商务英语翻译课后习题答案

第三章Itisnotdifficulttoinsurehigh-speedgrowthofthenationaleconomicthroughexpandinginvestmentonalargescale,butitisdifficulttorealizeeffectiveeconomicgrowthandraisetheenterprises'capitalprofitrateandproductivity.Itisbettertochangeinvestmentstructureandorienttheinvestmenttoinfrastructureindustriesofthenationaleconomysuchagriculture,energy,andcommunicationsthantoblindlychannelcapitalintorealestateandsecurities;however,investmentintheinfrastructureindustrywillnot(ateleastintheshortterm)bringhigheconomicbenefits.Itisimperativetoorienttheinvestmenttoenterpriseswithbettereconomicbenefits,butinChina,enterpriseswithbettereconomicbenefits,State-ownedenterprisesinparticular,havebeenconcentratedonthehighlymonopolizedindustriessuchastobacco,petrochemicalsandtelecommunications,andthehigh-speeddevelopmentofthesesenterpriseswillplayalimitedroleinpromotingthewholeofsociety.要通过大规模地扩大投资来保证国民经济的高速增长并不难，难就难在要实现经济的有效增长以及提高企业的资本利润率和生产力。最好是改变投资结构，将投资转向国民经济中诸如农业、能源、通信等基础结构（至少在短期内）带来较高的经济利益，因此，有必要将投资转向具有较好经济效益的企业中。但是在中国，具有较好经济效益的企业，尤其是国有企业，一直只集中于如烟草、石化、通讯等高度垄断的行业，面对这些企业的高速发展在促进整个国家经济的发展方面只起着非常有限的作用。第四章Tariffsmaybeusedsimplytoobtainrevenue.Insomedevelopingcountries,revenuetariffsprovideanimportantpartofthegovernment'sincome.征收关税可能只是为了获得收入.有些发展中国家,财政关税在其政府收入中是很重要的一部分.Often,however,tariffsareprotective,andaredesignedtocarryoutaparticulareconomicpolicy.Theymayhelptoreduceabalanceofpaymentsdeficitortoprotectaninfantindustryagainststronginternationalcompetitionfromoldercorporations.然而,关税又经常具有保护性质,用来贯彻一项特定的经济政策.这类关税有助于减少国际收支逆差,或保护新生工业在国际竞争中顶住来自老资格公司的强大挑战.Arevenuetariffwillalwaysprovidesomeprotection,andaprotectivetariffwillproducesomerevenue.Therefore,itisdifficulttodistinguishbetweenrevenueandprotectivetariffsformeconomicevidencealone.财政关税总能提供某种保护,一项保护关税会产生一定的收入.因此,但就经济效益而言,很难区分财政关税和保护关税.Whenatariffisimposedonanimport,thedirectimpactonpriceistoraiseitbytheamountofthetariff.Marketfactors,however,canmodifythiseffect.Hence,thefinalpriceincreaseduetoatariffmaybelessthan,equalto,ormorethantheamountofthetariff.对某一进口商品征收关税时,对价格的直接影响就是把价格提高到加上税额的水平.然而,市场的因素可以缓和这种影响.所以,因关税而引起的最终的商品提价可能低于税额,或与税额相等,或者高于税额.Inmanycases,though,thefinalpriceincreaseisreasonablyclosetotheamountofthetariff.Incontrast,theimpactofaquotaonpriceismuchhardertopredict.不过,在许多情况下,最终的提价合理地接近税额.对比之下,配额对价格的影响更加难以预测.Theeffectsareparticularlyuncertainwithgoodswhicharenotproducedatalldomestically.如果产品根本不是本国制造,其影响就更加无法确定.Forinstance,manycountriesdonothavetheirowncarindustry,sothatanimportquotacancauseaconsiderableshiftinautomobileprices.