2023年考研外语冲刺试卷5

考研外语冲刺试卷5

一、UseofEnglish

1、ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.(1)_____,theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoples,andonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesEnglish.Theothers(2)_____tothemselvesasWelsh,Scottish,orIrish,(3)_____thecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyed(4)_____beingclassifiedas"English".

EveninEnglandtherearemany(5)_____inregionalcharacterandspeech.Thechief(6)_____isbetweensouthernEnglandandnorthernEngland.Southofa(7)_____goingfromBristoltoLondon,peoplespeakthetypeofEnglishusuallylearntbyforeignstudents,(8)_____therearelocalvariations.

Furthernorthregionalspeechisusually"(9)_____"thanthatofsouthernBritain.Northernersare(10)_____toclaimthattheyworkharderthanSoutherners,andaremore(11)_____Theyareopen-heartedandhospitable;foreignersoftenfindthattheymakefriendswiththem(12)_____Northernersgenerallyhavehearty(13)_____:thevisitortoLancashireorYorkshire,forinstance,maylookforwardtoreceivinggenerous(14)_____atmealtimes.

InaccentandcharacterthepeopleoftheMidlands(15)_____agradualchangefromthesoutherntothenortherntypeofEnglishman.

InScotlandthesound(16)_____bytheletter"R"isgenerallyastrongsound,and"R"isoftenpronouncedinwordsinwhichitwouldbe(17)_____insouthernEnglish.TheScotsaresaidtobeaserious,cautious,thriftypeople,(18)_____inventiveandsomewhatmystical.AlltheCelticpeoplesofBritain(theWelsh,theIrish,theScots)arefrequently(19)_____asbeingmore"fiery"thantheEnglish.Theyare(20)_____aracethatisquitedistinctfromtheEnglish.(289words)

Notes:fiery急躁的，易怒的。

A.Inconsequence

B.Inbrief

C.Ingeneral

D.Infact

2、(2)

A.confine

B.attach

C.refer

D.add

3、(3)

A.as

B.which

C.for

D.so

4、(4)

A.with

B.by

C.at

D.for

5、(5)

A.similarities

B.differences

C.certainties

D.features

6、(6)

A.factor

B.virtue

C.privilege

D.division

7、(7)

A.line

B.row

C.border

D.scale

8、(8)

A.who

B.when

C.though

D.for

9、(9)

A.wider

B.broader

C.rarer

D.scarcer

10、(10)

A.used

B.apt

C.possible

D.probable

11、(11)

A.perfect

B.notorious

C.superior

D.thorough

12、(12)

A.swiftly

B.promptly

C.immediately

D.quickly

13、(13)

A.appetites

B.tastes

C.interests

D.senses

14、(14)

A.helpings

B.offerings

C.fillings

D.findings

15、(15)

A.designate

B.demonstrate

C.represent

D.reckon

16、(16)

A.delivered

B.denoted

C.depicted

D.defined

17、(17)

A.quiet

B.obscure

C.faint

D.silent

18、(18)

A.rather

B.still

C.somehow

D.even

19、(19)

A.rendered

B.thought

C.impressed

D.described

20、(20)

A.with

B.of

C.among

D.against

二、ReadingComprehension

1、PartA

Directions:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)

WhenDr.JohnW.Gofman,professorofmedicalphysicsattheUniversityofCaliforniaandaleadingnuclearcritic,speaksof"ecocide'inhisadversaryviewofnucleartechnology,hemeansthefollowing:AlargenuclearplantlikethatinKalkar,theNetherlands,wouldproduceabout200poundsofplutoniumeachyear.Onepound,releasedintotheatmosphere,couldcause9billioncasesoflungcancer.Thiswasteproductmustbestoredfor500,000yearsbeforeitisofnofurtherdangertoman.Intheanticipatedreactoreconomy,itisestimatedthattherewillbe10,000tonsofthismaterialinwesternEurope,ofwhichonetable—spoonfulofplutonium—239representstheofficialmaximumpermissiblebodyburdenfor200,000people.Ratherthanbeingbiodegradable,plutoniumdestroysbiologicalproperties.

