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2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第3篇第3篇
CitizenScientistsUnderstandinghownaturerespondstoclimatechangewillrequiremonitoringkeylifecycle1
events-flowering,theappearanceofleaves,thefirstfrogcallsofthespring-allaroundtheworld.Butecologistscan'tbeeverywheresothey'returningtonon-scientists,sometimescalledcitizenscientists,forhelp.ﻫClimatescientistsarenotpresenteverywhere.Becausetherearesomanyplacesintheworldandnotenoughscientiststoobserveallofthem,they'reaskingforyourhelpinobservingsignsofclimatechangeacrosstheworld.Thecitizenscientistmovementencouragesordinarypeopletoobserveaveryspecificresearchinterest-birds,trees,flowersbudding,etc.-andsendtheirobservationstoa
giantdatabaseto
beobservedbyprofessionalscientists.Thishelpsasmallnumberofscientiststrackalargeamountofdatathattheywouldneverbeabletogatherontheirown.Muchlikecitizenjournalistshelpinglargepublicationscoverahyper-localbeat2,citizenscientistsarereadyfortheconditionswheretheylive.Allthat'sneededtobecomeoneisafewminuteseachdayoreachweektogatherdataandsendit3in.ﻫAgroupofscientistsandeducatorslaunchedanorganizationlastyearcalledtheNationalPheonology4
Network."Phenology"iswhatscientistscallthestudyofthetimingofeventsinnature.
Oneofthegroup'sfirsteffortsreliesonscientistsandnon-scientistsaliketocollectdataaboutplantfloweringandleafingeveryyear.Tgram,calledProjectBudBurst,collectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrosstheUnitedStates.Peopleparticipatingintheproject-whichisopentoeveryone-recordtheirobservationsontheProjectBudBurstwebsite.
"Peopledon'thavetobeplantexperts-theyjusthavetolookaroundandseewhat'sintheirneighborhood,"saysJenniferSchwartz,acationconsultantwiththeproject."Aswecollectthisdata,we'llbeabletomakeanestimateofhowplantsandeommunities5ofplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges."
词汇:
Frogn.蛙
Ecologistn.生态学家
Phenologyn.物候学
Budv.发芽,萌芽;n.芽,花蕾
Neighbor(u)rhoodn.近邻;邻近地区
Databasen.数据库
Professionaladj.专业的,职业的;n.职业选手,专业人员ﻫ注释:ﻫ1.lifecycle:生命周期,即生物发展过程的系列变化。ﻫ2.hyper-localbeat:beat在此做名词用,意思是:某类新闻报道,如,abusinessbeat;商业专题报道。这是近年来出现的新词。Hyper-localbeat即hyper-localnews,指的是被传统新闻报道方式所忽略的小型社区或居民居住区里发生的相关信息报道。在美国由此而诞生了hyper-localnewswebsite,专门对主流媒体所没有覆盖的地区所发生的事件进行报道,其形式多以网民,即短文中所提及的citizenjournalists,上传所在社区发生的事件报道、照片或视频为主。这是网络时代产生的又一新生事物。ﻫ3.data是复数形式,但常用做单数,所以这里的代词是it。另参见最后一段“Aswecollectthisdata,...”。这里的data也用作单数。
4.phenology:物候学或生物气候学,是气候学和生态学的边沿学科,重要研究气候环境对生物的影响。
5.communities:生态学词汇:生物群落,记载比较相似的环境条件下在特定自然区域或环境中生活和互相影响的一群植物和动物。练习:
1.Ecologiststurntonon-scientistcitizensforhelpbecausetheyneedthem
A)
toprovidetheirpersonallifecycles.B)
toobservethelifecycleofplants.ﻫC)
tocollectdataofthelifecycleoflivingthings.D)
toteachchildrenknowledgeaboutclimatechange.
2.Whatarecitizenscientistsaskedtodo?
A)
Todevelopaspecificreserestandbecomeprofessionalscientists.
B)
Tosendtheirresearchobservationstoaprofessionaldatabase.
C)
Toincreasetheirknowledgeaboutclimatechange.ﻫD)
Tokeeparecordoftheirresearchobservations.
3.In"Allthat'sneededtobecomeone...(paragraph2)",whatdoestheword"one"standsfor?ﻫA)
acitizenjournalist.
B)
acitizenscientist.
C)
ascientist.
D)
acitizen.ﻫ4.WhatisNOTtrueofProjectBudBurst?ﻫA)
Onlyexpertscanparticipateinit.