例如,许多国家没有汽车工业,所以一向进口配额会使汽车价格出现相当大的波动.LettersofCreditfortheimportationofgoodsformforeigncountriesintoCanadaarefrequentlyrequiredbythesuppliertobeestablishedinhisfavor;sometimestheseareforsurprisinglysmallamounts,obviouslywheretheimporterislittleknowntotheexporter,otherwiseordinary"billforcollection"or"openaccountprocedure"wholebefollowed.办理从外国向加拿大进口货物时,供货人往往要求开立以它为受益人的信用证;有时信用证的金额小得惊人,尤其当进口商不大为出口商所了解时更是如此,不然的话就地采取普通的"票据托收"或者"开帐户"的方式来解决.ManyCanadianimportersarethereforefamiliarwiththeseinstruments.TheCanadianimporter,whenfacedwithsucharequest,appliestohisbankforthefacility.因此许多加拿大进口商对这些支付方式很熟悉.加拿大进口商碰到这种要求时便向自己的银行申请信贷便利.Asthebank'sundertakingwillbereplacingthatoftheimporter,thebankwilltreatthisasanapplicationforcreditandwillgiveconsiderationtosettingupa"lineofcredit"inthesamewayasifitwereanapplicationforaloan.Ifthe"line"isgrantedorhasalreadybeenarranged,theimportercompletesan"ApplicationforCommercialCredit"inwhichhegivesfulldetailsoftheCreditrequires.由于银行承诺将取代进口商的承诺,银行将此视为申请信贷,而且会考虑设立一个"信贷额度",就和申请一笔贷款一样.如果这种"额度"已经提供或者安排妥当,进口商便办理"商业信贷申请"手续,向银行提供他所需信贷的详细要求.Normally,theCreditwillbe"irrevocable",thatisonceithasbeenreceivedbyoradvisedtothebeneficiaryitcannotberetractedorchangedwithoutthebeneficiary'sconsent,andtheopeningbankmustmeetanydraftspresentedprovidedthetermsoftheLetterofCredithavebeencompliedwith.在通常情况下,信用证是"不可撤销的",就是说,一旦信用证被受益人收到或者通知给他,未经受益人同意该信用证是不能收回或者更改的,而且提示的任何汇票,只要符合信用证的条款,开征银行都必须照样解付.ItisShellcompanies'policytopromoteamanagementstyleofdirectinvolvementofemployeesindecisionsaffectingtheirjobs.Staffareencouragedtodiscusstheobjectivesoftheunitinwhichtheyworkbeforethesearefinallyestablished.促进确立自己的管理风格是壳牌公司的政策.这种管理风格就是让员工直接参与做出与其工作有关的决策,即在其所属部门的工作目标最终确立之前,公司鼓励员工参与这些目标的讨论.(公司鼓励员工参与所属部门的工作目标的讨论,然后才制定这些部门的工作目标.)Throughthestaffreportingsystem,staffarealsoencouragedtotakepartinsettingtheirworktargetsforthecomingyear,toidentifytheirowntrainingneedsandtodeveloptheirownambitionssothatthesemaybetakenintoaccountincareerplanning.通过员工汇报制度,公司还鼓励员工参与制定他们自己来年的工作目标,认同他们自己的培训需求,发展确定他们自己的雄心壮志(理想),以便公司在制定专业培训计划时把这些(因素)也考虑在内.员工ThisapproachwhichGroupcompaniesbelievetobebeneficialtothebusinessandtogiverecognitiontothelegitimateexpectationsofemployeesisthecoreofitsemployeerelationsphilosophy.这种做法是该公司雇佣关系哲学(理念)的核心,集团公司相信这种做法对公司有益,并且对雇员的合理期望能给于承认.第五章Volvoearningsrisebyelevenpercentinfirstquarter沃尔沃集团公司第一季度利润增长百分之十一Volvo,theSwedishautomotive,energyandfoodgroup,increaseditsprofitsbytenpointninepercentinthefirstquarterofthisyeardespiteafalloffivepercentingroupturnover.沃尔沃是瑞典的汽车,能源和食品集团公司.