In1972theU.S.OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministrationruledthattheasbestoslevelintheworkplaceshouldbeloweredto2fiberspercubiccentimeterofair,buttheeffectivedateoftherulinghasbeendelayeduntilnow.TheInternationalFederationofChemicalandGeneralWorkers'Unionsreportthatthe2-fiberstandardwasbasedprimarilyononestudyof290menataBritishasbestosfactory.ButwhentheworkersattheBritishfactoryhadbeenreexaminedbyanotherphysician,40-70percenthadX-rayevidenceoflungabnormalities.Accordingtopresentmedicalinformationatthefactoryinquestion,outofatotalof29deathsthusfar,sevenwerecausedbylungcancer.AnaverageEuropeanorAmericanworkercomesintocontactwithsixmillionfibersaday."Wearenow,infact,findingcancerdeathswithinthefamilyoftheasbestosworker,"statesDr.IrvingSelikoff,oftheMountSinaiMedicalSchoolinNewYork.

Itisnowalsoclearthatvinylchloride,agasfromwhichthemostwidelyusedplasticsaremade,causesafatalcanceroftheblood-vesselceilsoftheliver.However,thehistoryoftheresearchonvinylchlorideis,insomeways,moredisturbingthanthe"Watergatecover-up"."Therehasbeenevidenceofpotentiallyseriousdiseaseamongpolyvinylchlorideworkersfor25yearsthathasbeenincompletelyappreciatedandinadequatelyapproachedbymedicalscientistsandbyregulatoryauthorities,"summedupDr.SelikoffintheNewScientist.Atleast17workershavebeenkilledbyvinylchloridebecauseresearchoverthepast25yearswasnotfollowedup.Andforover10years,workershavebeenexposedtoconcentrationsofvinylchloride10timesthe"safelimit"imposedbyDowChemicalCompany.

Notes:

plutonium钚

asbestos石棉

polyvinylchloride聚氯乙烯

Bytheauthor"ecocide"mostprobablymeans

A.wasteutilization.

B.ecologicalbalance.

C.radioactivereaction.

D.massivebiodestruction.

2、

Accordingtothetext,theauthormentionsplutoniuminparagraph1to

A.estimatetheamountofnuclearmaterialinEurope.

B.exemplifyoneofthepossiblecausesoflungcancer.

C.highlightthemeasuresneededtopreventlungcancer.

D.showthedestructivepropertiesofindustrialwastematerials.

3、

Thestyle.ofthesecondparagraphismainly

A.factual.

B.sarcastic.

C.emotional.

D.argumentative.

4、

Accordingtoparagraph3,someworkershavebeenkilledbyharmfulpollutantsinthat_____.

A.productioncouldnotbehalted.

B.theyfailedtotakesafetymeasures.

C.researchwasnotpursuedtoasolution.

D.safetyequipmentwasnotadequatelyprovided.

5、

Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheauthorbelievesthat

A.nationwideapplicationofanti-pollutiondevicescanfinallypreventcancer.

B.toughlegislationisneededtosetlowerlimitsofworkerexposuretoharmfulchemicals.

C.moreresearchisrequiredintothecausesofcancerbeforefurtherprogresscanbemade.

D.industrializationmustbesloweddowntopreventfurtherspreadofcancer-causingagents.

6、Thetopicofcloninghasbeenapoliticallyandethicallycontroversialonesinceitsverybeginning.Whilethemoralandphilosophicalaspectsoftheissuesareentirelyuptotheinterpretationoftheindividual,theapplicationofcloningtechnologycanbestudiedobjectively.Manyinthescientificcommunityadvocatetheuseofcloningforthepreservationandsupportofendangeredspeciesofanimals,whichasidefromcloning,havenootherpracticalhopeforavoidingextinction.

Thegoaloftheuseofcloningtoavoidextinctionisthereintroductionofnewgenesintothegenepoolofspecieswithfewsurvivors,thisensuringthemaintenanceandexpansionofgeneticdiversity.Likelycandidatesforthistechniquearespeciesknowntohaveveryfewsurvivingmembers,suchastheAfricanBongoAntelope,theSumatranTiger,andtheChineseGiantPanda.InthecaseofGiantPanda,someartificialtechniquesforcreatingoffspringhavealreadybeenperformed,perhapspavingthewayforcloningasthenextstepintheprocess.

Withtheestimatedpopulationofonlyabout1000GiantPandasleftintheworld,theurgencyofthesituationhasledtodesperatemeasures.OnepandawasbornthroughthetechniqueofartificialinseminationintheSanDiegoZoointheUnitedStates."HuaMei"wasbornin1999afterherparents,Hsing-HsingandLing-Ling,hadtroubleconceivingnaturally.

