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Globaloralhealthstatusreport
Towardsuniversalhealthcoveragefororalhealthby2030
Globaloralhealthstatusreport:towardsuniversalhealthcoveragefororalhealthby2030
ISBN978-92-4-006148-4(electronicversion)
ISBN978-92-4-006149-1(printversion)
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Designandlayout:JuliePudlowskiConsulting
Frontcoverphotograph:JuliePudlowski
Globaloralhealth
statusreport
Towardsuniversalhealthcoverage
fororalhealthby2030
©JuliePudlowski
iii
Contents
Forewordv
Acknowledgementsvii
Listofabbreviationsx
Introduction1
1.Oraldiseasesareglobalpublichealthproblems5
1.1Oraldiseases–anincreasingglobalburden7
1.2Oraldiseases–commondeterminantsandriskfactors15
1.3Oraldiseases–individualandpopulationimpactsalongthelifecourse19
1.4Oraldiseases–globalinequalitiesintheburden22
1.5Oraldiseases–inequalitiesinaccesstooralhealthservices23
1.6Oraldiseases–globalexpendituresandeconomicimpactoforaldiseases26
2.Theburdenofthemainoraldiseases29
2.1Dentalcaries30
2.2Severeperiodontaldisease37
2.3Edentulism41
2.4Oralcancer45
2.5Otheroralconditionsofpublichealthrelevance52
3.Challengesandopportunitiestowardsoralhealthforall59
3.1Healthserviceandmodelsoforalhealthcare60
3.2Globaloralhealthworkforce62
3.3Fluoridesfororalhealth66
3.4Oralhealthinformationandresearchchallenges70
3.5Issuesofpublichealthrelevanceinoralhealthcare73
3.6ReorientationonprimaryoralhealthcareandUHC79
4.AroadmaptowardsUHCfororalhealth83
5.References
87
©JuliePudlowski
v
Foreword
Oraldiseasesareamongthemostcommonnoncommunicablediseasesworldwide,affectinganestimated3.5billionpeople.Theburdenisincreasing,particularlyinlow-andmiddle-incomecountries.
Goodoralhealthisessentialforeating,breathingandspeaking,andcontributestooverallhealth,well-beingandconfidenceininteractingwithothers.Butoralhealthischallengedbyarangeofdiseasesandconditions,andstarkandpersistentinequalitiesintheburdenofdiseaseandaccesstooralhealthcare.Disadvantagedandmarginalizedpeoplearemorelikelytobeatriskoforaldiseasesandtheirnegativeconsequences.
Thegoodnewsisthatmanyoraldiseasescanbepreventedandtreated.Cost-effectivepreventiveandclinicalinterventionsareavailable,togetherwithapproachestotackleriskscommontoallnoncommunicablediseases,withthepotentialtobeeffectiveinarangeofcontexts,includinglow-andmiddle-incomecountries.
Oralhealthhaslongbeenneglectedintheglobalhealthagenda.Ourbiggestchallengenowisensuringthatallpeople,wherevertheyliveandwhatevertheirincome,havetheknowledgeandtoolsneededtolookaftertheirteethandmouths,andaccesstopreventionandcarewhentheyneedit.Forthistohappen,allcountriesneedsufficientstafftrainedinoralhealth,andoralhealthservicesmustbeincludedinnationalhealthcoveragepackages,eitherfreeofchargeoratapricethatpeoplecanafford.
TheadoptionbyWHOMemberStatesofahistoricresolutiononoralhealthattheWorldHealthAssemblyin2021wasanimportantstepforward.ThedevelopmentandadoptionofacomprehensiveGlobalStrategyonOralHealth,withaboldvisionforuniversalcoverageoforalhealthservicesby2030wasanothermilestone.TheGlobalOralHealthActionPlantobediscussedin2023willincludeamonitoringframework,withcleartargetstobeachievedby2030.Thesepolicieswillprovideuswithaclearpathtowardsensuringoralhealthforall.
ThisWHOGlobaloralhealthstatusreportprovidesacomprehensivepictureoftheoraldiseaseburden,theresourcesavailablefororalhealth,andthechallengesahead.