B)
Everybodycanparticipateinit.ﻫC)
Itcollectslifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplants.
D)
Ithasitsownwebsite.ﻫ5.WhatisthefinalpurposeofProjectBudBurst?ﻫA)
Tostudywhenplantswillhavetheirfirstbuds.ﻫB)
Tofindoutthetypesofplantsintheneighborhood.ﻫC)
TocollectlifecycledataonavarietyofcommonplantsfromacrosstheﻫUnitedStates.ﻫD)
Toinvestigatehowplantsandanimalswillrespondastheclimatechanges.答案与题解:
1.C第一段和第二段的第一句告诉我们,要在世界范围内观测气候对大自然中生物生命周期的影响,数量有限的科学家不也许足迹遍及天下,为此科学家求助于普通公民的参与。所以C是对的选择。ﻫ2.B第二段第三句中encourageordinarypeopletoobserve…的主语是Thecitizenscientistmovement,即公民参与科学观测的运动。所以D不是对的选择。A和C不符合文章的句意,因此也不是对的的选择。这个句子的大意是:这一运动鼓励普通公民根据自己的爱好爱好进行科学观测,并将观测结果送交数据库,让专门领域的科学家做进一步的观测。B对的表达了这个意思。ﻫ3.Bone在这里是一个代词,其前置词是citizenscientists,而不是citizenjournalists,这里的one指的是oneofcitizenscientists。所以A、C和D都不是对的选择。这个句子的意思是,只要天天或每星期花上几分钟收集数据并发送出去,就能成为一个公民科学家。
4.A文章最后一段说,这个计划向所有人开放(opentoeveryone),所以应选择A。B,C,D所述内容都在该段中提到。
5.DC表述的内容是ProjectBudburst所要做的工作,但其最终的目的不仅仅是收集数据,而是研究气候变化对生物生命周期的影响。因此,D才是对的答案。2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第6篇第6篇
ArcticMeltEarth'sNorthandSouthPolesarefamousforbeingcoldandicy.Lastyear,however,theamountoficeintheArcticOceanfelltoarecordlow1.ﻫNormally,icebuildsinArcticwatersaroundtheNorthPoleeachwinterandshrinksduringthesummer.Butformanyyears,theamountoficeleftbytheendofsummerhasbeendeclining.
Since1979,eachdecadehasseenan11.4percentdropinend-of-summericecover2.Between1981and2023,iceintheArcticlost22percentofitsthickness--becoming1.13metersthinner.
Lastsummer,Arcticseaicereacheditsskimpiestlevelsyet.Bytheendofsummer2023,theicehadshrunktocoverjust4.2millionsquarekilometers.That's38percentlessareathantheaveragecoveratthattimeofyear.Andit'saverylarge23percentbelowthepreviousrecordlow,whichwassetjust2yearsago.Thiscontinuingtrendhasscientistsconcerned.
Theremaybeseveralreasonsfortheicemelt,saysJinlunZhang,anoceanographerattheUniversityofWashington3
inSeattle.UnusuallystrongwindsblewthroughtheArcticlastsummer.ThewindspushedmuchoftheiceoutofthecentralArctic,leavingalargeareaofthiniceandopenwater4.ﻫScientistsalsosuspectthatfewercloudscovertheArcticnowthaninthepast.Clearerskiesallowmoresunlighttoreachtheocean.Theextraheatwarmsboththewaterandtheatmosphere.InpartsoftheArcticOceanlastyear,surfacetemperatureswere3.5℃Celsiuswarmerthanaverageand1.5℃warmerthanthepreviousrecordhigh5.
Withbothairandwatergettingwarmer,theiceismeltingfrombothaboveandbelow.InsomepartsoftheBeaufortSea6,northofAlaskaandwesternCanada,icethatmeasured3.3mthickatthebeginningofthesummermeasuredjust50centimetersbyseason'send.
Thenewmeasurementssuggestthatmeltingisfarmoreseverethanscientistshaveseenbyjustlookingaticecoverfromabove,saysDonaldK.Perovich,ageophysicistat
theU.S.