TheplantoincreasetheGiantPandapopulationthroughtheuseofcloninginvolvestheuseofaspeciesrelatedtotheGiantPanda,theAmericanBlackBear.EggcellswillberemovedfromfemaleblackbearsandthenfertilizedwithPandacellssuchasthosefromLing-LingorHsing-Hsing.Thefertilizedembryowillthenre-implantedintotheblackbear,whereitwillgrowandmature,untilanewpandaisdeliveredfromtheblackbearhost.

Criticsofcloningtechnologyarguethattheemphasisoncloningasamethodbywhichtopreservespecieswilldrawfundingawayfromothermethods,suchashabitatpreservationandconservation.Proponentsofcloningcounterthatmanycountriesinwhichmanyendangeredspeciesexistaretoopoortoprotectandmaintainthespecies'habitatsanyway,makingcloningtechnologytheonlypracticalwaytoensurethatthosespeciessurvivetofuturegenerations.Theissueisstillhotlydebated,asbothsidesweighthebenefitsthatcouldbeachievedagainsttherisksandethicalconcernsthatconstantlyaccompanyanyargumentontheissue.

Notes:

ethically道德上

genepool基因库

inseminationn.受精

fertilize使受精

embryo胚胎

proponent支持者，拥护者

weighAagainstB权衡A和B的利弊

Theauthorraisestheissueofethicalconsiderationincloninginparagraph1inorderto

A.identifytheissuesthatwillnotbeaddressedinthetext.

B.revealanareaofinterestthatwillbeexploredlaterinthetext.

C.identifyoneofthemainissuesaffectingthecloningcontroversytoday.

D.drawthereader'sattentiontoasensitiveissuethatbearsconsiderationinthetopicofcloning.

7、

Theauthordirectsattentionto"HuaMei",thebabypandabornintheSanDiegoZoo,inorderto

A.showthatcloningasanartificialbirthtechniquehassucceeded.

B.arguethatpandasareaparticularlylikelycandidateforcloning.

C.showthatartificialbirthtechniquesotherthancloninghavesucceeded.

D.demonstratethenecessityofcloningandotherartificialbirthtechniquestothesurvivalofcertainspecies.

8、

Paragraph4iswritteninorderto

A.detailtheprocessbywhichcloninginthepandapopulationhasbeenexecutedinthepast.

B.guidethereadertoconsiderthepossibilityofcloninginrestoringthepandapopulation.

C.demonstratethattheuseofcloningtorepopulatethepandaspeciesisafeasiblegoal.

D.inform.thereaderofhowcloningwouldbecarriedoutinthepandapopulation.

9、

Themainpurposeofthelast.paragraphisto

A.argueinfavorofonesideonaparticularlycontroversialtopicofcloning.

B.displaybothsides'argumentsonanothercontentiousissueincloning.

C.redirectthereaders'attentiontothepreviouslyraisedissueofethicsincloning.

D.providefurtherrelevantinformationtotheevaluationofcloningasapreservationtechnique.

10、

Itcanbeinferredfromtheinformationgiveninthetextthatthebestcandidateforcloningwouldbe

A.GiantPandas.

B.anendangeredspecieswithmanylivingrelatedspecies.

C.thespeciesinwhichprevioustechniquesofartificialreproductionhavebeensuccessfullyapplied.

D.thoseforwhichcloningistheonlyfeasiblemethodbywhichtoreproducethespecies.

11、Pronouncingalanguageisaskill.Everynormalpersonisexpertintheskillofpronouncinghisownlanguage,butfewpeopleareevenmoderatelyproficientatpronouncingforeignlanguages.Nowtherearemanyreasonsforthis,someobvious,someperhapsnotsoobvious.ButIsuggestthatthefundamentalreasonwhypeopleingeneraldonotspeakforeignlanguagesverymuchbetterthantheydoisthattheyfailtograspthetruenatureoftheproblemoflearningtopronounce,andconsequentlyneversetabouttacklingitintherightway.Fartoomanypeoplefailtorealizethatpronouncingaforeignlanguageisaskill,onethatneedscarefultrainingofaspecialkind,andonethatcannotbeacquiredbyjustleavingittotakecareofitself.Ithinkeventeachersoflanguage,whilerecognizingtheimportanceofagoodaccent,tendtoneglect,intheirpracticalteaching,thebranchofstudyconcernedwithspeakingthelanguage.