Thereportalsoincludescountryprofiles,andwillserveasabaselinefortrackingprogress.IntegratingoralhealthpromotionandcareintoprimaryhealthcareandUHCbenefitpackageswillbekeytosuccess.WHOiscommittedtoprovidingguidanceandsupporttocountriestohelpmakethishappen.
Iamconfidentthatthisreportwillcontributetocontinuedandincreasedeffortstoimproveoralhealthglobally,sothatnooneisleftbehindwithpreventableandtreatableoraldiseases.
DrTedrosAdhanomGhebreyesusDirector-General,WorldHealthOrganization
©WHO
vii
Acknowledgements
TheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)isgratefulforthecontributionsthatmanyindividualsandorganizationshavemadeoverseveralyearstothedevelopmentofthisreport.
TheWHOGlobaloralhealthstatusreportwasproducedbytheDepartmentofNoncommunicableDiseases,UniversalHealthCoverage/CommunicableandNoncommunicableDiseases(UCN)divisionoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO),Geneva,Switzerland(WHOHQ),undertheinitialgeneralguidanceofDouglasBettcher,Director,PreventionofNoncommunicableDiseasesDepartment,andlaterofBenteMikkelsen,Director,DepartmentofNoncommunicableDiseasesandSlimSlama,UnitHead,NoncommunicableDiseasesManagement-Screening,DiagnosisandTreatment,DepartmentofNoncommunicableDiseases,andundertheleadofBenoitVarenne,DentalOfficer,OralHealthProgramme,DepartmentofNoncommunicableDiseases.
Steeringcommittee
FatenBenAbdelaziz(WHOHQ);HabibBenzian(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NewYorkUniversity,NewYorkCity,UnitedStatesofAmerica);DongboFu(WHOHQ);YurikoHarada(WHOHQ);JasonLigot(WHOHQ);StefanListl(RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,theNetherlands);WagnerMarcenes(GlobalBurdenofDiseaseOralHealthCollaboratorsGroup,King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland);YukaMakino(WHORegionalOfficeforAfrica,Brazzaville,Congo);PoulErikPetersen(WHOCollaboratingCentre,UniversityofCopenhagen,Denmark);NicoleRendell(WHOHQ);LeanneRiley(WHOHQ);BenoitVarenne(WHOHQ);AkihitoWatabe(WHOHQ);andRichardWatt(WHOCollaboratingCentre,UniversityCollege,London,UnitedKingdom).
Editorialcommittee
HabibBenzian(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NewYorkUniversity,NewYorkCity,UnitedStates);YukaMakino(WHORegionalOfficeforAfrica,Brazzaville,Congo);NicoleStauf(LondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicine,London,UnitedKingdom);BenoitVarenne(WHOHQ);andRichardWatt(London,UnitedKingdom).
Reportdevelopment
WHOisverygratefultoHabibBenzianandRichardWattfortheireditorialleadershipandtechnicalwritingskillsduringthedevelopmentofthereport.
WHOalsothanksthefollowingindividualswhosededicatedeffortsandexpertisecontributedtothedevelopmentofthereport:HudaAbdulGhaffar(WHORegionalOfficefortheEasternMediterranean);SamiraAsma(WHOHQ);PaulBrennan(IARC,Lyon,France);AlisonRuthBrunier,(WHOHQ);AndreCarvalho(IARC,Lyon,France)SomnathChatterji(WHOHQ);KhassoumDiallo,(WHOHQ);GampoDorji(WHORegionalOfficeforSouth-EastAsia);DianaEstevezFernandez(WHOHQ);JillLouiseFarrington(WHORegionalOfficeforEurope);Riitta-maijaHämälainen(WHORegionalOfficefortheWesternPacific);HayateeHasan(WHOHQ);
viii
CarolinaHommes(WHORegionalOfficefortheAmericas);AndreIlbawi(WHOHQ);RatnasabapathipillaiKesavan,(WHORegionalOfficeforSouth-EastAsia);TeenaKuniumen,(WHOHQ);BeatriceLauby-Secretan(IARC,Lyon,France)AmitPrasad(WHOHQ);VinayakPrasad(WHOHQ);FelipeRoitberg(WHOHQ);StefanSavin(WHOHQ);DeependraSingh(IARC,Lyon,France);SlimSlama(WHOHQ);YvesTurgeon(WHOHQ);MennoVanHilten(WHOHQ);CherianVarghese(WHOHQ);KhanWasiqMehmood(WHORegionalOfficefortheEasternMediterranean).
