2023年宁夏回族自治区银川市高三第四次模拟考试英语试卷含解析

2023高考英语模拟试卷考生请注意：1．答题前请将考场、试室号、座位号、考生号、姓名写在试卷密封线内，不得在试卷上作任何标记。2．第一部分选择题每小题选出答案后，需将答案写在试卷指定的括号内，第二部分非选择题答案写在试卷题目指定的位置上。3．考生必须保证答题卡的整洁。考试结束后，请将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分（共20小题，每小题1.5分，满分30分）1．Havingahobbydoesdogoodtoyou.Itdoesn’tmatterwhatitis______itdrivesyoutomoveforward.A．ifonly B．incaseC．aslongas D．inorderthat2．YesterdayItookmycartothegaragetohavethem________theair-conditioner.A．tocheck B．checking C．checked D．check3．—Ikeeponmeetingwithdifficultiesintheexperiment.Icanhardlygoon.—Wheretherearedifficulties,therearewaystogetoverthem.________A．Suityourself. B．GoodforyouC．Pullyourselftogether! D．What’sthedeal?4．---IsitconvenienttoyouifIcallyouupat9o’clocktomorrowmorning?---I’mafraidnot.I______ameetingthen.A．willhaveattended B．wasattendingC．willbeattending D．amattending5．________iswillingtovolunteerinthe2022BeijingWinterOlympicsiswelcometojoinus.A．WhateverB．WhoeverC．WheneverD．Wherever6．Jasonwillneverforgetabouthis18thbirthday,sawhisbeingadmittedtoHarvard.A．when B．which C．that D．it7．Iamalwaysdelightedwhenreceivingyourinvitation,______thepartyonJune9thafterthenationalcollegeentranceexamination,Ishallbepleasedtoattend.A．Onaccountof B．WithregardtoC．Inresponseto D．Inviewof8．Therealreasonwhyprices____,andstillare,toohighiscomplex,andnoshortdiscussioncansatisfactorilyexplainthisproblem.A．were B．willbeC．havebeen D．hadbeen9．---Whatcausedthepartytobeputoff?---______theinvitations.A．Tomdelayedsending B．Tom’sdelayingsendingC．Tomdelayingtosend D．Tomdelayedtosend10．Thankstothe“sugartax”，foodfactorieshavereducedsugarintheirproducts,________about45millionkilogramsofsugar.A．tosaveB．savedC．savingD．havingsaved11．—Hello,I________toaskifIcanbookaflighttickettoHainantomorrow?—Sorry,we’vealreadysoldout.A．phoneB．willphoneC．amphoningD．havephoned12．––Thesmallrestaurantisalwayscrowdedineverypart.––That’s______ithasauniquediningenvironmentandquiteafewwonderfuldishes.A．why B．becauseC．where D．when13．Britishscientistshaveproduced_____theybelieveistheworld’ssmallestChristmascard．A．which B．who C．that D．what14．It'salwaysagoodideatohaveasecondkeysomewhere________youlosethefirstone.A．incase B．nowthatC．eventhough D．aslongas15．Takingdrugshasbecomepartofeverysport_________athletesseektoachievebeyondtheirnaturallimits.A．which B．that C．who D．where16．—I’mburntoutasI’vebeenworkingonmyessayallthetime.—____________.You’llsurelymakeit.A．Don’tputonairs B．GivemeabreakC．Don’tgetonmynerve D．Hanginthere17．—Doyouhaveanyproblemsifyou______thisjob?—Well,I’mthinkingaboutthesalary….A．offerB．willofferC．areofferedD．willbeoffered18．PleasewearyourbestclothesonMonday,asyourclassphotos______then.A．willtakeB．willbetakenC．havetakenD．havebeentaken19．Inacompetitivemarketplace,findingthekeyfactorthat________yourbusinessfromothersishighlyvaluable.A．defends B．distinguishesC．prohibits D．selects20．Whenfacedwithabigchallenge________potentialfailureseemstohideateverycorner,maybeyou'veheardthisadvicebefore:“Bemoreconfident.”A．where B．whose C．which D．ofwhich第二部分阅读理解（满分40分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项。21．（6分）WhenIspentthesummerwithmygrandmother,shealwayssetmedowntothegeneralstorewithalist.BehindthecounterwasaladylikenooneI’deverseen.