SothefirstpointIwanttomakeisthatEnglishpronunciationmustbetaught;theteachershouldbepreparedtodevotesomeofthelessontimetothis,andbyhiswholeattitudetothesubjectshouldgetthestudenttofeelthathereisamatterworthyofreceivinghiscloseattention.SothereshouldbeoccasionswhenotheraspectsofEnglish,suchasgrammarorspelling,areallowedforthemomenttotakesecondplace.

Apartfromthisquestionofthetimegiventopronunciation,therearetwootherrequirementsfortheteacher:thefirst,knowledge;thesecond,technique.

Itisimportantthattheteachershouldbeinpossessionofthenecessaryinformation.Thiscangenerallybeobtainedfrombooks.Itispossibletogetfrombookssomeideaofthemechanicsofspeech,andofwhatwecallgeneralphonetictheory.Itisalsopossibleinthiswaytogetaclearmentalpictureoftherelationshipbetweenthesoundsofdifferentlanguages,betweenthespeechhabitsofEnglishpeopleandthose,say,ofyourstudents.Unlesstheteacherhassuchapicture,anycommentshemaymakeonhisstudents'pronunciationareunlikelytobeofmuchuse,andlessontimespentonpronunciationmaywellbetime-wasted.

Butitdoesnotfollowthatyoucanteachpronunciationsuccessfullyassoonasyouhavereadthenecessarybooks.Itdepends,afterthat,onwhatuseyoumakeofyourknowledge,andthisisamatteroftechnique.

Nowthefirstandmostimportantpartofalanguageteacher'stechniqueishisownperformance,hisabilitytodemonstratethespokenlanguage,ineverydetailofarticulationaswellasinfluentspeaking,sothatthestudent'slatentcapacityforimitationisgiventhefullestscopeandencouragement.Theteacher,then,shouldbeasperfectamodelinthisrespectashecanmakehimself.Andtosupplementhisownperformance,howeversatisfactorythismaybe,themodernteacherhasathisdisposalrecordings,radio,televisionandvideo,tosupplytheauthenticvoicesofnativespeakers,or,iftheteacherhappenstobeanativespeakerhimselforspeaksjustlikeone,thentovarythemethodofpresentingthelanguagematerial.

Notes:

setabout着手，试图

articulation发音

latent潜在的，不明显的

atone'sdisposal供某人任意支配使用

authentic真实的，真正的

Whatdoesthewriteractuallysayaboutpronouncingforeignlanguages?

A.Onlyafewpeoplearereallyproficient.

B.Nooneisreallyanexpertintheskill.

C.Therearen'tmanypeoplewhoareevenfairlygood.

D.Thereareevensomepeoplewhoaremoderatelyproficient.

12、

Thewriterarguesthatgoingabouttheproblemofpronunciationinthewrongwayis

A.anobviouscauseofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly.

B.afundamentalconsequenceofnotspeakingwell.

C.aconsequenceofnotgraspingtheproblemcorrectly.

D.notanobviouscauseofspeakingpoorly.

13、

Whatisitthatteachersaresaidtobeinclinedtoforget?

A.Thepracticalteachingoflanguages.

B.Theimportanceofagoodaccent.

C.Theprincipleofphonetictheory.

D.Theteachingofpronunciationintheclassroom.

14、

Thevaluethestudentputsoncorrectspeechhabitsdependsupon

A.howcloselyheattendstothematter.

B.whetheritisEnglishthatisbeingtaught.

C.histeacher'sapproachtopronunciation.

D.theimportancenormallygiventogrammarandspelling.

15、

Accordingtothetext,inrelationtosomeoneteachinghisownlanguagetoforeigners,audio-visualaidscan

A.completelyreplacehisownteachingperformance.

B.providealternativesamplesofnativespeech.

C.helptoimproveteachingqualitytoagreatextent.

D.provideaperfectmodelforlanguagestudentstofollow.

