翻译史考试试题

1.Explaindefinitionoftranslationandtheconceptof“formalcorrespondence”inthemaydefinedasfollows:thereplacementtextualinlanguagetextualmaterialinlanguage(TL).oftermmaterial”thefactthatinitistheofSLtextthatis,TLButorlevelsoflanguagetheremaybenon-equivalentTLmaterial.Moreover,oneormoretherenoatall,buttransferencematerialintotheTLterm”isclearlyakeyproblemisfindingTLtranslationAcentraloftranslationistheandconditionstranslation.AformalcorrespondentisTL(unit,structure,whichmaybesaidoccupy,asas”placeintheofTLastheoccupiesintheSL.Formalcanonlyapproximate,andonlyestablishedultimatelyontheofequivalencepoint.3.Whatyourunderstandingofnatureoftranslation”inlightNida?Accordingtooftranslatingis:Translatinginreproducinginreceptorlanguagetheclosestnaturalequivalentofthemessage,intermsofmeaningsecondlyinofstyle.ExplanationoftheNatureoftheTranslation(pp12-14)at”.Todoistoone’sasaThetranslatormustequivalenceratherthanidentity.Inajustwayemphasizingreproductionofthemessageoftheformoftheutterance.Thetranslationnotsoundatranslation.Itshouldstudiouslyavoid”—formalunfaithfulnesstothethemessage.(natural)Aconscientioustranslatorwilltheclosestequivalentofgivenpriority,itiscontentofwhichoftodoelseistoone’sasatranslator.Stylesaidcontent,butitisimportant.shouldnottranslatepoetryitprose,normaterialitnarrative.5.Explain“semantictranslationand“communicativetranslation”proposedbyNewmark.translationcloselytheandsyntacticofallow,themeaningoftheoriginal.CommunicativetranslationproduceitsreadersaneffectasclosepossiblethetheGenerally,abemorecomplex,awkward,moreconcentrated,andpursuesthethought-processesratherthantheofIttomoretheoriginal,onenuancemeaning.Acommunicativetranslationissimpler,clearer,moreconventional,toparticularregisteroftendingundertranslate,tousegeneric,hold-alltermsdifficultAsemantictranslationisoutoftimeandlocaltranslationisephemeralanditsAtoitsformofItrelatesto”functionwheretothevocativeOnedifferencethemethodswherethereisaconflict,communicativeemphasizethe”thanhe1)“狗””off）不要在草坪上行走。paint！””油However,semanticprovidedequivalent-effectissecured,theliteralword-for-wordtranslationisnotonlythebest,itisonlyvalidmethodoftranslation.4.“Formalequivalence”,“dynamicequivalence”,“functionalequivalencearethekeyinofHowdoFormalequivalence

:isthatis,itisrevealmuchaspossibletheformcontentoftheoriginalIndoingF-Ereproduceseveralelements,2.consistencyusage,and3.termsofthereproductionofmayverbsbyverbs,etc.;andsentencesnotsplittingandtheunits);andcpreservingformalofpunctuation,Inreproducingconsistencyinwordusage,antranslationusuallyofterminology;thatis,itaparticularterminthesource-languagebytheterminthereceptorInordertoinoftheanF-Etranslationattemptstomakeadjustmentsidioms,buttomoreliterally,thattoperceivesomethingofwhichdocumentlocalculturalelementstoconveyequivalence

:contrast,translationwhichtodynamicthanformalequivalenceistheprincipleeffect.Intranslationthedirectedreceptor

neofdefiningaD-istoitas“thetosource-language”ofthreeessential1)equivalent,whichpointstowardthemessage,2)whichpointstowardreceptor3)closest,whichtheorientationstogetherofofapproximation.However,aD-Eprimarilyequivalenceofresponsethanform,itimportantdefinemorefullyimplicationsofastotheistoareasoftheforarenderingfitthereceptorlanguageasa2)thecontextoftheparticular3)theaudience.Functionalequivalence:dynamicequivalenceinoffunctionalequivalence.ThehasbeendefinedonthetheoftranslationshouldcomprehendthetranslatedtoextentthatcantheThe”ledbeenunderstoodmerelytermsofwhichandappeal.Accordingly,toavoid”isemployed,thebaseseffectivetranslationtobeinaandorientation,inwhichtheisfunction.afunctionallyequivalentsetofformswhichinfarpossiblewaywillmeaningoftheoriginaltext.Cicero?WhoisWhataretheirviews⑴西塞罗（Cicero106—43B.C.）罗马演说家，哲学家，修辞学家，作家兼翻译家。他精通拉丁语和希腊语。他把柏拉图的《蒂迈欧篇》和荷马史诗《奥德赛》由希腊语译成拉丁语，他的著作有《论最优秀的演说家与恶的定义中某些章节涉及翻译。他对翻译的看法：

译者应象演说家那样，使用符合古罗马语言习惯来表现内容，以吸引扩大读者。直译是缺乏技巧的表现，应该避免逐字死译，翻译应该保留词语最内层的东西——意义。译者的责任是给读者称出原词的重量而不是数量。通的。

翻译也是文学创作，任何翻译必须是其人。声音与意义自然相联系，词与词义在功能上不可分割，各种语言的修辞手段是相可见，他认为翻译是能够找到对等语的，风格也是可译的。更重要的是他主张活译。从他开始，就出现了直译，活译的讨论。⑵弗里德里希·施莱尔马赫（Schleiermacher1768--1834）德国人。于年发表一论文《论翻译的方法他说：翻译分笔译和口译。口译指关于商业的翻译，笔译是关于文学、艺术、科学的翻译方第一个明确区分笔译和口译的人）翻译分真正的翻译和机械的翻译，真正的翻译是指文学、艺术、科学的翻译。翻译必须正确理解语言和思维的辨证关系，一方面每个人都受到所说语言的制约，任何在语言范围之外的东西说话人都不可能明确想到。思想概念的形成，这些概念相互联结的方式和程度都是说话人从小开始习得语言所安排的，说话人的智能