本年度第一季度,尽管它的总营业额下降了5%,但利润增加了10.9%.ProfitsafterfinancialitemsrosetotwopointfourfivebillionSwedishkronor(threehundredandforty-fivemilliondollars)comparedwithtwopointtwoonebillionSwedishkronorinthefirstquarteroflastyear.财经项目的利润增长达到24.5亿瑞典克朗(3亿1500万美元),而去年同期则为22.1亿瑞典克朗.ThegroupwashelpedbyatwohundredandfifteenmillionSwedishkronorforeign-exchangegainonloans—comparedwithagainofthirtymillionSwedishkronorayearearlier—aswellasbyinterestearningsofahundredandninemillionSwedishkronor—comparedwithseventy-sevenmillionSwedishkronorinthefirstquarteroflastyear.这是由于该集团公司在贷款方面获得了2亿1500万瑞典克朗的外汇交易增长,而去年同期只增长了3000万瑞典克朗.同时也由于该集团在利息上也获得了1亿900万瑞典克朗的收益,去年同期仅为7700万瑞典克朗OperatingprofitswerevirtuallyunchangedattwopointonethreebillionSwedishkronorcomparedwithtwopointonebillionSwedishkronorinthefirstquarteroflastyear.Volvoexpectstomakeaproductivitygainthisyearofatleastfivepercent.营业利润基本维持在21亿3000万瑞典克朗,而去年同期为21万瑞典克朗.沃尔沃期望今年在生产方面至少能增益5%Thegroup'sliquidfunds,inflatedbytherecordprofitsofthepasttwoyears,climbedtoeighteenpointtwofivebillionSwedishkronorbytheendofthefirstquarterfromfourteenpointfourbillionSwedishkronorayearearlier.(这个)集团的流动资金,由于近两年创纪录的利润而猛增,到第一季度末,已由一年前的144亿瑞典克朗增至182亿5000万瑞典克朗.Volvoprofits,atleastintheshortterm,havebeenhedgedagainsttheimpactofthefallingdollar,butthelowerdollarexchangerateshowsclearlyinthegroup'ssalesfigures.至少在短期内,沃尔沃的利润已受到保护,避免受到美元下跌的冲击.但是从该集团公司的销售数额上还是可以清楚地看到美元汇率降低的影响.VolvoturnoverfellfivepercenttotwentypointsixbillionSwedishkronorfromtwenty-onepointeightbillionSwedishkronorinthefirstthreemonthsoflastyeardespiteasubstantialriseinthevolumeofcarsales.尽管其汽车的销售量有了大幅度的增长,沃尔沃的营业额却下跌了5%,从去年前三个月的218亿瑞典克朗下降到206亿瑞典克朗.第六章Onewayanorganizationcanfindstaffforjobvacanciesistorecruitoutsidethecompany.Itmayopttoputanadvertisementinanewspaperormagazinewhichgivesashortdescriptionofthejobandinvitesintroductorylettersfromapplicants.企业机构找人补充职位空缺的办法之一是公司实行对外招聘.它可以选择在报纸或杂志上登广告,简要介绍工作职务的情况并征集应聘者的自荐信.Sincethecompanywouldnotdesireapplicantswhodonothaveagoodprofile,itisimportantthatanapplicationformsenttoaprospectiveapplicantshouldrequestclearinformationaboutsuchthingsastheapplicant'sage,qualificationsandworkexperienceaswellasreferencesfromotherindividualswhoknowtheapplicantwell.由于公司不会录用个人材料不佳的申请者,因此向有希望的应聘者寄发包括诸如年龄,资历,工作经验等简明信息的申请表,并向了解应聘者情况的有关人士征求参考意见是很重要的.Thisinformationassiststhecompany'smanagementinmakingafinaldecisiononthoseapplicantstheycanshort-listforaninterview.