Externalreviewers
AluísioJDBarros(UniversidadeFederaldePelotas,Brazil);LoisK.Cohen(NationalInstituteofDentalandCraniofacialResearch,NationalInstitutesofHealth,WashingtonDC,UnitedStates);StefanListl(RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,theNetherlands);WagnerMarcenes(GlobalBurdenofDiseaseOralHealthGroup,King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);SudeshniNaidoo(WHOCollaboratingCentreforOralHealth,UniversityoftheWesternCape,Bellville,RepublicofSouthAfrica);RichardNiederman(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NewYorkUniversity,NewYorkCity,UnitedStates);SrinathReddy(PublicHealthFoundationofIndia,Gurugram,India);VirojTangcharoensathien(InternationalHealthPolicyProgram,Nonthaburi,Thailand);andStéphanieTubert-Jeannin(UniversitéClermontAuvergne,France).
Othercontributors
WHOisgratefultothefollowingWHOCollaboratingCentres,consultantsandexternalexpertswhocontributedtothedevelopmentofspecificsectionsofthereport,totheimplementationofWHO-ledglobalsurveysatdifferentstagesofthedevelopmentofthereport,and/ortoregionalconsultationsorganized:
JunAida(TohokuUniversity,Sendai,Japan);EduardoBernabé(GlobalBurdenofDiseaseOralHealthCollaboratorsGroup,King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);PascalBovet(UniversityofLausanne,Switzerland);ChristianBradley(WesternNSWLocalHealthDistrict,Dubbo,Australia);PeterCarlsson(WHOCollaboratingCentre,MalmöUniversity,Malmö,Sweden);DavidConway(UniversityofGlasgow,UnitedKingdom);SarahCrummey(King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);ElisabethDimba(UniversityofNairobi,Kenya);DuangthipDuangporn(UniversityofHongKong,China,HongKongSpecialAdministrativeRegion(HongKongSAR,China);RituDuggal(WHOCollaboratingCentre,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,NewDelhi,India);MahaElTantawi(ImamAbdulrahmanBinFaisalUniversity,Dammam,SaudiArabia);DeniseFaulks(UniversitéClermontAuvergne,France);CarlosFeldens(UniversidadeLuteranadoBrasil,SãoJosé,Brazil);JennyGallagher(King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);NicolasGiraudeau(UniversitédeMontpellier,France);AthanasiosGkekas(UniversityofYork,UnitedKingdom);MaireadHarding(UniversityCollege,Cork,Ireland);AnjaHeilmann(UniversityCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);MilicaJevdjevic(RadboudUniversity,Nijmegen,theNetherlands);NewellJohnson(GriffithUniversity,Brisbane,Australia);RaksananKarawekpanyawong(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NiigataUniversity,Niigata,Japan);CristinKearns(UniversityofCalifornia,SanFrancisco,UnitedStates);O.P.Kharbanda(WHOCollaborationCentre,AllIndiaInstituteofMedicalSciences,NewDelhi,India);YuKubota(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NiigataUniversity,Niigata,Japan);ÖzlemElmasLubino(Saint-Genis-Pouilly,France);LornaMacpherson(UniversityofGlasgow,UnitedKingdom);ManuRajMathur(PublicHealthFoundationofIndia,Gurugram,India);GrazielleMattosSavage(King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);AfshanMirza(UniversityCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);PeterMossey(UniversityofDundee,UnitedKingdom);PaulaMoynihan(University
ix
ofAdelaide,Australia);MargaretNamusisi(MakerereUniversity,Kampala,Uganda);BelindaNicolau(McGillUniversity,Montreal,Canada);KanameNohno(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NiigataUniversity,Niigata,Japan);HiroshiOgawa(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NiigataUniversity,Niigata,Japan);EmmanuelOtho(RegionalCenterforOralHealthResearch,Jos,Nigeria);PrathipPhanthumvanit(AssociationofAsianChiefDentalOfficers,Thailand);AvePöld(InternationalAssociationofDentalStudents,Estonia);KoheiTamura(WHOCollaboratingCentre,NiigataUniversity,Niigata,Japan);JamesTaylor(SectionofChiefDentalOfficersandDentalPublicHealth,FDIWorldDentalFederation,andPublicHealthAgencyofCanada,Ottawa,Canada);GeorgeTsakos(UniversityCollegeLondon,UnitedKingdom);KasturiWarnakulasuriya(WHOCollaboratingCentre,King’sCollege,London,UnitedKingdom);TaoXu(WHOCollaboratingCentre,PekingUniversity,Beijing,China);ShanshanZhang(WHOCollaboratingCentre,PekingUniversity,Beijing,China);andShuguoZheng(WHOCollaboratingCentre,PekingUniversity,Beijing,China).
