillcomeandhelpyou.Tostudyhardisnecessary.Itisnecessarytostudy被省去，但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。Ibelievethatheishonest.②Wemustneverthink(that)wearegoodineverythingwhileothersaregoodin①Iwonderwhetherhewillcomeornot.知道他来还是不来Everythingdependsonwhetherwehaveenoughmoney.Idon’tknowifwhetheritisinteresting.Hedoesn’tcareifitisn’tafineday.whowhom,whichwhosewhatwhenwherewhy,how,whoever,whatever,whichever。宾语从句作及物动词宾语也可做介词的宾语。①Pleaselmewhatyouwant.请告诉我你需要什么Shealwaysthinks ③ShewillgivewhoeverneedshelpawarmWemustmakeitclearthatanyonewhobreaksthelawwillbethink,believe,imagine,suppose等动词引出的宾语从句，要将从句中的否定形式，移动①Wedon’tthinkyouarehere.Idon’tbelievehewilldoso.Itlooksasifit’sgoingtorain.②That’sjustwhatIwant.这正是要的②Thequestioniswho(whichofyou)willbethenextThisiswhereourproblemlies.②Thatiswhyhedidn’tcometothemeeting.那就是不到会的原因同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容，常用的名词如：factnews,idea,hope,thought,question,order,fear,doubt,word,proof,belief,story等。①ThenewsthathehadlandedonthemoonspreadallovertheIhavenoideawhenhewillcomebackhome.③ThethoughtcametohimthatMaryhadprobablyfallenill.他想到可能生病了④Hemustanswerthequestionwhetherheagreestoitor＋动词，如MotherinsistedthatJohngotobedat9o’clock.（宾语从句Wesuggestedthatthemeetingshouldnotbeheld.（宾语从句Itwasrequiredthatthecropsshouldbeharvestedatonce.（主语从句）Thesuggestionthathebeinvitedwasrejected.（同位语从句）Thatistheirdemandthattheirwagesbeincreased.（表语从句）whowho在从句中做主语，whomwhowhom，也可以被省去，但做介词宾语时只能用whom。①Thisisthedoctorwhosavedtheboy’slifeSheisthenewstudentwhomIwanttointroducetoyou.例句：Canyoulendmethemagazineaboutwhichyoutalkedwhose指物时也可以用…ofwhich=Thebikethebrakeofwhichwasdamagedhasnowbeenwhenwhen在定语从句中做时间状语。要注意的是，先time,minute,moment,nexttime很少用关系副词when,that但通常省去。Hecameatatimewhenweneededhimmost.他在我们最需要的时候来了。We’llneverforgetthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofwasfoundedGeorge,whoismyclassmate,haswonascholarship.获得了奖学金，他是我的同学Dr.Li,whomIknowverywell,willcomeheretomorrow.明天将来这儿，我跟他很熟,which引导，修饰前面整个句子，此时没有固定的先行词，which作主语指它前面的整个句子，不可用that代替，强调结果。Hestudieshardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlifeas引导的非限制性定语从句。在定语从句的非限制性定语中，whichas是容易的。在很多情况下两者兼可互换，但是通常As可以放在整句的句首，而which，只能在逗号之后，as本身含有“正如”，as在定语从句中既可是主语也可做宾语。as指前面整个句子，as在从句中充当主语例句：Hegetsupearly，asisalwayshishabit.as指前面整个句子，as例句：Johnwasadmittedintothecollege,aswehadthesameassuchasas…as副词（adverbadv）是指在句子中表示行为或状态特征的词，用以修饰动词、1Ifitrainswewillnotgotoschool.2虚拟条件句would--would(could/should/might)+havehadwould---shouldIfIwereaboy,IwouldchaseafterLadygaga.Ifitrained,wewouldnotbehere.Ifthedoctorhadcomelastnight,thelittleboywouldhavebeensaved.Ifitshouldrain,wewouldnotgotoschool.第二部分难Thatisdefeatist:gettingpeopletochangetheirbehaviortakestimeandeffort,heldbackaswearebyourbiologicaltendencytoeatmorethanweneed,andbythefoodindustry’sruthlessopportunisminexploitingthat.Additionalsocialstressesmayalsooccurbecauseofthepopulationexplosionorproblemsarisingfrommassmigrationmovements themselvesmaderelativelyeasynowadaysbymodernmeansoftransport.