ArmyColdRegionsResearchandEngineeringLaboratoryinHanover,N.H.7
SomescientistsfearthattheArcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecover.词汇:
Arcticn.北极,北极圈;adj.北极的
theArcticOcean北冰洋shrink
v.萎缩;缩小,减少oceanographern.海洋学家skimpyadj.缺少的,局限性的centimetern.厘米geophysicistn.地球物理学家ﻫ注释
1.felltoarecordlow:跌到历史最低点。record作形容词时,意思是“空前的,创记录的”。Recordlow的反义词是recordhigh:历史最高点。ﻫ2.icecover:冰覆盖量ﻫ3.UniversityofWashington:华盛顿大学,创建于l861年,座落在美国华盛顿州西雅图市东北角,所以又称西雅图华盛顿大学,是美国著名的公立研究型大学。ﻫ4.openwater:没有冰覆盖的海面ﻫ5.recordhigh:见注释1。ﻫ6.theBeaufortSea:波弗特海,是北冰洋边沿海,位于美国阿拉斯加州东北岸和加拿大西北岸,海中岛屿稀少,有无岛海之称。
7.Hanover,N.H:新罕布什尔州汉诺威市。N.H.是NewHampshire的缩写。该州位于美国新英格兰地区。练习:ﻫ1.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheword"build"inthefirstsentenceofthesecondparagraph?
A)
Construct.
B)
Extend.
C)
Create.
D)
Expand.
2.WhatistheicecoverintheArcticbytheendof2023summer?ﻫA)
4.2millionsquarekilometers.B)
11.4millionsquarekilometers.C)
1.13millionsquarekilometers.D)
38millionsquarekilometers.ﻫ3.Whatarethereasonsfortheicemeltaccordingtothescientists?
A)Strongwindsandclearskies.
B)Longsummerandshortwinter.
C)Openwaterandthinice.
D)
Lightcloudsandlightwinds.
4.Whyistheicemeltingfrombothaboveandbelow?ﻫA)
Becauseextraheatwarmstheair.ﻫB)
Becauseextraheatwarmsthewater.ﻫC)
Becausethetemperatureabovethewaterishigher.D)
BothAandB.ﻫ5.Whatcanbeapossibletitleforthepassage?ﻫA)
WhatarescientistslookingforintheArcticOcean?B)
WhatarescientistsdoingintheArcticOcean?
C)
WhyarescientistsworryingabouttheArcticOcean?D)
WhyarescientistsinterestedintheArcticOcean?练习:
1.D
build是个多义词,四个选项都是该词的潜在词义。但在第二段的第一句中,build与后半句中shrink(becomesmaller)一词相对,意思是becomebigger之义。Extend是增长的意思,不适合用在此处。
2.A
答案可在第四段的第二句中找到。该句的意思是:2023年夏末,冰的覆盖面积已经缩小至420万平方公里。ﻫ3.A短文的第五和第六段回答了这个问题。第五段告诉我们,由于强风的因素,大面积海面仅有薄冰覆盖或没有冰层覆盖。第六段告诉我们,晴朗的天空使太阳直接照射海面,导致高温。所以A是对的选择。B的内容没有在文中提到。C的表述内容是间接因素,是刮强风的结果。D选项中,lightclouds的确是icemelt的因素,但fightwinds是错误的理解。ﻫ4.D答案可在倒数第三段第一句话中找到。frombothaboveandbelow的意思是:无论从海水上面还是底下,也就是说,无论是海水还是海面上的空气。所以A和B都回答了问题:高温不仅也许使水温增高,也使气温增高。ﻫ5.C
本文描述了科学家对北冰洋冰覆盖量的研究,研究结果是Arcticisstuckinawarmingtrendfromwhichitmayneverrecover.(北冰洋变暖的趋势也许不会逆转)。第四段最后一句说:Thiscontinuingtrendhasscientistsconcerned,短文最后一句也告诉我们,科学家对这种趋势十分忧虑(fear)。所以,C是本题的答案。2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第33篇第33篇
ExpertsCallforLocalandRegionalControlofSitesforRadioactiveWasteThewithdrawalofNevada'sYuccaMountainasapotentialnuclearwasterepository1hasreopenedthedebateoverhowandwheretodisposeofspentnuclearfuelandhigh-levelnuclearwaste.InanarticleintheJuly10issueofScience,UniversityofMichigan2
geologistRodneyEwingandPrincetonUniversity3
nuclearphysicistFrankvonHippelarguethat,althoughfederalagenciesshouldsetstandardsandissuelicensesfortheapprovalofnuclearfacilities,localcommunitiesandstatesshouldhavethefinalapprovalonthesitingofthesefacilities.Theauthorsproposethedevelopmentofmultiplesitesthatwouldservicetheregionswherenuclearreactorsarelocated.
