2023年考研外语强化练习2

考研外语强化练习2

一、UseofEnglish

1、Whenlabratssleep,theirbrainsrevisitthemazetheynavigatedduringtheday,accordingtoanewstudy(1)_____yesterday,offeringsomeofthestrongestevidence(2)_____thatanimalsdoindeeddream.Experimentswithsleepingratsfoundthatcellsintheanimals'brainsfireinadistinctivepattern(3)_____thepatternthatoccurswhentheyare(4)_____andtryingtolearntheirwayaroundamaze.

Basedontheresults,theresearchersconcludedtheratsweredreamingaboutthemaze,(5)_____reviewingwhattheyhadlearnedwhileawaketo(6)_____thememories.

Researchershavelongknownthatanimalsgo(7)_____thesametypesofsleepphasesthatpeopledo,includingrapid-eye-movement(REM)sleep,whichiswhenpeopledream.But(8)_____theoccasionaltwitching,growlingorbarkingthatanydogownerhas(9)_____inhisorhersleepingpet,there'sbeen(10)_____directevidencethatanimals(11)_____.Ifanimalsdream,itsuggeststheymighthavemore(12)_____mentalfunctionsthanhadbeen(13)_____.

"Wehaveashumansfeltthatthis(14)_____ofmemory—ourabilitytorecallsequencesofexperiences—wassomethingthatwas(15)_____human",Wilsonsaid."Thefactthatweseethisinrodents(16)_____suggesttheycanevaluatetheirexperienceinasignificantway.Animalsmaybe(17)_____aboutmorethanwehadpreviouslyconsidered".

Thefindingsalsoprovidenewsupportforaleadingtheoryfor(18)_____humanssleep—tosolidifynewlearning."Peoplearenowreallynailingdownthefactthatthebrainduringsleepis(19)_____itsactivityatleastforthetimeimmediatelybeforesleepandalmostundoubtedlyusingthatreviewto(20)_____orintegratethosememoriesintomoreusableforms",saidanassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool.

A.related

B.retained

C.released

D.relieved

2、(2)

A.asyet

B.still

C.however

D.bythen

3、(3)

A.intersecting

B.paralleling

C.resembling

D.differing

4、(4)

A.sleeping

B.dreaming

C.awake

D.aware

5、(5)

A.incircles

B.inaccord

C.incase

D.inessence

6、(6)

A.erase

B.consolidate

C.discipline

D.improve

7、(7)

A.for

B.by

C.through

D.in

8、(8)

A.insteadof

B.aswellas

C.apartfrom

D.exceptfor

9、(9)

A.guaranteed

B.encountered

C.confirmed

D.witnessed

10、(10)

A.little

B.some

C.much

D.enough

11、(11)

A.cry

B.memorize

C.dream

D.sleep

12、(12)

A.complex

B.confused

C.vigorous

D.instantaneous

13、(13)

A.validated

B.recognized

C.calculated

D.evaluated

14、(14)

A.remainder

B.acquisition

C.property

D.accuracy

15、(15)

A.mainly

B.uniquely

C.approximately

D.respectively

16、(16)

A.did

B.does

C.would

D.will

17、(17)

A.displaying

B.thinking

C.performing

D.behaving

18、(18)

A.why

B.when

C.how

D.where

19、(19)

A.reviewing

B.analyzing

C.decoding

D.stressing

20、(20)

A.consolidate

B.transform

C.reorganize

D.renovate

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknew,becausehe'ddoneithundredsoftimeshimself.Givingupforeverisatriflemoredifficult,apparently,anditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso?

Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak",recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVink,oftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdam,usedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalyzethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual'sdegreeofnicotinedependence,andeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperday,arestronglygeneticallyinfluenced.

TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwins(whosharealltheirgenes)withfraternaltwins(whosharehalf).Inthiscase,however,Dr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forher,thedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwins,sheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwins,mostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabits,includingsmoking,and536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister.

Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters",someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesense(thegenes),butmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunction,oranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingon,geneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehavior.pattern,itsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehavior.

Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbetter(somearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddicted)andthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomized.

ResultssuchasDr.Vink'smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudies,assuchprojectsareknown,haveadisturbinghabitofdisappearing,asitwere,inapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.Vinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddiction,thenMarkTwain'sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast.

TheauthorcitestheexampleofMarkTwaintoshowthat

A.quittingsmokingisnoeasyjob.

B.kickingthehabitofsmokingdemandsastrongwill.

C.somepeoplearefrustratedbyfailingtogiveupsmoking.

D.somepeoplemaybedestinedtofailquittingsmoking.

2、

Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph?

A.Thefraternaltwinsaremuchmorevaluedbyresearchers.

B.Twokindsoftwinsareoftenbeencomparedinresearch.

C.Identicaltwinsaremorelikelytobeaddictedtosmoking.

D.Fraternaltwinsaremoregeneticallysimilarthanidenticaltwins.

