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1/1学术英语写作总结专业英语写作考点总结
part?academicenglishwriting(专业英语写作)chapter1sixconsiderationsinacademicwriting
1、academicwritingisaproductofmanyconsideration:audience,purpose,organization,style,flowandpresentation.
(学术写作六要素:写作对象,目的,组织结构,文体特征,表达连贯和宣讲或宣读)。
2、organizationusuallyhasthefollowingfourparts:问题-解决方法包括四个部
分
(1)descriptionofasituation(描述情况)
(2)identificationofaproblem(甄别问题)
(3)descriptionofasolution(描述解决方法)
(4)evaluationofthesolution(评估解决方法)
3、formalgrammarstyle:(正规的语法风格)
(1)generallyavoidcontractions(一般来讲避免使用略缩词)
例:won’t改为willnot
(2)usethemoreappropriateformalnegativeforms(使用更为适宜的正规的否定
形式)
例:not...any改为nonot...much改为littlenot...many改为few
(3)limittheuseof“run-on”expressions,suchasandsoforthandetc.(限
制使用多个词连用的表达法)
例:句子内不能出现andsoforth和etc.出现时应将省略的部分扩展出来。
(4)avoidaddressingthereaderasyou(except,ofcourse,ifyouarewritinga
textbookorotherinstructionalmaterials).(避免向读者说“你”)例:youcan
seetheresultsintable1.
改为:theresultscanbeseenintable1.
改为:itisnecessarytoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
或者wenowneedtoconsiderhowcostsmaybelowered.
(6)placeadverbwithintheverb.(将副词放于动词词组内)例:thismodelwasdevelopedbykrugmanoriginally.
改为:thismodelwasoriginallydevelopedbykrugman.
(7)considerwhetheryoushouldsplitinfinitives.(考虑是否该使用割裂不定式)例:weneedtoadequatelymeettheneedsofthoseenrolledintheprogram.
(8)aimforanefficientuseofwords.(目的是为了有效地使用词汇)例:therearesomeinorganicmaterialsthatcanbeusedbybioengineersintheprocess
oftissueengineeringthathavebeenshowntobeverypromising.改为:someinorganicmaterialsusedintissueengineeringhaveshowngreatpromise.
习题:
(1)youcanusethismodeltoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
错误:使用了you。
改为:thismodelcanbeusedtoanalyzetheeffectsofseveralparameterchanges.
(2)ok,whatarethereasonsthatcoffeepriceshavefallen?there’realotofpossibilities.
错误:使用了口语ok;直接引语的使用;使用了缩略词there’re。
改为:coffeepriceshavefallenformanyreasons.
(3)youcanseethedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationsclearly.
错误:使用了you;将副词clearly放在了句尾。
改为:thedifferencebetweenthesetwoapproachestodesigningundergroundsubwaystationcanclearlybeseen.
错误:使用了sofar;使用了therebe结构;使用了not...any结构;使用了非正式的lookinginto。
(6)therearesomestudiesthathaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbeusedbybuildersmorewidelythanitisnowasaconstructionmaterial.
错误:使用了therebe结构;副词widely位置放错。
改为:somestudieshaveconcludedthatbamboocouldbemorewidelyusedthanit
isnowasaconstructionmaterial.
(7)thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixstates:illinois,iowa,ohio,etc.错误:使用了etc。
改为:thesespecialtaxlawshavebeenenactedinsixmidwesternstates:illinois,iowa,indiana,ohio,michigan,andminnesota.
(8)thereisn’tverymuchresearchontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregate
intheproductionofconcrete.