16、Themajorityofsuccessfulseniormanagersdonotcloselyfollowtheclassicalrationalmodeloffirstclarifyinggoals,assessingtheproblem,formulatingoptions,estimatinglikelihoodofsuccess,makingadecision,andonlythentakingactiontoimplementthedecision.Rather,intheirday-by-daytacticalactivities,theseseniorexecutivesrelyonwhatisvaguelytermed"intuition"tomanageanetworkofinterrelatedproblemsthatrequirethemtodealwithambiguity,inconsistency,novelty,andsurprise;andtointegrateactionintotheprocessofthinking.

Generationsofwritersonmanagementhaverecognizedthatsomepracticingmanagersrelyheavilyonintuition.Ingeneral,however,suchwritersdisplayapoorgraspofwhatintuitionis.Someseeitastheoppositeofrationality;othersviewitasanexcuseofcapriciousness.

Isenberg'srecentresearchonthecognitiveprocessesofseniormanagersrevealsthatmanagers'intuitionisneitherofthese.Rather,seniormanagersuseintuitioninatleastfivedistinctways.First,theyintuitivelysensewhenaproblemexists.Second,managersrelyonintuitiontoperform.well-learnedbehavior.patternsrapidly.Thisintuitionisnotarbitraryorirrational,butisbasedonyearsofpainstakingpracticeandpersonalexperiencethatbuildskills.Athirdfunctionofintuitionistosynthesizeisolatedbitsofdataandpracticeintoanintegratedpicture,ofteninan"Aha!"experience.Fourth,somemanagersuseintuitionasacheckontheresultsofmorerationalanalysis.Mostseniorexecutivesarefamiliarwiththeformaldecisionanalysismodelsandtools,andthosewhousesuchsystematicmethodsforreachingdecisionsareoccasionallysuspiciousofsolutionssuggestedbythesemethodswhichruncountertotheirsenseofthecorrectcourseofaction.Finally,managerscanuseintuitiontobypassin-depthanalysisandmoverapidlytofindoutaplausiblesolution.Usedinthisway,intuitionisanalmostinstantaneouscognitiveprocessinwhichamanagerrecognizesfamiliarpatterns.

Oneoftheimplicationsoftheintuitivestyle.ofexecutivemanagementisthat"thinking"isinseparablefromacting.Sincemanagersoften"know"whatisrightbeforetheycananalyzeandexplainit,theyfrequentlyactfirstandexplainlater.Analysisisinvariablytiedtoactioninthinking/actingcycles,inwhichmanagersdevelopthoughtsabouttheircompaniesandorganizationsnotbyanalyzingaproblematicsituationandthenacting,butbyactingandanalyzingincloseconcert.

Giventhegreatuncertaintyofmanyofthemanagementissuesthattheyface,seniormanagersofteninitiateacourseofactionsimplytolearnmoreaboutanissue.Theythenusetheresultsoftheactiontodevelopamorecompleteunderstandingoftheissue.Oneimplicationofthinking/actingcyclesisthatactionisoftenpartofdefiningtheproblem,notjustofimplementingthesolution.

Notes:

capriciousness多变，反复无常

cognitive熟悉的

runcounterto与...背道而驰；违反

bypass绕过

incloseconcert一齐，全都

givenprep.考虑到，由于

Thelogicalorganizationofthefirstparagraphofthetextisthat

A.aconventionalmodelisdismissedandanalternativeintroduced.

B.theresultsofrecentresearchareintroducedandsummarized.

C.twooppositepointsofviewarepresentedandevaluated.

D.awidelyaccepteddefinitionispresentedandqualified.

17、

Inrelationtothe"writersonmanagement"mentionedinPara.2,thetextsuggeststhatthey

A.havenotbasedtheiranalyzesonasufficientlylargesampleofactualmanagers.

B.havereliedindrawingtheirconclusionsonwhatmanagerssayratherthanwhatmanagersdo.

C.havemisunderstoodhowmanagersuseintuitioninmakingbusinessdecisions.

D.havenotacknowledgedtheroleofintuitioninmanagerialpractice.

18、

Accordingtothetext,seniormanagersuseintuitioninallofthefollowingwaysEXCEPT

A.tospeedupthecreationofasolutiontoaproblem.

B.toidentifyaproblemorbringtogetherdifferentfacts.

C.toinitiatecleargoalsandintheendattainthem.

D.toevaluatepossiblesolutionstoaproblem.

19、

Whenmentioning"thinking/actingcycles"(inPara.4),theauthorismostlikelytobelievethat

A.amanageranalyzesaseriesofproblemsandthenactsonthatanalysis.