“Excuseme,”Isaid.Shelookedupandsaid,“I’mMissBee.”“Ineedtogetthese.”Isaid,holdingupmylist.“So?Gogetthem.”MissBeepointedtoasign.“There’snoonehereexceptyouandmeandI’mnotyourservant,sogetyourselfabasketfromthatpile.”IvisitedMissBeetwiceaweekthatsummer.Sometimessheshortchargedme.Othertimessheovercharged.Goingtothestorewaslikegoingintobattle.Allsummerlongshefoundwaystotrickme.NosoonerhadIlearnedhowtopronounce“bicarbonateofsoda”andmemorizeditslocationontheshelvesthanshemademehuntforitalloveragain.Butbysummer’sendtheshoppingtripthathadoncetakenmeanhourwasdonein15minutes.“Allright,littlegirl,”shesaid.“Whatdidyoulearnthissummer?”“Thatyou’reameanie!”Ireplied.MissBeejustlaughedandsaid,“Iknowwhatyouthinkofme.Well,Idon’tcare!MyjobistoteacheverychildImeetlifelessons.Whenyougetolderyou’llbeglad!”GladImetMissBee?Ha!Theideawasabsurd…Untilonedaymydaughtercametomewithhomeworktroubles.“It’stoohard,”shesaid.“Couldyoufinishmymathproblemsforme?”“IfIdoitforyou,howwillyoueverlearntodoityourself?”Isaid.Suddenly,IwasbackatthatgeneralstorewhereIhadlearnedthehardwaytoaddupmybillbymyself.HadIeverbeenoverchargedsince?1、Whatdidtheauthor’sgrandmotheralwaysaskhertododuringhersummervacation?A．Makelistsforhershopping.B．Buysomethinginthegeneralstore.C．Sendliststotheladyinthegeneralstore.D．Gotoseetheladyinastore.2、WhatcanweinferaboutMissBee?A．Sheusedtolearntopronouncethenamesofsomegoodsinthestore.B．Sheneithershortchargedtheauthornoroverchargedher.C．TeachingkidslessonswasMissBee’sjobatthattime.D．Hertricksmadetheauthorfinishshoppinginashortertime.3、Theauthormentionedherdaughterto__________.A．showhersatisfactionwithherkid’shomeworkB．informreadersofherirresponsibilityforherkidC．tellreadersMissBee’sinfluenceonherD．expressheroppositiontoMissBee4、Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?A．AnunforgettablesummertravelB．BeingaresponsiblemotherC．MeangrandmagivingapreciouslessonD．Makingameaningfullifelist22．（8分）Ithurtstokeepsecrets.Secrecy(保密)isassociatedwithlowerwell-being,worsehealth,andlesssatisfyingrelationships.Researchhaslinkedsecrecytoincreasedanxiety,depression,symptomsofpoorhealth,andeventhemorerapidprogressionofdisease.Thereisaseeminglyobviousexplanationfortheseharms:hidingsecretsishardwork.Youhavetowatchwhatyousay.Newresearch,however,suggeststhattheharmofsecretsdoesn’treallycomefromthehidingafterall.Therealproblemwithkeepingasecretisnotthatyouhavetohideit,butthatyouhavetolivewithit,andthinkaboutit.Tobetterunderstandtheharmsofsecrecy,researchersfirstsetouttounderstandwhatsecretspeoplekeep,andhowoftentheykeepthem.Theyfoundthat97%ofpeoplehaveatleastonesecretatanygivenmoment,andpeoplehave,onaverage,13secrets.Acrossseveralstudies,researchersaskedparticipantstoestimatehowfrequentlytheyhidtheirsecretduringconversationswithothers,andalsohowfrequentlytheythoughtaboutthesecretoutsideofsocialinteractions.Theyfoundthatthemorefrequentlypeoplesimplythoughtabouttheirsecrets,thelowertheirwell-being.Followingupthisresearch,anewpaperrevealswhythinkingaboutsecretsissoharmful.Turningthequestionaround,theconsequencesoftellingsecretsareexamined.Researchersfoundthatwhenapersonrevealsasecrettoathirdparty,itdoesnotreducehowoftentheyhavetohidethesecretfromotherswhoarestillkeptinthedark.Rather,itreduceshowoftentheirmindwanderstowardthesecretinirrelevantmoments.Therefore,ifyouchoosetostillkeepsomethingsecret,talkingtoanotherpersoncanmaketheworldofdifference.Secretsdon’thavetohurtasmuchastheydo.1、Whichisnotoneoftheharmsofkeepingsecrets?A．