WHOisgratefultoSamiraAsma(WHOHQ)forfacilitatingcollaborationwiththeInstituteforHealthMetricsandEvaluation(IHME)attheUniversityofWashington,Seattle,UnitedStates,whoprovidedaccesstodataonoraldiseasesfromtheGlobalBurdenofDiseaseProject(2019).AttheIHME,WHOespeciallythanksKellyBienhoff,LisaForce,NickKassebaum,RafaelLozanoandMeghanMooney.
WHOthanksallthosementionedinthecasestudiesfortheircollaborationandforsharingtheirownexperiencesandpersonalinsights:SemiyuAdetunjiAdeniyi,VoramonAgrasuta,PhilippeAubert,MariaCorazonDumlao,ClaireJeantet,MulikatOkanlawon,VictorOluwalomola,MaryOtto,WarisaPanichkriangkrai,NormanTinanoff,NoelVallesteros,ShashankWani,RahulWankhede,SakujiYanadoriandPascalZoungrana.
WHOowesaveryspecialthankstoRicardoMartinezandLuceroLopezPerez,OctomaConsultantsTeam,Mexico,fortheirexpertdataanalysisandvisualizations.
WHOacknowledgeswithgratitudethefundsreceivedfromtheWHOvoluntarycontributionsoftheBorrowFoundation,UnitedKingdom,andHilfsaktionNomae.V.,Germany.
x
Listofabbreviations
AMRAntimicrobialresistance
CCS
CountryCapacitySurvey
CPI
CommunityPeriodontalIndex
DALY
disability-adjustedlifeyear
DATs
dentalassistantsandtherapists
DMFT
decayed,missingandfilledteeth
DPTs
dentalprosthetists/technicians
GBD
GlobalBurdenofDisease
GSHS
GlobalSchool-basedStudentHealthSurvey
HPV
humanpapillomavirus
HTA
healthtechnologyassessment
IARC
InternationalAgencyforResearchonCancer
IHME
InstituteofHealthMetricsandEvaluation
ILO
InternationalLabourOrganization
IPC
infectionpreventionandcontrol
ITU
InternationalTelecommunicationUnion
mHealth
mobilehealth
NCD
noncommunicabledisease
NGO
nongovernmentalorganization
NHWA
NationalHealthWorkforceAccount
OFC
orofacialclefts
PHC
primaryhealthcare
SDGs
SustainableDevelopmentGoals
SSB
sugar-sweetenedbeverage
UHC
universalhealthcoverage
UN
UnitedNations
UNICEF
UnitedNationsChildren’sFund
WB
WorldBank
WHO
WorldHealthOrganization
WHOEML/cWHOmodellistofessentialmedicinesforadultsandchildren
xi
Listoffigures
Fig.1
RankingofmostprevalentconditionsperWBcountryincomelevel
8 Fig.2
ComparisonofestimatedglobalcasenumbersforselectedNCDs
9
Fig.3
EstimatedcasenumbersandprevalenceofthemajororaldiseasescombinedperWB
9
countryincomegroup(excludinglip/oralcavitycancer)
Fig.4
Estimatedcasenumbersandprevalenceofthemajororaldiseasescombinedper
WHOregion(excludinglip/oralcavitycancer)
10
Fig.5
Estimatedcasenumbersofthemajororaldiseasescombinedbetween1990and2019
perWBcountryincomegroup(excludinglip/oralcavitycancer)
11
Fig.6
Estimatedpopulationchangebetween1990and2019byWBcountryincomegroup
12
Fig.7
ComparisonofestimatedglobalDALYsforselectedNCDs
13
Fig.8
Socialandcommercialdeterminantsoforaldiseases
15
Fig.9
CommonriskfactorsforNCDsandoralhealth
17
Fig.10
Prevalenceratesoffourmajororaldiseasesoverthelifecourse
19
Fig.11
Selectedimpactsoforaldiseases
21
Fig.12
Comparisonofedentulismbyeducationalattainmentindifferentpopulations
(inpercentageofedentulouspopulation)
23
Fig.13
PercapitadirectdentalexpenditureinUS$perWBcountryincomegroup(2019)
27
Fig.14
TotaldirectdentalexpenditureinUS$perWBcountryincomegroup(2019)
27
Fig.15
capitadentalexpendituresinUS$percountry(2019)
Per
28
Fig.16
Estimatedprevalenceofdentalcariesofdeciduousteethpercountry
31
Fig.17
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofcariesofdeciduousteethperWBcountry
incomegroup
32
Fig.18