3、

Theword"customized"(Paragraph5)canbestbesubstitutedby

A.diversified.

B.tailored.

C.simplified.

D.justified.

4、

Dr.Vink'sresultsmustbeinterpretedwithcarebecause

A.itmayhavenegativeeffectsonrelatedstudies.

B.itisunreliablesofar.

C.itmayprovideanexcusefornicotineaddicts.

D.itcouldunderminetheanti-smokingmovement.

5、

Thepassageismainlyabout

A.aninnovativewayofquittingsmoke.

B.apossiblelinkbetweengeneticsandsmoking.

C.animpressivestudyonfraternaltwins.

D.afamousperson'sexperiencequittingsmoking.

6、Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopment,theeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirarguments,whichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutes,anditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned.

Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemoment,biotech'smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Here,itwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginable,carbondioxideandwater,andusingthemtomakefuelandplastics.

Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables",sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycle,borrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonths,andreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradable,sincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuels,whilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipe(thoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddiesel),wouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocess,andneverwillbe—unlessit,too,usesbiotechnology.

Allthiswill,intheend,dependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavorable.Already,thepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringpricesdown,particularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhile,ethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweaking,sothereisnoneedtochangethewaycarsaremade.Andsince,unlikehydrogen,itisaliquid,thefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange.

Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibility,orsticktosack-cloth,remainstobeseen.

Accordingtotheauthor,applyingbiotechnologytoindustry

A.hasbroughtaboutsustainabledevelopment.

B.provestobenothingbutanimagination.

C.willdeprivemostpeopleofmoderncomforts.

D.contributestotheenvironmentallysounddevelopment.

7、

Theword"depleted"(Line2,Paragraph3)canbesubstitutedby

A.exhausted.

B.discarded.

C.abandoned.

D.wasted.

8、

Oneadvantageofthebiofuelsisthat

A.theywillnotpollutetheenvironment.

B.theyaredegradablebybacteria.

C.theyarecheaperthanhydrogenfuels.

D.theyaresuitableforinternal-combustionengine.

9、

Accordingtoparagraph4,______.

A.theprospectofbiotechnologyindustrydependsonitsmarketingcost.

B.fuelcellsareeasiertobeutilizedinautoindustrythanbiofuels.

C.biofuelswillreplacethefuelcellsinthenearfuture.

D.thepriceofbioplasticsshowsadownwardtrend.

10、

Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe______.

A.AWorldCleanYetinComfort.

B.ConservingBeforeIt'sTooLate.

C.ThereIsOnlyOneEarth.

D.TheFuel-HungryPlanet.

11、QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunning,CraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoft,alargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustration,andtheboardwasunhappyabout"misstatements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun",astheboardputit,Mr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm'sfounder,DavidDuffield.

Mr.Duffield'sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway'sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.Atthesametime,saysPaulHamermanofForrester,aresearchfirm,Mr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoft,andseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway'sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompany,notaquicksale.

OnthesamedaythatMr.Conwaywasfired,however,OraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica'sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge'sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.So,thisweek,thebattlemovedtoanothercourtroom,inDelaware,wherebothcompaniesareregistered.Inthissuit,OracleisclaimingthatPeopleSoftisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay.

Thepoisonpillisaverycommonprovision,andonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft'sequity,thusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogramme,bycontrast,wasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOracle,thisrepresentsanotherdirtytactic,sinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSoft,however,itwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomers,sinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft'sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.Thetwocompanies'lawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweeks,whichcouldyet,seeahigherbidfromOracle.

Accordingtothepassage,CraigConway______.

A.tactfullyhandledOracle'shostilebid.

B.inducedtheresignofhisthreemanagers.

C.ignoredcustomers'grievances.

D.istechnologicallyilliterate.

12、

Thephrase"smokinggun"inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans

A.conclusiveevidence.

B.unconvincingexcuse.

C.fundamentalconflict.

D.irresistiblecause.

13、

PeopleSoftclaimsthattheOracle'stakeoverofPeopleSoft

A.ishardtoresist.

B.isnotgivenfirstpriority.

C.dependsonitsvalidity.

D.isirrational.

14、

Oracle'scurrentdifficultytotakeoverPeopleSoftisthat

A.thiskindoftradeisnowillegal.

B.PeopleSofthasadoptedanti-takeoverstrategy.

C.PeopleSoftdemandsahighprice.

D.Mr.Conwayrejectsthetakeover.

15、

Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe

A.AcquisitionofPeopleSoft.

B.CantheNewBossSavePeopleSoft?

C.NewBoss,Newstrategy.

D.WhoIstheWinner,PeopleSoftorOracle?

16、Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursed,workersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisview,honestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.Heopposedcompanypensionplans,andwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity.

Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:Whatobligation,ifany,doAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelp?Note,Ididn'tsay"lessfortunate","disadvantaged",orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI'mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds.

Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers.

ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationis"safety-netculture".Ithaslotsofproblems,butIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynets,becausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpainting.HisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompany,sotheydidhaveahouse.Butoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoveralls,whichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatby,wrappedinablanket.Mydad'sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewastea,butifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn'tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill.

Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe'restillnotdosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributions,I'mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.Shouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassment?Orperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears?

Accordingtothefirstparagraph,thegrandfatherresented

A.gettingsomethingfornothing.

B.deceivinghisfellowman.

C.livingwithoutplanningahead.

D.thegapbetweenthepoorandrich.

17、

Thecriticsofthesocialsecuritysystembelievethatit

A.createsanationofslackers.

B.benefitsmostpeople.

C.isdoomedtofail.

D.isharmfulforthe"lessfortunate".

18、

Theauthormentionshisfamilystoryinparagraph4toshowthat

A.thriftyhabitsarenecessarytomakealiving.

B.outsideassistanceisnecessaryforthoseintrouble.

C.theslackersgotwhattheydeservedinthepast.

D.onlythediligentpeoplecanliveadecentlifeinhardtimes.

19、

Accordingtotheauthor,thesafetynetcan

A.eliminatepoverty.

B.relievethepressurethatcomeswitholdage.

C.leadtoashrinkingworkforce.

D.havesomenegativeeffectsontheeconomy.

20、

Ifapersondrinkssilverteaduringhisgoldenyears,wecansaythat

A.heleadsahappylife.

B.heenjoysthewelfareprovidedbythegovernment.

C.it'scommonforthoseofthisagetodoso.

D.heisinneedofhelpfromthesociety.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45,youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA-G.Someoftheparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.(10points)

A.Hereisaguidelinetoevaluateyourcurrentposture.Stepinfrontofamirrorandobservethefollowing:Areyoushouldersparalleltothefloororaretheyinclinedtoanyside?Theyhavetobeparalleltothefloorandatthesamelevel.Isyourchinparalleltothefloor?Thechinhastobeparalleltothefloor.Areyourearsinlinewithyourshoulders?Thishelpstokeeptheheadintherightplace.Areyourkneesstraightorareyoulockingthemback?Thekneesshouldberelaxedandcentered,notforward,andnotlocked-onattheback.

B.Onceyoudeterminetheproblemwithyourposturethatiswhatyouneedtoworkon.Trytocorrectittogettherightposture,youcandoafewthingsyourselfandalsouseachiropractor.Itwilltakepractice.Youprobablyhavehadmanyyearsofbadposture;soitwilltaketimetomakethenewpositionsahabit.Practiceandpracticeeverytimeyourememberandholdtherightpositionaslongasyoucan.

C.Ifwedonothavegoodposture,weputmoreweightinsomejointsandmusclesthanothersandthiscausespain.Badpostureaffectsyourhealth,generalwellbeing,andyourappearance.Ifyoudonothaveperfectpostureyoucanimproveit.Itrequirespractice,butitisworthit.

D.Isyourheadrelaxed,centered,andheldback(earsovershoulders)?Ifyourheadisforward,backwardortiltedtoanysideitisbadposture.Doyouhaveanarconyourchest?Thechesthastobeerect,centerandaslightlyuplifted.Areyouarchingyourbackforwardorback?Thereisanarchinthebackbutisrelativelymoderate.Ifyourslookbigger,youneedtocorrectyourposture.Areyourhipsatthesameleveloroneishigherthantheother?Theyhavetobeatthesamelevel.Areyouranklesstraight?Theyhavetobe.

E.Thebestthingtodowhenyouexperiencelowerbackpainorotherpainwhencorrectingyourpostureistogotoadoctororachiropractortoeliminatethepossibilityofanyotherhealthproblems.However,ifyoucannotgo,youmaytrytostrengthenyouabdominalmuscles.Thesemusclesaretheonesthathelpustokeepstraightandup.Youcanstrengthenthesemuscleswithabdominalexercises.Thesameexercisesyoudototightenyourtummy:crunches.

F.Yogaandballetexercisesareprobablythebestwaytoimproveyourposturebecausetheyworkthemusclesthatsufferthemostfrompoorposture.Swimmingisalsoagreatoption.

G.Thinkaboutonephysicalattributethatallmodelsandmostcelebritieshaveincommon.Youneverhaveseenanybodyontheredcarpetwalkingwithaslouchedback.Thesepeopleknowhowtowalk:theyhavegoodposture.Thisarticlediscusseshowtohaveagoodposture.Manyofusspendlonghoursatourdeskandforgetaboutgoodposture.Goodpostureisimportantnotonlyforappearance,butalsoforhealthreasons.

Order:GisthefirstparagraphandFisthelast.

22、(42)

23、(43)

24、(44)

25、(45)

26、PartC

Directions:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.(10points)

Carbondioxideisa"greenh