Beingphysicallysick. B．Mentalproblems.C．Harmedrelationships. D．Hidingsomewhere.2、Whyiskeepingsecretssoharmful?A．Becauseyoumusthidethem.B．Becauseyouoftenthinkaboutthem.C．Becauseit’sdifficulttokeepsecrets.D．Becauseyoumustwatchwhattosay.3、Howcanpeoplereducetheharmofkeepingsecrets?A．Byworkinghard. B．Bykeeping13secrets.C．Bythinkingaboutthesecrets. D．Bytellingsecretstoathirdperson.4、Whichisthetextprobablytakenfrom?A．Anadvertisement B．AresearchreportC．Abiologytextbook. D．Atravelbrochure.23．（8分）Kincaidlookedathiswatch:eight-seventeen.Thetruckstartedonthesecondtry,andhebackedout,shiftedgears,andmovedslowlydownthealleyunderhazysun.ThroughthestreetsofBellinghamhewent,headingsouthonWashington11,runningalongthecoastofPugetSoundforafewmiles,thenfollowingthehighwayasitswungeastalittlebeforemeetingU.SRoute20.Turningintothesun,hebeganthelong,windingdrivethroughtheCascades.Helikedthiscountryandfeltunpressedstoppingnowandthentomakenotesaboutinterestingpossibilitiesforfutureexpeditionsortoshootwhathecalled“memorysnapshots.”Thepurposeofthesecausalphotographswastoremindhimofplaceshemightwanttovisitagainandapproachmoreseriously.InlaterafternoonheturnednorthatSpokane,pickingupU.S.Route2,whichwouldtakehimhalfwayacrossthenorthernUnitedStatestoDuluth,Minnesota.Hewishedforthethousandthtimeinhislifethathehadadog,agoldenretriever,maybe,fortravelslikethisandtokeephimcompanyathome.Buthewasfrequentlyaway;overseasmuchofthetimeanditwouldnotbefairtotheanimal.Still,hethoughtaboutitanyway.Inafewyearshewouldbegettingtoooldforthehardfieldwork.“Imustgetadogthen.”Hesaidtohimself.Driveslikethisalwaysputhimintoasentimentalmood.Thedogwaspartofit.RobertKincaidwasaloneasit’spossibletobe—anonlychild,parentsbothdead,distantrelativeswhohadlosttrackofhimandheofthem,noclosefriends.HethoughtaboutMarian.Shehadlefthimnineyearsagoafterfiveyearsofmarriage.Hewasfifty-twonow,thatwouldmakeherjustunderforty.Marianhaddreamsofbecomingamusician,afolksinger.SheknewalloftheWeavers’songsandsangthemprettywellinthecoffeehouseofSeattle.Whenhewashomeintheolddays,hedrovehertotheshowsandsatintheaudiencewhileshesang.Hislongabsences—twoorthreemonthssometimes—werehardonthemarriage.Heknewthat.Shewasawareofwhathedidwhentheydecidedtogetmarried,andbothofthemhadavaguesensethatitcouldallbehandledsomehow.Itcouldn’twhenhecamefromphotographingastoryinIcelandandshewasgone.Thenoteread,“Robert,itdidn’tworkout.IleftyoutheHarmonyguitar.Stayintouch.”Hedidn’tstayintouch.Neitherdidshe.HesignedthedivorcepaperswhentheyarrivedayearlaterandcaughtaplaneforAustraliathenextday.Shehadaskedfornothingexceptherfreedom.1、WhichrouteistherightonetakenbyKincaid?A．Bellingham—Washington11—PugetSound—U.SRoute20—U.SRoute2—DuluthB．U.S.Route2—Bellingham—Washington11—PugetSound—U.SRoute20—DuluthC．U.S.Route2—U.SRoute20—Duluth–Bellingham—Washington11D．