一主语从句ItisrecountedofCarlylethatwhenheheardoftheillnessofhisfriend,Henry,hewentoffimmediaytovisithim,carryingwithhiminhispocketwhatremainedofabottleofmedicineformerlyprescribedforanindispositionofMrs.Carlyle’s.Whethertheremarkablegrowthoforganizedcammeanstheeventualdeathofthemoreindependentkindishardtosay.TheinvestorgroupbehindtheschemehopesthenewtownwillattracttouristsandbusinesstorivalthefamedtownsofSanFranciscoandNewYorkbydeliveringan"authenticexperience."First,modelswillneverprovideastraightforwardpredictionofhowtheclimatewillOnepointrepeatedlymadeatlastweek’sclimatechangecongressinCopenhagenwasthatformulatinganactionntocurbclimatechangeisnotajobofscientists.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal.Thereisnoquestionthatadvancessuchasthisaregoodnewsforthosewithastronggeneticpredispositiontoobesity.ThismodernfaithinmedicinesisprovedbythefactthattheannualdrugbilloftheHealthServicesismountingtoastronomicalfiguresandshowsnosignsatpresentofceasingtorise.Third,interferingwiththebraincircuitsthatcontrolthedesireforfoodcanhaveanonotheraspectsofa’salityandtheirmentalandphysicalSettingasidethehabitualcomplexityofmedicalschools,whichhaveseparatehealthcareandfinanceissues,thestructureoftheseinstitutionsisstraightforwardandconsistent.Whileitisnotclearhow-manymigrantswillultimaysettleinthenewGermantown,developershopetheprojectwillincreaseGermans’understandingforandculture.Initiallythebraincanfunctionnormallyasitlosesdopaminergicneuronsinthesubstantianigra,eventhoughitcannotrecethedeadcells.Weneedtwoapproaches:moreresearchintothegeneticsofobesitytounderstandwhysomepeoplearemoresusceptible,andgreatereffortstohelppeopleavoideatingtheirwaytoanearlydeath.Dependenceismarkedfirstbyanincreasedtolerance,withmoreandmoreofthesubstancerequiredtoproducethedesiredeffect,andthenbytheappearanceofunpleasantwithdrawalsymptomswhenthesubstanceisdis.Perhapsitishumankind’slongsufferingatthemercyoffloodanddroughtthatmakesideaofforcingthewaterstodoourbiddingsoWhenItrytounderstandwhatitisthatpreventssomanyAmericansfrombeingashappyasoneexpects,itseemstomethattherearetwocauses.的意义很容易理解，所以也比较容易翻译，如：Iamtallerthanhe.（我比他高。因此，这里不再叙述基本比较结构的翻译方法，而主要介绍在意义上容易的比较结构的翻译。（二）notasorso)…as…as…as…notasorso)…as…表示两者的程度不一样，前者不如后者，…（四）notsomuchas…请注意与notsomuch…as…这个结构的区别。二、+thantodo…句IhadabettercommandofEnglishthantomakesuchfoolishmistakes.（一）moreAthanBA比B多lessAthanBA比B少morethan…句型后面所跟的词性不相同，意义也不尽相同，所以应该nomoreAthannotAanymorethanBA不是B也不是nolessAthanBA是B也是Thereisprobablynobetterwayforaforeigner(oranEnglishman)toappreciaterichnessandvarietyoftheEnglishlanguagethanbystudyingthevariouswaysinwhichShakespeareusedit.Socialscienceisthatbranchofinlectualenquirywhichseekstostudyhumansandtheirendeavorsinthesamereasoned,orderly,systematic,anddispassionedmannerthatnaturalscientistsuseforthestudyofnaturalphenomena.morethancan…anythingbut…too…todonot…to（nonenothing，hrly…wen（Hedoesn’tstudyintheclassroom.是not…because….，可以翻译为“并不是因为…才…”。ShedidnotcomebecauseshewantedtoseeThecontemporaryphenomenonofcarworshipistobeexinednotleastbythesense