错误:使用了therebe结构;使用了not...verymuch。
改为:littleresearchhasbeendoneontheuseofoilpalmshellascoarseaggregate
intheproductionofconcrete.chapter2twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting
(专业写作的两个基本结构)
1、twounderlyingstructuresinacademicwriting:(专业写作的两个基本结构)
(1)general-specificstructure(泛论-特指(gs)结构)
(2)problem-process-solutionstructure(问题-过程-解决方法)
2、gstextsusuallybeginwithoneofthefollowing:
(gs文本通常以下列一种形式开始)
(1)ashortorextendeddefinition(简短或拓展定义)
(3)ageneralizationorpurposestatement(一般化或目标性陈述)
(4)astatementoffact.(事实陈述)
3、superordinate-categoryword:technique,method,process,device,andsystem.(超级坐标词)
4、deletions(删除):在下列情况下,你可以减少限制性关系代词
a.定语从句仅有关系代词、be动词、一个或多个介词短语
b.定语从句由被动态动词加上一些额外的信息
c.定语从句含有关系代词、以-ble结尾的形容词和额外的信息例题:p23
(1).metalthatisoftenused—metaloftenused
(2).devicethatiscapableof—devicecapableof
(3).roofwhichisontopof—roofontopof
(4).precipitationwhichresultsfrom—precipitationresultingfrom
(5).thissentencecannotbereduced.
(6).flutethatispitchedanoctavehigherflutepitchedanoctave
higher
(7).aprocessthatinvolvestheselectivetransport—aprocess
involvingtheselectivetransport
(8).acelestialbodywhichhasapproximatelythesamemass—a
celestialbodywithapproximatelythesamemass
5、考题类型:句子排序例题:p27
(1)比较定义基本上有两类:
1)呈现一个概念是如何随着时间的流逝而变化的这样一种史实陈述。
2)呈现对当代各位专家是怎样不同地看待此概念所做的一个全面性的评述。7、participle(分词)
例题:p39
(1)theoilisskimmedfromthesurfacebyusingaboomandthenpumpedintoatankforrecycling.
(2)afterbeingharvested,thegrapesarecrushedtoreleasethepulpandseedandthenfermentedforthreeweeks.
(3)first,theglassiscuttosizeandinspectedtodetermineifithasanyimperfections.itisthenheatedtoover600ocandcooledinastepknownasquenching.
8、词和词型的变换p23-p25
1、inmanydisciplinesthedataisdisplayedinatable,graph,figure,orsomeotherkindofnon-verbalillustration.(在许多学科中,数据信息都是以图表、图形、数据统计图或非口头图示的方式展示出来。)
a、locationelementsand/orsummarystatements.(定位要素和/或总结陈述)
b、highlightingstatements.(强调陈述内容)
3、locationelementsandsummaries.(定位要素和总结)
c、verbsinindicativeandinformativessummaries.(用在陈述性和信息性总结中的动词)
d、languagefocus:linkingas-clause.(语言聚焦:连接词as引出的从句)
chapter4summaryandabstractwriting(总结与
(5)对每一个主要题目,写下关键的佐证点,但必要时也要包括小的细节。
(6)再次仔细检查这个过程,做些适当的变动。
3、basicstructureofabstractwriting(
foronlytenpounds.)
(2)ialwaystakemyraincoatwheneverigooutthesedays.(periodic)
改为:wheneverigooutthesedays,ialwaystakemyraincoat.
改为:whentheywereonholiday,theirhousewasbrokenintoandsomevaluablepaintingswerestolen.
改为:afterthefiremenfoughtforthreehours,theyfinallymanagedtoputout
thefire.
(6)thetrainisgoingtodalian.thetrainleavesat20:15.(simple)
改为:thetraintodalianleavesat20:15.
(7)inspiteoftheinterruption,hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbefore
theclasswasover.(loose)
改为:hewasabletofinishallhisexercisesbeforetheclasswasoverinspiteof
theinterruption.
(8)manypeoplechoosetravelbyair.itisfast.itoffersconvenience.itis
notveryexpensive.(parallelstructure)
改为:manypeoplechoosetravelbyair,becauseitisfast,convenientandnotveryexpensive.
3、练习题p121
(1)履历通常包括个人信息、教育背景、工作经历和过去的成就。
译:aresumegenerallyconsistsofpersonalinformation,educationalbackground,employmenthistoryandpastachievements.
(2)戴安娜在南京医科大学主修中医学。
译:dianaismajoringinchinesetraditionalmedicineinnanjingmedicaluniversity.
(3)请代我向你父母致以问候。
译:pleasesendmybestregardstoyourparents.