Bellingham—Washington11—U.S.Route2—U.SRoute20—Duluth2、Whichstatementistrueaccordingtothepassage?A．Kincaid’sparentsweredeadandheonlykeptintouchwithsomedistantrelatives.B．Kincaidwouldhavehadadogifhehadn’tbeenawayfromhometoomuch.C．Kincaidusedtohaveagoldenretriever.D．Kincaidneededadogindoinghishardfieldwork.3、WhydidKincaidstoptotakephotoswhiledriving?A．Towrite“memorysnapshots”B．Toremindhimselfofplaceshemightwanttovisitagain.C．Toavoidforgettingthewayback.D．Toshootbeautifulsceneryalongtheroad.4、WhatcanyouknowaboutMarian?A．Shediedafterfiveyearsofmarriage.B．ShewasolderthanKincaid.C．Shecouldsingverywellandearnedbigmoney.D．Shewasnotaprofessionalpopsinger.5、Wecandrawaconclusionfromthepassagethat________.A．MarianknewwhatwouldhappenbeforeshemarriedKincaid.B．KincaidthoughthisabsencewouldbeaproblemwhenhemarriedMarian.C．ItturnedoutthatMariancouldnotstandKincaid’sabsenceandlefthim.D．AfterMarianlefthim,theystillkeptintouchwitheachother.24．（8分）“BallisticmissilethreatinboundtoHawaii.Seekimmediateshelter.Thisisnotadrill.”Itmightsoundlikesomethingstraightoutofahorrormovie,butfor38minutesterrifiedHawaiianresidentsthoughttheworldwasgoingtoend.OnSaturday,localsandtouristsonthesmallislandwokeuptoamessagethatmanyhavefearedamidNorthKorea’sdevelopmentofanuclearweapon.Panickedresidentsgatheredfamilymembers,ranoutontothestreetsandanxiouslysoughtshelterastheyawaitedtheattack.Carswereabandonedonhighwaysandpeoplewhowereoutsideatthetimehidinthebasementsofneighboursasotherspreparedtoflee.StaceyBow,56,ofHonoluluwasawakenedtotheemergencyalert(警报)onhersmartphoneandwokeupher16-year-olddaughter,whobecamehysterical,crying.ChereseCarlson,saidthemomentsfollowingthealertwerefilledwithfear.“Ihadnofriendsheretoturntoforhelp,”shesaid.“TherewasnothingIcoulddobutsitinmycarworriedthatitwastheendofmylife.”Othersthoughtthatitwasahoaxorafalsealarm,sincethesirens(报警汽笛)didnotringout.“Ithoughttomyself,itmustbesomeone’slastdayatworkorsomeonegotextremelyupsetatasuperiorandbasicallydidthisasajoke,”saidBrianNaeole,whowasvisitingHonolulufromMolokai,addingthathedidn’thearsirensandneitherTVnorradiostationsissuedalerts.Itturnedoutthattheincidentwascausedbyaworkerwhopressedthewrongbutton.Arevisedalertinformingpeopleofthe“falsealarm”didnotreachmobilephonesuntilabout40minutesafterthefirstwarningwassent.Hawaii’sEmergencyManagementAgencyadministratorVernMiyagisaid,“therewasnoautomatedwaytosendafalsealarmcancellation.Wehadtoinitiateamanualprocess.Andthatwaswhyittookawhiletoinformeveryone”.Heapologisedforthefalsealarm.1、Whendidthepeopleprobablyreceivethealertmessage?A．At8:07a.m.B．At11:05a.m.C．At6:13p.m.D．At9:05p.m.2、WhatcanweinferaboutChereseCarlson?A．ShewasalocallivinginHonolulu.B．Shecelledupherfriendsforassistance.C．ShehadtohideinastrongbasementD．ShewasprobablyatouristvisitingHawaii.3、HowdidBrianNaeolefeelafterreadingthealertmessage?A．Desperate.B．Calm.C．Terrified.D．Funny.4、Theunderlinedword“manual”inthelastparagraphmeans.A．expressedinwordsB．controlledbycomputersC．operatedbyhandD．performedbyrobots25．