B.amanagergathersdatabyactingandthenobservestheeffectsofaction.

C.actionandanalysisinmanagerialpracticeinvariablyoccursimultaneously.

D.amanagertakesaction,beingabletoclarifyreasonsforthataction.

20、

Accordingtothetext,whichofthefollowingwouldmostprobablybeonemajordifferenceinbehavior.betweenManagerX,whousesintuitiontoreachdecisions,andManagerY,whousesonlyformaldecisionanalysis?

A.ManagerXcheckspossiblesolutionstoaproblembysystematicanalysis;ManagerYdoesnot.

B.ManagerXtakesactioninordertoarriveatthesolutiontoaproblem;ManagerYdoesnot.

C.ManagerYdrawsonyearsofpersonalexperienceincreatingasolutiontoaproblem;ManagerXdoesnot.

D.ManagerXdependsonday-by-daytacticalactivities;ManagerXdoesnot.

21、PartB(10points)

Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.YouarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherentarticlebychoosingfromthelistA—G.Thefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyou.

A.Amachinehasbeendevelopedthatpulpspaperandthenprocessesitintopackaging,e.g.egg-boxesandcartons.Thiscouldbeeasilyadaptedforlocalauthoritiesuse.Itwouldmeanthatpeoplewouldhavetoseparatetheirrefuseintopaperandnon-paper,withadifferentdustbinforeach.Paperis,infact,probablythematerialthatcanbemosteasilyrecycled;andnow,withmassiveincreasesinpaperprices,thetimehascomeatwhichcollectionbylocalauthoritiescouldbeprofitable.

B.Recyclingofthiskindisalreadyhappeningwithmilkbottles,whicharereturnedtothedairies,washedout,andrefilled.Butbothglassandpaperarebeingthreatenedbythegrowinguseofplastic.Moreandmoredairiesareexperimentingwithplasticbottles,andithasbeenestimatedthatifallthemilkbottlesnecessaryweremadeofplastic,thenBritishdairieswouldbeproducingtheequivalentofenoughplastictubingtoencircletheeartheveryfiveorsixdays!

C.Thepackageitselfisofnointeresttotheshopper,whousuallythrowsitawayimmediately.UselesswrappingaccountsformuchoftherefuseputoutbytheaverageLondonhouseholdeachweek.Sowhyisitdone?Someofit,likethecellophaneonmeat,isnecessary,butmostoftherestissimplycompetitiveselling.Thisisabsurd.Packagingisusingupscarceenergyandresourcesandmessinguptheenvironment.

D.Thetroublewithplasticisthatitdoesnotrot.Someenvironmentalistsarguethattheonlysolutiontotheproblemofevergrowingmoundsofplasticcontainersistodoawaywithplasticaltogetherintheshops,asuggestionunacceptabletomanymanufacturerswhosaythereisnoalternativetotheirhandyplasticpacks.

E.Littleresearch,however,isbeingcarriedoutonthecostsofalternativetypesofpackaging.Justhowpossibleisit,forinstance,forlocalauthoritiestosalvagepaper,pulpitandrecycleitasegg-boxes?Woulditbecheapertoplantanotherforest?Paperisthematerialmostusedforpackaging—20millionpaperbagsareapparentlyusedinGreatBritaineachday—butverylittleissalvaged.

F.Itisevidentthatmoreresearchisneededintotherecoveryandre-useofvariousmaterialsandintothecostofcollectingandrecyclingcontainersasopposedtoproducingnewones.Unnecessarypackaging,intendedtobeusedjustonce,andmakingthingslookbettersothatmorepeoplewillbuythem,isclearlybecomingincreasinglyabsurd.Butitisnotsomuchaquestionofdoingawaywithpackagingasusingitsensibly.Whatisneedednowisamoresophisticatedapproachtousingscarceresourcesforwhatis,afterall,arelativelyunimportantfunction.

G.Togetachocolateoutofaboxrequiresaconsiderableamountofunpacking,theboxhastobetakenoutofthepaperbaginwhichitarrived;thecellophanewrapperhastobetornoff,thelidopenedandthepaperremoved;thechocolateitselfthenhastobeunwrappedfromitsownpieceofpaper.Butthisinsaneamountofwrappingisnotconfinedto