(4)现代高等教育应该具有前瞻性,超越眼前的社会需求。
译:moderncollegeeducationshouldbefar-sightedandabletoseebeyondtheimmediateneedsofthesociety.
(5)这种细菌是引起现在流行病的原因吗?
译:isthisbacteriumresponsibleforthecurrentepidemic?
(6)经常回顾昨天,你就会珍惜今天,向往明天。
译:takeafrequentandbackwardlookatyouryesterday,andyouwillvalueyourtodayandlookforwardtoyourtomorrow.
(7)中国传统知识分子认为:穷则独善其身,达则兼济天下。
译:traditionalchineseintellectualsholdthatoneshouldrefinehispersonalvirtuewheninpoverty,andhelpsavetheworldwheninsuccess.
(8)就算我追求爱情,我也肯定不会只顾沉浸在爱河里而荒废学业。
译:ifididhuntforlove,icertainlywouldn’tbathemyselfintheriverofloveallthetime,neglectingmystudies.(9)学校倡导大学生改变就业观念,并
鼓励他们把自己的才华和天赋投入到西部大开发中去。
译:universitiespromoteachangeintheconceptofemploymentamongthegraduates,encouragethemtogivetheirtalentsandgeniustothewesternexploration.
4、sentenceexpansion(句子拓展)(各个位置的例句都要看)※句子拓展的
三种方法:addition(增添法),coordination(并列法),
subordination(从属法)。重点题型,要会判断句子正误
(1)增添法:常见的修饰词有形容词、副词、数词、名词、名词性词组、
代词等(adjectives,adverbs,numerals,nouns,nounphrasesandpronouns)。修饰
词通常在句中作定语或状语。
①添加形容词(addiongadjectives)
单个形容词做定语一般放在被修饰词之前,但修饰由any,every,no
somebody,one或thing构成的不定代词时,放在其后。
②添加副词(addingadverbs)
如果句子里同时带有几个副词做修饰语时,其位置应按一下顺序排列:程度副词
方式副词地点副词时间副词。
③添加短语(addingphrases)
短语有8种:名词短语、动词短语、介词短语、非限定性短语(分词短语、动名词短语、
不定式短语)、同位短语、限定性短语。(noun,verb,prepositional;threekindsofverbalphrase(participial,gerundandinfinitive),appositiveandabsolute)(2)并列法:包含三种方法
①coordinatingpronouns(并列连词)
②conjunctiveadverbs(使用连接副词)
③semicolon(运用分号连接)
(3)从属法:
从句主要包括名词性从句(nounclause),状语从句(adverbialclause)和定语从句(attributiveclause)。
名词性从句又分为主语从句(subjectclause)、表语从句(predicativeclause)、宾语
从句(objectclause)和同位语从句(appositiveclause)。
①常见的状语从句有时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、比较、让步等。
5、几种短语拓展法:
(1)介词短语进行拓展(expandingwithprepositionalphrases)
介词短语在句中可做表语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。作定语时置于所修饰词之后,做状
语时位置比较灵活,可位于句首,也可位于句中或句尾,有时用逗号将其与句子的主体部分
隔开。
(2)不定式短语进行拓展(expandingwithinfinitivephrases)
不定式短语做名词时,可做主语、表语、宾语;做形容词时,在句中作定语;做副词时,
可以表示目的、原因、结果、状语等。
(3)动名词短语进行拓展(expandingwithgerundphrases)
动名词为动词-ing形式,名词性可做主语、表语、宾语、定语和补足语。动词性可以带
宾语和状语。
(4)分词短语进行拓展(expandingwithparticipialphrases)
分词短语有现在分词短语和过去分词短语两种形式。
6、effectivesentences(有效句)
(1)effectivesentenceshavesomeorallofthefollowingqualities:unity
(一致性),coherence(连贯性),conciseness(简洁性),emphasis(强调性),andvariety(多样性).
(2)此节中的每个例子都要认真看。※
7、练习题:p142
(2)theyoungmanishonestandhardworking,andisaveryreliableworker.
改为:theyoungmanisanhonest,hardworkingandreliableworder.(theyoungworkerishonest,hardworkingandreliable.)
(3)dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoets.