（10分）Doyouwanttoreadsomenewbooks?HereareafewofBillGates’favoritesin2018.21Lessonsforthe21stCenturyAuthor:YuvalNoahHarariPrice:$20.2Theauthor,whoisareallystrongthinker,makesitclearthatbigproblemsarenotsolvablebyasinglecountry.Hefindsthathumanmindwantstoworryaboutthedilemmaswefacetoday.Thebookisabetterframeworkforalltheproblemsthatpeopleareworryingabout.MeditationandMindfulnessAuthor:AndyPuddicombePrice:$18.5Whenyoumeditate,theysometimessayyoushouldemptyyourmind,butthatreallyneverhappens.Sotheauthor’sanalogy(比喻)isideasthatarelikecloudscomingacrossyourhead.Youshouldjustpushawaygently.Ifthebookcangetpeopledoing10minutesdailymeditation,thatisfantasticforrelaxingyourmind.ArmyofNoneAuthor:PaulScharrePrice:$46.1Itisaboutwhatarmiesaregoingtolooklikeinthefuture.Shouldadrone(无人机)beabletogooutandfindenemiesandattackthem?Shouldthesoftwarebelettingthehumansmakethedecisionsornot?Theauthoriswarningthatweneedtoholdbackandnotgoallthewaytoroboticwarfare.Theauthorthinksweshouldnotgiveuphumaninvolvementintheseweapons.BadBloodAuthor:JohnCarreyrouPrice:$43.4ItisastoryofsecretsandliesinaSiliconValleystart-up.Theranos,thefoundersweredoingdiagnostics(诊断)thatcanbeverycheap,notneedasmuchblood,readoutevenyourDNA．Butwhenitallwasrevealed,theyreallydidn’thavewhattheyweretalkingabout.Infact,theyhadbeengivingpatientsdiagnoses,whichwereactuallydangerousbecausetheyweresowrong.Itisathrillerwithatragicending.1、Whichbookissuitableforapersonwhowantstofindawaytogetrelaxed?A．21Lessonsforthe21stCentury. B．MeditationandMindfulness.C．ArmyofNone. D．BadBlood.2、Whowroteathrillerin2018?A．YuvalNoahHarari. B．AndyPuddicombe.C．PaulScharre. D．JohnCarreyrou.3、HowmuchwillyoupayforArmyofNone?A．$20.2. B．$18.5.C．$46.1. D．$43.4.第三部分语言知识运用（共两节）第一节（每小题1.5分，满分30分）阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的A、B、C和D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项．26．（30分）OneafternooninJanuaryin1998,SusanSharp,43,andher8-year-oldsonDavid,werewalkingacrossanicysquare,1Susan'scane(手杖)slippedontheice.Herface2firstintothemud.David3hermother'sside,“Areyouallright,Mom”4,Susanpulledherselfup,“I'mokay,Honey,”shesaid.Susanwasfallingmore5sinceshehadtroublewalking.Everyinchoficewasa6dangerforher.“IwishIcoulddosomething,”theboythought.David,too,washaving7ofhisown.Theboyhadaspeechproblem,soatschoolhetalked8Oneday,David'steacherannounceda9homework."Eachofyouisgoingtocomeupwithan10,"shesaid.Thiswasfor"INVENTAMERICA",anationalcompetitiontoencouragecreativityinchildren.Anidea11Davidoneevening.Ifonlyhismother'scanedidn'tslipontheice.“WhatifI12yourcanetoanailcomingoutofthebottom”heaskedhismother.“13thesharpendwouldscratch(划破)floors,”Susansaid.“No,Mom,I14makeitlikeaball-pointpen.Youtakeyourhandoffthebuttonandthe15returnsbackup.”Hourslaterthecanewasfinished.Davidandhisfather16asSusanusedittowalk50feetaboutthe17HappilySusancriedout,“It18!”InJuly1999,Davidwas19nationalwinnerforthe"INVENTAMERICA".Davidbegantomakepublicappearance.Thushewasforcedtocommunicate20Today,Davidisnearlyfreeofhisspeechproblem,andhiscaneisbecomingwellaccepted.1、A．Where B．while C．when D．then2、A．fell B．touched C．lay D．dropped3、A．stoodby B．rushedto C．lookedat D．ranaround4、A．Firmly B．Easily C．Quickly D．Shakily5、A．slowly B．frequently C．freely D．heavily6、A．hiding B．certainly C．possible D．waiting7、A．method B．disease C．trouble D．hope8、A．few B．little C．much D．more9、A．