这些信息有助于公司管理部门缩小范围并最终确定面试人员名单.Thestaffconductinganinterviewtogetherarecalledan"interviewpanel",who,priortotheinterview,carefullyreviewthejobdescriptions,personnelspecifications,andapplications.Tohelpthepanelintheirselection,aninterviewassessmentformisoftenusedduringtheinterviewwheneachapplicantischeckedaccordingtoanumberofcriteriaindicatedontheform.主持面试的工作人员组成"面试小组".他们在面试之前要仔细审阅工作职位情况介绍,人事要求和求职信.为了有助于面试小组作出选择,在面试中经常使用面试评定表以根据表上的若干标准对应聘者进行考评.第七章Observinglawsmayhelpinvestorstogaintheprotectionofthegovernmentwhichisthemostpowerfuladdependableguarantee.Butasnokeycanopeneverylock,codescanonlydealwithspecifichazards,Soitisnecessaryforpersonalexperienceandexpertadvicetomakeupfortheweakness.Personalexperienceandexpertadviceincludepastperformances,professionaleducationandtraining,andcommunicationwithpolicymakers,facilityownersandusers.Foryears,personalexperienceandexpertadvicehavebeenwidelyusedinmanagingriskandhaveprovedtobeveryusefulandpracticable.DuringtheprocessofdesigningShanghaiPudongAirportin1995,acoastologist,aftercarefulinvestigationsandscientificanalysis,cameupwiththesuggestionthattheairportshouldbebuiltontheseabeachinsteadofbehindtheseawall.Laterthissuggestionprovedtobepracticableandsaved360millionyuan.Withtheemergenceofnewcomputer-basedtoolsnewmethodsofmanagingriskarecontinuouslycomingoutuniversitiesandresearchlaboratoriesintogeneralapplication.Toachievebettersafetyandmorebenefitsatreasonablecostspeopleshouldalsoimprovetheirself-qualitiescontinuouslytokeepupwiththetechniquedevelopment.Inaddition,boththegovernmentandthepublicshouldnotonlyadoptarisk-basedapproachbutalsobefullypreparedtodealeffectivelywithpotentiallysevererisks.遵守法规可有助于投资者获得政府的保护,这是最有力和最可靠的保证.但正如没有一把钥匙能开启所有的锁一样，法规只能够应付某些特定的风险.这就需要靠个人经验和专家建议来弥补不足。个人的经验和专家的建议包括过去的工作实践，职业教育和培训及与政策制定者及各种设施的所有者和使用者之间的沟通等.多年来，在风险管理中，个人的经验和专家的建议已得到广泛应用并证明是十分有效可行的.1995年在设计上海浦东机场过程中，一名海岸学家在详细的调查和科学分析之后提出建议：机场应建在海滩上而不是海堤后面.这一建议后来证明是可行的，并且节约了3.6亿元人民币。随着以计算机为基础的各种新工具的出现，新的风险管理法不断的走出大学和研究实验室，投入到广泛的应用中去。为了在合理支出的基础上获得更高的安全性和更多的效益,人们也应不断提高自身的素质以跟上技术的发展。此外，政府和大众不但应采取一种建基于风险的方法，而且也应做好充分准备以便有效地应对各种潜在的严重的风险。第八章Japan'sonceenviablejoblessratewillsoartodouble-digitlevelsif—andthewarningisabigone—firmsoptfordrasticWestern-stylelayoffstoboostprofits.WhileJapan'slife-timeemploymentsystemisvisiblyunravelling,manyeconomistsstilldoubtwhetherascenarioofsoaringjoblessnesswilloccur,giventhateconomicincentivestoslashpayrollsclashwithsocialandpoliticalpressurestosavejobs.Akinder,gentlerapproachtorestructuringwouldsoftenthesocialinstabilitymanyfearwouldresultfromdoublingthejoblessrate,alreadyatarecordhigh.Criticsbelieveitwouldalsocapgainsinprofitmarginsandstifleeconomicvitality,especiallyintheabsenceofboldstepstoopenthedoortonewgrowthindustries.SomeeconomistsbelievedifferentmethodsofcountingmeanJapan'sjoblessrateisalreadycloseto7percentbyUnitedStatesstandards,notthatfarfromthe7.8percentpeakhitintheUSin1992whenitbegantoemergefromatwo-yearslump.