改为:dufuwasoneofthebest-knownpoetsintangdynasty.
(4)amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobyhisdeeds.
改为:amanisjudgednotonlybywhathesaysbutalsobywhathedoes.(aman
isjudgednotonlybyhiswordsbutalsobyhisdeeds.)
(5)wethoughtshewascharming,intelligent,andaverycapableyoungwoman.改为:wethoughtshewascharming,intelligentandcapable.
(6)togetreadyforthetrip,allthethingssheneededwereputintoasuitcase.改为:togetreadyforthetrip,sheputallthethingsheneededintoasuitcase.(7)thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosignhisnameonthissheetofpaper.
改为:thosewhowishtotakelinguisticsareexpectedtosigntheirnameonthissheetofpaper.
(8)whenonethieshardenough,youcandoalmostanything.
改为:whenonethieshardenough,hecandoalmostanything.
(9)foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyedeveryminuteofit.改为:foryearsihavebeenattendingsummercampandenjoyingeveryminuteofit.
(10)whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseistudiedveryhard.
改为:whenisawthegradeonmyreportcard,iwasterriblydisappointed,becauseihadstudiedveryhard.
(11)ifiwererichandshewassingle,iwouldmarryher.
改为:ifiwererichandshewrersingle,iwouldmarryher.
(12)theyinsistedthatthemoneybecollectedandthatareceiptbegiveninteturn.此句正确。
8、练习题p142
(1)tomandhissweetheartmarriedintheearlypartofthemonthofoctober.改为:tomandhissweetheartmarriedinearlyoctober.
(2)in1979,therewasastrikeparticipatedinbyfivethousandunionworkers.
改为:in1979,fivethousandunionsparticipatedinthestrike.
(3)thecauseofthefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.
改为:thefloodwasduetoheavyraininlatespring.
(4)thereareanumberofstudentsfromourinstitutewhoareplanningtojointheexpedition.
改为:anumberofstudentsareplanningtojointheexpedition.
(5)whatiamtryingtosayisthatinmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.改为:inmyopinionheisaveryhonestman.
(6)icametothisinstitutebecauseofmanyfactors,butmostofallofthefactthatiwanttobeaninterpreter.
改为:icametothisinstitutebecauseiwanttobeaninterpreter.
(7)thesewatermelonsarelargeinsizeandsweetintaste.
改为:thesewatermelonsarelargeandsweet.
(8)atthepresenttimeiamtakingthecourseofworldhistoryandinaddition
acourseingeographytoo.改为:atpresentiamtakingworldhistoryandgeography.
(9)weplannedtomeetjustbeforesunriseveryearlyinthemorning.
改为:weplannedtomeetbeforesunrise.
(10)hisattitudewasofapuzzlingnature.
改为:hisattitudewaspuzzling.
9、练习题:p143
(1)hewasselfless,hardwordingandmodest;that’swhyhebecameagreatscientest.
改为:hebecameagreatscientistbecausehewasmodest,selfless,andhardworking.
(2)asaclerk,johnwashonest,efficientandwell-dressed.
改为:johnwasawell-dressed,honest,andefficientclerk.
(3)janewalkedoutofhislife,burstingintotearsasshelefttheroom.
改为:asshelefttheroom,jane,burstingintotears,walkedoutofhislife.
(4)chinahaschangedagreatdealasaresultofreformandtheopenpolicyduting
thepast14years.
改为:asaresultofthereformandtheopenpolicyduringthepast14years,chinahaschangedagreatdeal.
(5)huang,thefamouswriter,wasamonghisneighbors.
改为:huang,whowasamonghisneighbors,wasafamouswriter.
(6)socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitself,andfriends,werenolongerinterestingtohimafterhewentbankrupt.
改为:afterhewentbankrupt,friends,socialposition,reputation,evenlifeitselfwerenolongerinterestingtohim.
10、常见的语法错误:p143书中每个正确的句子都要看※
(1)misusedpartsofspeech(用错词性);
(2)sentencefragments(残缺句);
(3)run-onsentences(流水句);
(4)misplacedmodifiersdanglingmodifiers(误置修饰与悬虚结构);
(5)probleminagreementandreference(一致与指代问题)。
11、练习题p146修改残缺句
(1)afterreturningfromthebeach.thechildrenwereexhausted.