useful B．strange C．common D．special10、A．appearance B．invention C．experience D．experiment11、A．reminded B．encouraged C．occurred D．hit12、A．fastened B．stuck C．fixed D．tied13、A．So B．And C．For D．But14、A．might B．would C．did D．need15、A．pen B．hand C．cane D．nail16、A．watched B．supported C．noticed D．helped17、A．street B．ice C．yard D．square18、A．works B．operates C．succeeds D．helps19、A．declared B．received C．won D．praised20、A．moreslowly B．morecarefully C．moreclearly D．faster第二节（每小题1.5分，满分15分）阅读下面材料，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。27．（15分）Thepastyears1．(witness)greatchangesinChina.Sofar,Chinahasreachedastage2．weshareleadingpositionsinmanyfields.Afterabout800years,thespiritoftheSilkRoadisstillalive.ThisisthankstoaproposalbyXiJinpingin2013.Theinitiative(倡议),calledtheSilkRoadEconomicBeltandthe21stCenturyMaritimeSilkRoad,aimstobuildatradenetworkbylinkingAsiawithAfricaandEurope3．ancienttraderoutes(路线).ThePresidentofRussia

VladimirPutinhasexpressedhis4．(congratulate).Morethan100countriesandorganizationshavejoinedtheinitiative,whichisworth5．(have)andabout40countrieshavesignedcooperationagreementswithChina.Theinitiativecovers60percentoftheworld’spopulationandabout$20trillion—aroundone6．(three)oftheworldGDP.ThepopularityoftheBeltandRoadInitiativehas7．(it)rootsinthehumandesiretotradeideasandcommunicate.JusttakealookattheSilkRoad.Itwasn’tjustsilkandothergoodsthatweretraded.Knowledgeaboutscienceandtechnologieswassharedacrossthenetwork.ThisincludedthefourgreatinventionsofancientChina.Itwasalso8．earlywayforlanguagesand9．(culture)developmentandbecomeinfluencedbyoneanother.10．(hope),thebuildingoftheBeltandRoaddoesn’tjustcontributetotheeconomicprosperity(繁荣)ofthecountriesinvolvedintheBeltandRoadInitiativeandregionaleconomiccooperation.Italsoencouragesexchangesandmutuallearningbetweendifferentcivilizations,andpromotesworldpeaceanddevelopment.第四部分写作（共两节）第一节短文改错（满分10分）28．（10分）假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文，请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中共有10处语言错误，每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。增加：在缺词处加一个漏字符号（∧），并在其下面写出该加的词；删除：把多余的词用斜线（＼）直接划掉；修改：在错的词下划一横线（），并在该词下面写出修改后的词。注意：1、每处错误及其修改均仅限一词；2、只允许修改10处，多者（从第11处起）不计分。Accordingtoanewreport,morethanoneinfivepeoplearelivedinextremepovertyaroundtheglobe、Therefore,China'scontinuedeconomicgrowthhasimprovedthelivesofmillionofpeople、Thepovertyrateintheworld'slargestdevelopingcountryhaddecreasedbynearlythree-quartersinthepastsixyears、ThereportismadeofaresearchcompanyintheU、S、Itsaysthatthetrendhasresultedfromtheeconomicreformsinthecountryinlasttenyears、Onereasonforthissoclo-economicsuccessliesintherapidlydevelopmentofthecountry、Anotherreasonisthatwhymoreandmorepeoplearemovingfrommanypoorerruralareastolookforbetterjobsinurbancenters、TheimprovementofeducationbuthealthcarehasalsoplayedanimportantpartinhelpmanypeoplegetoutofpovertyinChina、第二节书面表达（满分25分）29．（25分）假定你是李华，即将去美国参加一个中美文化夏令营活动。请你根据以下内容要点给你的美国朋友Mike写一封信，告知他你的美国之行。1.此行的目的；2.活动的内容；3.你的期望。注意：1词数100左右；2可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯；3开头语和结束语已为你写好，不计入总词数。DearMike,I’mwritingtotellyousomethingaboutmytriptoAmerica.__________________________