如果日本各公司断然采取西方国家裁员得做法以增加利润，日本一度令人羡慕得失业率将极可能飙升至两位数。虽然日本得终生雇佣制明显的在走向解体，但是鉴于大幅度裁员刺激经济得动机同求保留工作岗位得神会压力和政治压力想冲突，许多经济学家仍无法断定日本是否会出现失业率急剧上升得局面。以一个较为仁慈和温和得做法调整经济，可以缓解社会得动荡不安，因为许多人担心早已创纪录得失业率如再增长一倍就会导致社会不安定。评论家们认为，高死耶律还会限制利润得增长和抑制经济活力，特别是如果不采取大胆步骤为增长型产业敞开大门的话。一些经济学家认为，用不同得方法计算，按美国得标准，日本的失业率早已接近7%,与1992年美国7.8%得最高失业率相去不远，而当时美国已开始走出两年得经济衰退期。第九章Theshapeoftheworldischangingalmostasdramaticallyasthiscity'sskyline.Todaythecoldwarisover.Theriskoftheglobalnuclearconflicthasbeengreatlyreducedandthefreeflowofgoodsandideasisbringingtolifetheconceptofaglobalvillage.Butjustasallnationscanbenefitfromthepromiseofthisnewworld,nonationisimmunetoitsperils.Weallhaveastakeinbuildingpeaceandprosperity,andinconfrontingthreatthatrespectsnoborders---terrorismanddrugtrafficking,diseaseandenvironmentaldestruction.Tomeetthesechallengesmosteffectively,ChinaandtheUnitedStatesmustactinconcert.SomearguethatwiththeColdWar'send,thestrategicimportanceoftheUS-Chinarelationshiphasdiminished.Ibelievetheyhaveitexactlybackwards.Asanewcenturybegins,theimportanceofstrengtheningthetiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandChinawillgrowevengreater.世界的面貌正在发生引人注目的变化，其变化之快几乎就像这座城市的空中轮廓。今天，冷战已经结束，全球核冲突的危险性已经大大减小，商品和思想的自由交流正在使地球村的概念变得越来越真切。但是，正如世界各国都会受益于这个新世界的美好前景一样，没有一个国家能过幸免于世界灾害的影响。缔结和平与繁荣，抵御不分国界的诸多威胁—恐怖主义、贩毒、疾病和环境破坏，这些与我们大家都有利害关系。为了最有效地迎接这些挑战，中国和美国必须协力行动。有人说，随着冷战的结束，美中关系的战略意义已经减弱了。我认为这些人刚好说反了。随着新世纪的开始，加强美国和中国的联系，其重要性将变得更大。第十一章asaresultoftheproductivitysurveycarriedoutinthefactory,more…….endofnextmonth.由于我厂进行了生产率的检查，促使厂内普遍采取了更迅速有效的操作方法，现在我厂的生产率已经提高了百分之五十以上。经理部拟在办公室职工中开展同样的检查制度以降低成本。为了适应外部环境的激烈竞争，我们的意图是寻求减少不必要的工作环节的方法。经理部鼓励职工提出高进办公室工作常规的建议，并将给予提出最切实可行的建议者一个月额外的工资的嘉奖。请予需月底前将建议提交总经理办公室。第十四章AcommonplacecriticismofAmericancultureisitsexcessivepreoccupationwithmaterialgoodsandcorrespondingneglectofthehumanspirit.Americans,itisalleged,worshiponly"thealmightydollar."Wescrambleto"keepupwiththeJoneses."TheloveaffairbetweenAmericansandtheirautomobileshasbeenacontinuingsubjectofderisivecommentarybybothforeignanddomesticcritics.Americansaresaidtolivebyaquantitativeethic.Biggerisbetter,whetherinbombsorsedans.Theclassicalvirtuesofgrace,harmony,andeconomyofbothmeansandendsarelostonmostAmericans.Asaresult,wearesaidtobeswallowinguptheworld'ssupplyofnaturalresources,whichareirreplaceable.Americansconstitute6perc