"Themaingoal…,shouldbetoprovidetheUniedStateswithmultipleprocessthatrequiresacceptancebyhostcommunitiesandstates,"theauthorswrite.ﻫEwingandyonHippelalsoanalyzethereasonswhy"ThisregionalapproachwouldbesimilartothecurrentapproachinEurope,wherespentnuclearfuel6andhigh-levelnuclearwaste7fromabout150reactorsandreprocessingplantsistobemovedtoanumberofgeologicalrepositoriesinavarietyofrocktypes8,"saidRodneyEwing,whohaswrittenextensivelyabouttheimpactofnuclearwastemanagementontheenvironmentandwhohasanalyzedsafetyassessmentcriteriaforthecontroversialYuccaMountainnuclearwasterepository.ﻫ词汇:ﻫradioactiveadj.放射性的
shelvev.搁置
repositoryn.储藏地,储藏室
controversialadj.有争议的ﻫgeologistn.地质学家
reactorn.反映堆,反映器
geologicaladj.地质的ﻫ注释:ﻫ1.ThewithdrawalofNevada'sYuccaMountainasapotentialnuclearwasterepository:Nevada'sYuccaMountain:美国境内的内华达州尤卡山。nuclearwasterepository:核废物解决库。美国能源部部长朱棣文2023年3月5日表达,拟在内华达州尤卡山建设的核废物最终解决库将不再是美国储存高放废物的一个选项。
2.UniversityofMichigan:美国密歇根大学,建于1817年。
3.PrincetonUniversity:美国普林斯顿大学,建于1746年。
4.Congress:美国国会,美国最高立法机关,由参议院(Senate)和众议院(HouseofRepresentatives)组成。
5.…wasshelved:......被束之高阁。
6.spentnuclearfuel:也叫做usednuclearfuel,一般译为“乏核燃料”。ﻫ7.high-levelnuclearwaste:高(强度)放(射性)核废物。ﻫ8.geologicalrepositoriesinavarietyofrocktypes:各种不同岩层中的地质处置库。geologicalrepositories指的是地表以下300~1500米的稳定的地质体中建造的用于最终处置高放废物和乏核燃料的工程设施。处置库是一个多重屏障系统,工程屏障由废物体、废物罐、外包装和缓冲回填材料组成,而天然屏障则是能有效阻滞放射性核素迁移的地质体,涉及花岗岩、粘土岩、凝灰岩和岩盐等。许多专家认为地质处置是安全的,技术上是可行的,对环境是无害的。练习:
1.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbestsubstitutetheword"withdrawal"inthefirstparagraph?ﻫA
Retirement.
B
Canceling.
C
Replaced.
D
Disposal.
2.AccordingtoRodneyEwingandFrandvonHippel,wheretolocatenuclearfacilitiesﻫA
shouldbeapprovedbythefederalgovernment.
B
shouldbeapprovedbylocalpeopleandstates.C
shouldbeapprovedbyCongress.ﻫD
isnotanimportantissue.
3.WhatisNOTtrueaboutthe1987decisionbyCongressconcerningsitingofnuclearwastedisposal?ﻫA
YuccaMountainwasselectedastheonlysiteforanuclearwasterepository.
B
TheselectionofYuccaMountainfornuclearwastedisposalcausedmuchcontroversy.
C
ThedecisionbyCongresswasputasideduetoanumberofproblems.D
ThedecisionbyCongresswasacceptedbylocalcommunities.ﻫ4.Whatdoestheauthoroftheessayinthefourthparagraphwanttosay?
A
Effortsshouldbemadetosolvetheproblemsoftransportationofnuclearwasteoverlongdistance.ﻫB
Effortsshouldbemadetodevelopasmanynucleardisposalsitesinthe2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第38篇﹡第38篇
Night1oftheLivingAntsWhenanantdies,otherantsmovethedeadinsectoutofthenest.Thisbehaviorisinterestingtoscientists,whowonderhowantsknowforsure–andsosoon-thatanotherantisdead.ﻫDong-HwanChoe,ascientistattheUniversityofCalifornia2
foundthatArgentine3antshaveachemicalontheoutsideoftheirbodiesthatsignalstootherants,"I'mdead-takemeaway."ﻫButthere'satwisttoChoe'sdiscovery4.Theseantsarealittlebitlikezombies.Choesaysthatthelivingants-notjustthedeadones-havethisdeathchemical.Inotherwords,whileanantcrawlsaround,perhapsinapicnicorhome,it'stellingotherantsthatit'sdead5.