改为:afterreturningfromthebeach,thechildrenwereexhausted.
(2)johnneglectinghisdutiesandspendingtimeonindependentresearch.
改为:johnneglectedhisdutiesandspenttimeonindependentresearch.(3)karendroppedcalculus.whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.
改为:karendroppedcalculus,whichshehaddroppedseveralltimesbefore.
(4)workingtogethertosaveourenvironment.wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.
改为:workingtogethertosaveourenvironment,wecanleavetheworldabetterplacethanwofoundit.
(5)vingthatsheisanhonestperson.改为:ellenreturnedthelostwallettotheman,whichprovedthatsheisanhonestperson.
(6)someerrorsinwritingareserious.forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.
改为:someerrorsinwritingareserious,forexample,sentencefragments,andrun-onsentences.
12、练习题p147修改流水句
(1)somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironmentwhiletheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.
改为:somepeoplesaytheycarefortheenvironment,yettheylittercigarettebutsorfruitskinsjustaboutanywheretheyhappentobe.
(2)liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducation,shehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.
改为:liliisnotworriedaboutpayingforhercollegeeducationbecauseshehasjustreceivedafullscholarship.
(3)wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningthenwewenthome.
改为:wefinishedtheworkbynineo’clockintheeveningandthenwewenthome.
(4)athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor,icouldnottakemyusualnap.
改为:athighnoonabigandnoisypartywasgoingonnextdoor;icouldnottakemyusualnap.
13、练习题p147改正句子
(1)therobberwasasix-foot-manwithamustacheweighing150pounds.
改为:therobberweighing150poundswasasix-foot-manwithamustache.
(2)hesoldtheoldcartothemanwithleatherseats.
改为:hesoldtheoldcarwithleatherseatstotheman.
(3)tomboughtanoldcarfromacrookeddealerwithafaultytransmission.改为:tomboughtanoldcarwithafaultytransmissionfromacrookeddealer.
(4)unconcernedabouthisownlife,thelittlegirldrowningintheicyriverwassavedbyapasser-by.
改为:unconcernedabouthisownlife,apasser-bysavedthelittlegirldrowningintheicyriver.
(5)thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtoherowner.改为:thepuppythatmary’sdadpickedupinthewoodswasreturnedtohisowner.
(6)iwasshockedtoseeat-shirtinthatfancydressstorewhichhadapricetagof$2000.
改为:iwasshockedtoseeinthatfancydressstoreat-shirtwhichhadapricetagof$2000.
(10)theapplicant’slistofcredentialsareratherlong.
改为:theapplicant’slistofcredentialsisratherlong.chapter4englishparagraphwriting(英语段落写作)
1、paragraphstructure(段落结构)
(1)主题句(thetopicsentence)具有三个重要功能:p149
①通过明确陈述讨论中的一个要点进一步证明全文中心思想。
②显示段落内容。
③控制该段落内容。某一段中全部讨论——举例、细节列举以及解释都必
须与主题句直接相关并能进一步证明主题句。
(2)练习题:1/p151
精彩的正文段落应该围绕一个主题句展开:段落应该展开充分、前后统一而且衔接自然。具体地讲,一个很有说服力的正文段落必须满足四个要求。首先,该段落必须只讨论一个主体,即段中陈述和说明只能表现一个主题或内容的统一,主题思想通常用一个主题句表达;第二,它必须详细完整地写出有关一个论题读者需要了解的所有内容,即该段落语义必须完整;第三,段中句子排列必须表现出一定条理;第四,段中句子必须表现出连贯性:前后衔接自然,使读者能够轻易了解写作思路,而不是感到文中所阐述的观点相去甚远互不相关。
3、therearefiveimportantmeansofachievingcoherenceinyourparagraphs:(写作连贯的段落有下列五种重要方法:)p160
(1)anaturaloreasilyrecognizedorder.(合理排序所有信息)
(2)parallelism.(使用排比结构)
(3)repetitonofkeywordsandp
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