(10.3.1)-10.3康熙五彩中国陶瓷鉴赏

KangxiWucai康熙五彩BythetimeoftheKangxiperiod,Wucaiporcelainwasanevenmorematureandrefinedartform.Itreallyhadnothingmatchingitsqualitysinceancienttimes,andwearestillnotabletosurpassitsqualitytoday.五彩瓷发展至康熙时期,日益成熟、精湛,并达到了前无古人、后无来者的中国彩瓷的高峰期。ThemostprominentcontributiontocomeoutofKangxiWucaiwasthediscoveryofrealblueandblackoverglazecolorings.Witharealbluepigment,Qinghuabluewasnolongerneededasasubstitutecolor.WucaicolorswerenowdirectlypaintedonthewhiteglazeinsteadofonQinghuaporcelain.TheintensityofthenewbluecoloringwasfarsuperiortothoseofQinghua.康熙五彩瓷的一个重大突破是发明了釉上蓝彩和黑彩,不再用青花作为代替色。五彩器由在青花器上彩绘,改为直接在白瓷釉上彩绘,其蓝彩烧成的色调,浓艳程度超过了青花。ThematerialusedforpaintinglinesonDa-MingWucaiwasgluebounddistemper,andwasupgradedtofrankincenseoilinKangxiWucai.Withdifferentpropertiesbetweentheoldandnewmaterials,theeffectsconveyedintheimagewerealsodifferent.绘制线条所用的调料由大明五彩使用的胶水料改为乳香油,由于这两种材料的性能不同,其表现出来的效果也就不一样。ThecoloringemployedinKangxiWucaiwasatransparent,clearasglaze,vitricpigment.Thiskindofpigmentcanletthegroundcolorshowthrough.Butthecolorslacktemperatenessanditwasdifficulttopaintasmoothandevenlayerwiththispigment.Targetingsuchatendency,theartistswhenillustratingtheirimages,triedtouselinesinsteadofflatplains.康熙五彩瓷用的是如釉一般明净的玻璃质颜料,这种色料透明,能露出底色，但颜色缺乏柔和性，用这种颜料很难画出光滑均匀的一层。针对这一特性,艺人们在绘制时尤其讲究用线。Whileoutlinesareimportant,theorganizationandarrangementoflinescanbeusedtoillustratethingssuchastreetrunks,leaves,flowerpetals,androcksbydifferentiatingthelightanddarkplainsintheobjects.康熙五彩不光讲究外轮廓线的用笔,更讲究用排线来表现树干、树叶、花瓣、石头等的阴阳面。Whentheselinesarecoveredbythetransparentcoloring,theirrichtexturescanstillshowthroughandmaketheimageryricherandmoreexpressiveandthecoloringbrighterandmoreintense.ThebuoyancyoftheWucaicolorswasalsobalancedbytheselines.在这些用笔讲究而又密集的排线上罩以艳丽透明的五彩颜色,不仅使画面更加丰富、清新、有韵味,也得色彩更加浓重、强烈,同时又去掉了没有线条衬托时上彩颜料艳丽的火气和轻飘感。KangxiWucai’smaterialandtreatmentwereallimprovedfrompriorproducts.TheincreasedcontentofKaolinmadetheclaypasteextremelyfine.Thecalciumoxidecontentsintheglazewerefurtherreduced.Newandimprovedkilnsallowedforevenhighermaturingtemperatures.Thehigherhardnessandrigidityoftheporcelainwasneverbeforeachieved.康熙五彩瓷原料的选择和加工比以前更加讲究,增加了高岭土的比例,胎土淘炼得非常精细,而釉中的氧化钙含量则进一步降低。窑炉的改革又使其烧成温度进一步提高,胎质的坚硬度和挺拔度都是前所未有的。QingDynastyWucainotonlypossessedinnovationsincrafting,modelingandillustrativetechniques,itshowedthegreatestvarietiesinexpressedsubjectmatterofallporcelainduringandbeforeitstime.清代的五彩瓷,不仅在工艺手段、成型方法、绘画手法上有所创新,同时在表现的题材上也达到了前所未有的丰富。Bythe30thyearunderKangxi'sreign,theEmperorbeganmass-scaleexaminationsandselectionsforcandidatesofgovernmentsitsandthuspromotedtheHanChineseculture.Thus,poetryandposesbegantoappearonporcelaininmassnumbersintheformofcalligraphy,sometimescomplementedwithillustrations.康熙三十年(1691年)后,由于广开科举,弘扬汉文化。瓷器上开始大量地书写诗文词赋,有时辅以插图。Thecalligraphywasdoneinamasterfulway,trulyenhancingtheimagecomposition.Thiskindofporcelainwhichfocusedontextandcalligraphywaslat