Whatkeepsantsfromhaulingawaythelivingdead?ChoefoundthatArgentineantshavetwoadditionalchemicalsontheirbodies,andthesetellnearbyantssomethinglike,"wait-I'mnotdeadyet."SoChoe'sresearchturnedup6twosetsofchemicalsignalsinants:onesays,"I'mdead,"theothersetsays,"I'mnotdeadyet."
Otherscientistshavetriedtofigureouthowantsknowwhenanotherantisdead.Ifanantisknockedunconscious,otherantsleaveitaloneuntilitwakesup.Thatmeansantsknowthatunmovingantscanstillbealive.
ChoesuspectsthatwhenanArgentineantdies,thechemicalthatsays"Wait-I'mnotdeadyet"quicklygoesaway.Oncethatchemicalisgone,onlytheonethatsays"I'mdead"isleft."It'sbecausethedeadantnolongersmellslikealivingantthatitgetscardedtothegraveyard,notbecauseitsbodyreleasesnewuniquechemicalsafterdeath,"saidChoe.Whenotherantsdetectthe"dead"chemicalwithoutthe"notdeadyet"chemical,theyhaulawaythebody.ThiswasChoe'shypothesis.
Totesthishypothesis,ChoeandhisteamputdifferentchemicalsonArgentineantpupae.Whenthescientistsusedthe"I'mdead"chemical,otherantsquicklyhauledthetreatedpupae7away.Whenthescientistsusedthe"Wait-I'mnotdeadyet"chemicals,otherantsleftthetreatedpupaealone.Choebelievesthisbehaviorshowsthatthe"notdeadyet"chemicalsoverridethe"dead"chemicalwhenpickedupbyadultants.Andthatwhenanantdies,the"notdeadyet"chemicalsfadeaway.Othernearbyantsthendetecttheremaining"dead"chemicalandremovethebodyfromthenest.
词汇:
Zombien还魂尸,僵尸Pupan.蛹
Graveyardn.坟场
hypothesisn.假设
overridev.优先于,比……更重要ﻫ注释:ﻫ答案与题解:
1.C
根据文章第二段和第三段的表述,阿根廷蚂蚁身上有种化学物质,它会告诉其他蚂蚁“Iamdead.”。文章没有说这种物质有毒,也没有说它能导致或防止死亡,所以其他三项都是错误的选择。
2.B
keepsb.fromdoingsth.这个句型的意思是:使……不做……,阻止……去
做……。所以只有B是对的理解。ﻫ3.A第三段和第四段告诉我们,蚂蚁身上会带有两种化学气味,“Iamnotdeadyet”和“Iamdead”。这层意思分别在B、C和D中的表述出现。短文的第六段告诉我们,蚂蚁死去时,“Iamnotdeadyet”的气味就离开了它的躯体,剩下的就是“Iamdead”的气味。“Iamdead”的气味不是死后新产生的化学物质。所以A是对的的选择。ﻫ4.D
短文第六段告诉我们,当“Iamnotdeadyet”化学物质离开蚂蚁的躯体,“I'mdead”isleft。这里,beleft的意思是:留了下来。所以,其他选项都是错误理解。ﻫ5.A最后一段告诉我们,Choe和他的研究小组用阿根廷蚂蚁蛹进行实验,结果与他的假设吻合,即证实了他的假设。2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第46篇第46篇
HowtheFirstStarsintheUniverseCameintoExistenceResearchersbelievethatouruniversebeganwiththeBigBang1
about13billionyearsago,andthatsoonafterthatevent,matterbegantoformassmalldustgrainsandgases.Howthefirststarsformedfromthisdustandgashasbeenaburningquestion2
foryears,butastate-of-the-art3
computersimulationnowoffersthemostdetailedpictureyetofhowthesefirststarsintheuniversecameintoexistence.ﻫThecompositionoftheearlyuniversewasquitedifferentfromthatoftoday,andthephysicsthatgovernedtheearlyuniversewerealsosomewhatsimpler.Dr.NaokiYoshidaandcolleaguesinJapanandtheU.S.incorporatedtheseconditionsoftheearlyuniverse,sometimesreferredtoasthe"cosmicdarkages,"tosimulatetheformationOfanastronomicalobjectthatwouldeventuallyshineitslightintothisdarkness.ﻫTheresultisadetaileddescriptionoftheformationofaprotostar4theearlystageofamassiveprimordialstarofouruniverse-andtheresearchers'computersimulationsetsthebar5
forfurtherinvestigationintothestarformationprocess.Thequestionofhowthefirststarsevolvedissoimportantbecausetheirformationsandeventuallyexplosionsprovidedtheseedsforsubsequentstarstocomeintobeing.ﻫAccordingtotheirsimulation,gravityactedonminutedensityvariationsinmatter,gases,andthemysterious"darkmatter"oftheuniverseaftertheBigBanginordertoformthisearlystageofastar-aprotostarwithamassofjustonepercentofoursun.Thesimulationrevealshowpre-stellargaseswouldhaveactuallyevolvedunderthesimplerphysicsoftheearlyuniversetoformthisprotostar.Dr.Yoshida'ssimulationalsoshowsthattheprotostarwouldlikelyevolveintoamassivestarcapableofsynthesizingheavyelements,notjustinlatergenerationsofstars,butsoonaftertheBigBang.