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofcariesofdeciduousteethperWHOregion
33
Fig.19
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofcariesofpermanentteethperWBincomegroup
34
xii
Fig.20
Estimatedprevalenceofcariesofpermanentteethpercountry
35
Fig.21
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofcariesofpermanentteethperWHOregion
38
Fig.22
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofsevereperiodontaldiseaseperWBcountry
38
incomegroup
Fig.23
Estimatedprevalenceofsevereperiodontaldiseasepercountry
39
Fig.24
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofsevereperiodontaldiseaseperWHOregion
39
Fig.25
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofedentulismperWBcountryincomegroup
42
Fig.26
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofedentulismperWHOregion
43
Fig.27
Estimatedprevalenceofedentulism
44
Fig.28
IncidenceandmortalityratesoflipandoralcavitycancerperWBcountryincomegroup
46
Fig.29
IncidenceandmortalityratesoflipandoralcavitycancerperWHOregion
46
Fig.30
Estimatedincidenceratesoflipandoralcavitycancer
47
Fig.31
Estimatedmortalityratesoflipandoralcavitycancer
47
Fig.32
Estimatednumbersofnewcasesandpercentageshareoftotalcasesoflipandoral
cavitycancerperWBcountryincomegroup(2020)
51
Fig.33
Estimatednumbersofnewcasesandpercentageshareoftotalcasesoflipandoral
cavitycancerperWHOregion(2020)
51
Fig.34
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofOFCsbyWBIncomegroup
52
Fig.35
EstimatedcasesandprevalenceofOFCsbyWHOregion
53
Fig.36
Workforcefororalhealth–dentistdensity
64
Fig.37
Usesoforalhealthinformation
71
Fig.38
Conceptualmodeloftheprimaryoralhealthcarepyramid
80
Fig.39
Theprimaryoralhealthcareoperationalframework
82
xiii
Listoftables
Percentagechangeinestimatedprevalence,casenumbersandDALYsofthemajororal
11
Table1.
diseases(exceptlipandoralcavitycancer)andchangeinpopulationbyWBcountry
incomegroup
Table2.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofcariesofdeciduousteethin2019andthepercentage
changefrom1990to2019perWBcountryincomegroup
31
Table3.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasenumbersofcariesofdeciduousteethin2019
andtheirpercentagechangefrom1990to2019perWHOregion
32
Table4.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofcariesofpermanentteethin2019
andthepercentagechangeofprevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019
perWBcountryincomegroup
34
Table5.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofcariesofpermanentteethin2019andthepercentage
changeofprevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019perWHOregion
35
Table6.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofsevereperiodontaldiseasein2019andthe
percentagechangeofprevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019perWB
countryincomegroup
38
Table7.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofsevereperiodontaldiseasein2019
andthepercentagechangeofprevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019
perWHOregion
40
Table8.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasesofedentulismin2019andthepercentagechangeof
prevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019perWBcountryincomegroup
42
Table9.
Estimatedprevalenceandcasenumbersofedentulismin2019andthepercentage
changeofprevalence,casesandpopulationfrom1990to2019perWHOregi
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