"Thisgeneralpictureofstarformation,andtheabilitytocomparehowstellarobjectsformindifferenttimeperiodsandregionsoftheuniverse,willeventuallyallowinvestigationintotheoriginsoflifeandplanets,"saidLarsHernquist,aProfessorofAstronomyatHarvard词汇:
astronomicaladj.天文的;天文学的
pre-stellaradj.前恒星的
synthesizev.合成,综合
protostarn.原恒星
stellaradj.恒星的;星球的
primordialadj.原始的
注释:ﻫ1.theBigBang:宇宙大爆炸,创始大爆炸。这是天体物理学关于宇宙起源的理论。根据大爆炸理论,大约在130亿年前,宇宙所有的物质都高度密集在一点,有着极高的温度,因而发生了巨大的爆炸。大爆炸以后,物质开始向外大膨胀,就形成了我们今天看到的宇宙。但是,宇宙大爆炸仅仅是一种学说,是根据天文观测研究之后得到的一种设想。
2.burningquestion:最吸引人的问题,亟待解决的问题。ﻫ3.state-oe-the-art:形容词,意思是“最新的”、“达成最高技术水平的”、“代表当前科技发展水平”。ﻫ4.protostar原恒星,就是处在“原始状态”(处在慢收缩阶段的天体)的恒星。原恒星由“大爆炸”后产生的星际云演变而来。
5.setsthebar:制定标准
练习:
1.Whatcanthestate-of-the-artcomputersimulationtellusabout?
A
HowmatterbegantoformthefirststarsaftertheBigBang.
B
HowtheBigBangmarkedthebeginningofouruniverse.ﻫC
HowtheBigBangtookplaceabout13billionyearsago.ﻫD
HowdustgrainsandgasesformaftertheBigBang.
2.Whatdoesthe"astronomicalobject"(paragraph2)referto?ﻫA
Theearlyuniverse.
B
Cosmicdarkages.ﻫC
Thefirststarformedintheuniverse.
D
Dustgrainsandgases.ﻫ3.Whatdoestheword"minute"meanintheexpression"minutedensityvariations"?ﻫA
Aunitoftimeequaltoonesixtiethofanhour.
B
Ashortintervaloftime.ﻫC
Exceptionallylarge.
D
Exceptionallysmall.ﻫ4.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisNOTtrueaboutaprotostar?
A
Ithadamassofonepercentofthesun.
B
ItwasdevelopedintoamassivestarbeforetheBigBang.
C
Itbegantocombineheavyelementsafteritevolvedintoamassivestar.
D
Itwasevolvedfrompre-stellargases.
5.Allexceptoneofthefollowingindicatethegoalsofthesimulationproject.Whichoneisit?ﻫA
Toknowmoreaboutthemassandpropertiesofthefirststarsoftheuniverse.
B
Toapplythesimulationtothestudyofnuclearreactioninitiation.
C
Toknowhowastellarobjectbecomesatruestar.ﻫD
ToobtainadetailedpictureoftheearlyuniversebeforetheBigBang.答案与题解:ﻫ1.A第一段最后一句告诉我们说,最先进的计算机模拟能具体描述howthesefirststarsintheuniversecameintoexistence。该段第一和第二句告诉我们,大爆炸后,粉尘和气体开始聚集成物质,这些物质形成了宇宙中的星球。其他三选项都是错误的理解。ﻫ2.C根据上下文,astronomicalobject指的是上段第二句中的“firststars”,即下面一段第一句中的“protostar”。
3.D
minute在这里是形容词,意思是“极其细微的”,读作:/mai'nju:t/。
4.BA、C和D的表述都可以在本段中找到。从上文和该段的最后一个句子可以得知,原恒星进化的过程不是在宇宙大爆炸之前发生。所以,应当选择B。
5.DA是最后一段第一句句子的表述内容,B和C是文章最后一句的表述内容。D是对文章的错误理解。2023年职称英语考试(理工类)阅读理解新增文章-书中第50篇第50篇
CellPhonesIncreaseTraffic,PedestrianFatalitiesCellphonesareadangerontheroadinmorewaysthanone.Twonewstudiesshowthattalkingonthephonewhiletraveling,whetheryou'redrivingoronfoot,isincreasingbothpedestriandeathsandthoseofdriversandpassengers,andrecommendcrackdownsoncell1
usebybothpedestriansanddrivers.
Thenewstudies,lead-authoredbyRutgersUniversity,Newark,EconomicsProfessorPeterD.Loeb2,relatetheimpactofcellphonesonaccidentfatalitiestothenumberofcellphonesinuse,showingthatthecurrentincreaseindeathsresultingfromcellphoneusefollowsaperiodwhencellphonesactuallyhelpedtoreducepedestrianandtrafficfatalities.However,thisreductioninfatalitiesdisappearedoncethenumbersofphonesinusereacheda"criticalmass"3of100million,thestudyfound.ﻫThesestudieslookedatcellphoneuseandmotorvehicleaccidentsfrom1975through2023,andfactoredin4
anumberofvariables,includingvehiclespeed,alcoholconsumption,seatbeltuse,andmilesdriven.Thestudiesfoundthecellphone-fatalitycorrelationtobetrueevenwhenincludingfactorssuchasspeed,alcoholconsumption,andseatbeltuse.
Loebandhisco-authordeterminedthat,atthecurrenttime,cellphoneusehasa"significantadverseeffectonpedestriansafety"andthat“cellphonesandtheirusageaboveacriticalthresholdsaddstomotorvehiclefatalities."Inthelate1980sandpartofthe1990s,beforethenumbersofphonesexploded,cellphoneuseactuallyhada"life-savingeffect"inpedestrianandtrafficaccidents,Loebnotes."Cell-phoneusers'wereabletoquicklycallformedicalassistancewheninvolvedinanaccident.Thisquickmedicalresponseactuallyreducedthenumberoftrafficdeathsforatime,"Loebhypothesizes.ﻫHowever,thiswasnotthecasewhencellswerefirstusedinthemid-1980s,whentheycauseda
"life-takingeffect"amongpedestrians,driversandpassengersinvehicles.Inthoseearlydays,whentherewerefewerthanamillion
phones,
fatalities
increased,
says
Loeb,
because
drivers
andpedestriansprobablywerestilladjustingtothenoveltyofusingthem,andthereweren'tenoughcellphonesinusetomakeadifferenceinsummoninghelpfollowinganaccident,heexplains.
The"life-savingeffect"occurredasthevolumeofphonesgrewintotheearly1990s,andincreasingnumbersofcellswereusedtocall911followingaccidents,leadingtoadropinfatalities,explainsLoeb.Butthislife-savingeffectwascanceledout6oncethenumbersofphonesreacheda"criticalmass"ofabout100millionandthe"life-takingeffect"-increasedaccidentsandfatalitiesoutweighedthebenefitsofquickaccessto911services,accordingtoLoeb.
Loebandhisco-authorsusedeconometricmodelstoanalyzedatafromanumberofgovernmentandprivatestudies.Heandhisco-authorsrecommendthatgovernmentsconsidermoreaggressivepoliciestoreducecellphoneusebybothdriversandpedestrians,toreducethenumberoffatalities.ﻫ词汇:ﻫcrackdownn.制裁,严惩
outweighv.超过
fatalityn.死亡者
econometricadj.计量经济的
hypothesizev.假设,假定ﻫ注释:ﻫ1.cell:cellphone的缩写。
2.Thenewstudies,lead-authoredbyRutgersUniversity,Newark,EconomicsProfessorPeterD.Loeb...第一作者为罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校的经济学专家PeterD.Loeb的新研究成果……lead-author:第一作者;lead-authored为动词的过去分词形式,具有被动意义。罗格斯大学纽瓦克分校是美国新泽西州最负盛名的文理学院。ﻫ3.criticalmass:临界数量。ﻫ4.factoredin:涉及,把……计算在内。
5.acriticalthreshold:指的是前文所说的criticalmass。见注释3。
6.wascanceledout:被抵消。ﻫ练习:ﻫ1.Thetwonewstudies,lead-authoredbyProfessorPeterD.Loeb
A
showthattalkingonthephonewhiledrivingorwalkinginthestreetincreasesdeathsofdriversandpedestrians.ﻫB
showthattalkingonthephonewhiledrivingincreasespedestriandeaths.
C
recommendthatstrictmeasuresbetakentorestraincellphoneuse.ﻫD
bothAandC.ﻫ2.Accordingtothesecondparagraph,whendidcellphonesactuallyhelptoreducepedestrianandtrafficfatalities?ﻫA
Rightaftercellphoneswereinvented.ﻫB
BeforethenumberofcellphoneusersreachedacriticalmassﻫC
Whencellphoneuserstotaledtoacertainnumber.
D
Whenthenumberofcellphonesdecreasedtoacertainnumber.ﻫ3.Whatissaidaboutcellphoneuseinparagraph4?
A
Thenumberofcellphonesinuseexplodedinthelate1980sandpartofthe1990s.
B
Thenumberoftrafficdeathswasreducedinthelate1980sandpartofthe1990sduetocellphoneuse.ﻫC
Cellphoneusersarelikelytobeinvolvedintrafficaccidents.
D
Theuseofcellphoneshasalife-savingeffectforpedestriansanddrivers.
4.Whatissaidaboutcellphoneuseinthemid-1980sinparagraph5?
A
Ithadalife-takingeffectbecausethereweren'tenoughcellphonesinusethen.
B
Theincreaseduseofcellphonesthencauseda"life-takingeffect."ﻫC
Trafficfatalitiesincreasedthenbecausethenumberofcellphonesinusedecreased.ﻫD
Trafficfatalitiesdecreasedthenbecausethenumberofcellphonesinuseincreased.ﻫ5.WhichofthefollowingstatementsDOESNOTanswerthequestion"Whatcausedthe"life-savingeffect"tooccurintheearly1990s?"ﻫA
Thereweremorecellphoneusersduringthatperiod.
B
Thenumberofcellphoneusersreachedabout100million.ﻫC
Morecellphoneswereusedtocall911whenaccidentsoccurred.ﻫD
Cellphonesenabledpeopletohavequickaccessto911services.ﻫ答案与题解:ﻫ1.D根据短文第一段的内容,Loeb专家的最新研究发现,开车或行路时打手机使司机和行路人的死亡率上升,并建议采用严厉措施限制司机和行路人使用手机。B是错误理解,由于只有行路人被提到。ﻫ2.B短文第二段最后两个句子提供了答案:在手机使用者达成1亿的临界点之前,手机的使用的确减少了交通事故的死亡率。A、C和D的表述内容都没有在文章中提到。ﻫ3.BA是错误选择,由于该段的第四个句子Inthelate1980sandpartofthe1990s,beforethenumbersofphonesexploded,...表白。手机数量在80年代末期和90年代初期尚未激增。C的表述内容没有在文章中提到。句子…cellphoneuseactuallyhada“life-savingeffect”用的是过去式,说的是发生在80年代末期和90年代早期的事情,而D句用的是一般现在时,表达通常的状况,所以是错误的选择。
4.A第五段的大约意思是,80年代中期,交通事故的死亡率增长,由于人们还在适应这一新事物,没有足够的手机让人们在发生交通事故时及时求救。该段没有讨论80年代中期手机数量的增减问题,所以B、C和D都是错误选择。ﻫ5.B第六段最后一个句子说,当手机使用者数量达成100万时,life-savingeffect就被抵消了,life-savingeffect超过了手机使用者能迅速呼喊911服务的优点。所以,B不是问题的答案。其他选项都表述了该段的内容。2023年职称英语考试(理工类)完型填空解新增文章-书中第3篇第3篇
SeeingRedMeansDangerAheadThecolorredoftenmeansdanger-andbypayingattention,
(1
)canbeprevented.Atrailroadcrossings,flashingredfightswarncarstostayback.Aredlightatatrafficintersectiontellscarstostop,so
(2)
don'trunintoothercars.ﻫInthefuture,thecolorredalsomayhelppreventdanger
(3)
constructionsites.Thanksto1
newworkbyengineers,bridgesupports2-orotherkindsofmaterials-couldonedaycontainacolor-changingmaterial.Itwillturnred
(4)
astructurec
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