高考英语科普阅读的方法与实例

高考英语科普阅读的方法与实例一考点描绘科普类文章是高考语的常考题材年高考都有所涉及2005年江苏卷在五篇阅读文章中就有两篇是关于科普文章的阅读此同学们在平时的学习中一定要对此引起高度的重视。二、材料特点这类文章的总体特点是：科技词汇多，句子构造复杂，理论性强，逻辑严谨。详细说来它有以下几个特点1.文中词汇意义比较单一稳、简明，不带感情色彩，具有单一性和准确性的特点这文章通常不会出现文学英语中采用的排比喻张等修辞手法，一词多义的现象也不多见2.句构造较复杂，语法分析较困难。为了描绘一个客观事物密表达自己的想者常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句常使用被动语态，尤其是一些惯用被动句式。三命特点科普类阅读的主要命题形式有事实细节题义猜测题推判断题以及主旨概括题等，其中推理判断题居多。四对策略1.要做好科普英语阅读理解题们就要注意平时多读科普知识类文章，学习科普知识，积累常见的科普词汇，从根本上进步科普英语的阅读才能2.要悉科普类文章的构造特点。科普类文章一般由标题(Headlines)，语(Introductions)，景(Background)，主体Mainbody)结尾(Ends)五分构成标题是文章中心思想高度而又精辟的概括但根据历年的考真题情况来看类阅读理解材料一般不给标题要同学们选择标题导语一般位于篇文章的首段景交待一个事实的起因主体那么对导语概括的事实进展详细表达。这一部分命题往往最多，因此时同学们要把这部分作为重点结尾往往也是中心思想概括与导语相照应命题者常在此要设计一道推理判断题。在进展推理判断时，同学们一定要以阅读材料所提供的科学事实为根据，同时所得出的结论还应符合根本的科普常识。五、真题赏析江苏卷Animalsmovefromplacetoplace,plantscannot.Whenananimalisunderattack,itcanrunfightback.Plantscertainlycannotrunaway,lackteethclaws.plantsdefendbyusingbothphysicalandchemicalmeans.Someplantstheirownwaystokeepanimalsaway.Forexample,theleavesofthehollyplanthave刺thatanimals.Hollyleavesonlowerbrancheshavemorespinesthanleavesonupperbranches.Thisisbecausethelowerleavesareeasierforanimalstoplants,suchastheoaktree,thickhardleavesthataredifficultforanimalstoeat.Somegrassesmayasandymaterial;eatingsuchgrasseswearsdowntheanimal’毛虫多刺的leaves,eachpricklecontainspoisonousvenom(液.Asinglewiththiskindofplantwillteachanimalstayawayfromitinthefuture.68.Theplanthasmorespinesonthelowerleavesbecauseanimals________.A.arenottallenoughB.likethelowerleavesonlyC.arenotcleverD.canthelowerleaveseasily69.Tooaktreesuse________.A.chemoaktreesicalmeans

physicalmeansC.bitterchemicalsD.sandymaterials70.Howdoestobaccoprotectitselfagainstattackfromacaterpillar?A.Itsleavesfightagainsttheattackbyphysicalmeans.B.Itsrootssendatodiscouragethe.C.rootsincreasetheproductionofnicotinewhenitattacked.D.Itsleavesproducepoisonoustodrivethecaterpillaraway.71.WhatwouldbethebesttitlethisPlantsandB.HowPlantsDefendThemselvesC.AttacksDefensesD.HowAnimalsEatPlantLeaves【答案与解析主介绍一植物是如何通过物理和化学的方式保护自己不受外界损害的:mso-line-height-rule:段最后一句…theleavesareeasierformostanimalstoreach可答案。。理判断题。根据第段中的oaktree,havethickhardleavesthataredifficultforanimalstoeat可推知，又厚又硬的树叶属于植物自我保护的物理手段。理判断题。根据第四段可知，tobacco保护自己不受毛虫损害的方法是产生多的nicotine。71.。主旨概括题。因为整篇文章都在讲植物是怎样保护他们自己的，应选B。六、模拟训练AWalktheAmazonrainforesttodayandyouwillfinditissteamy,warm,dampthick.Butifyouhadbeenaround15,000yearsago,duringthelasticeage,wouldithavebeentheFormorethan30years,scientistshavebeenarguinghowrainforestsliketheAmazonmight(反响tothedryoftheiceages,butuntilnow,onehasreachedasatisfyinganswer.RainforestslikeAmazonareCO2fromtheatmos?phereandhelpingtoslowglobalwarming.CurrentlytreesintheAmazontakeinaround500tonsofCO2eachyear:equalthetotalamountofgivingoffintheUKeach.ButhowwillAmazonreacttofutureclimatechange?IfitgetswillitstillsurvivecontinuetodrawdownCO2?Scientiststhattheywillbetolearninadvancetherainforestwillmanageinthebyhowrainforestsreactedtoclimatethepast.Unfortunately,gettingintotheAmazonrainforestcollectingareveryTostudypastclimate,scientistsneedtolookatfossilizedpollen,keptinmuds.Goingthelastagemeansdrillingdownintosediments(沉)whichspecializedequipmentandheavymachinery.Thereareveryandpaths,placestolandhelicoptersandaeroplanes.Riverstendtotheeasiesttoentertheforest,butthisstillleavesvastareastheriversunsampled取样).So,onlyhandfulofcoreshavedrilledthatgobacktothelasticeofthemprovideinformationtoprovehowtheAmazonrainforestreactstoclimatechange.1.Theunderlined〞inthesecondmeans.A.cleaningupB.takinginC.wipingoutD.givingout

2.HowwilltheAmazonrainforestreacttofutureclimatechange?A.ItgetdrierandtoremoveCO2.B.It’llremainsteamy,warm,thick.C.’llgetwarmerandthencolderand.D.Thereisexactuppresent.3.WhatthemainideaofthelastA.Itimportanttodrilldeepdownintosedimentstocollectinformation.B.It’simpossibleprovehowclimatechangesintheAmazonC.’shardtocollectofthepastclimateintheAmazonrainforest.’snecessarytospecializedequipmentmachinerytostudythepastcli?mate.4.Thebesttitlethispassagemayprobably_____.A.StudiesoftheAmazonClimatesoftheAmazonC.SecretsoftheRainforestsD.ChangesoftheRainforests【答案与解析】本文主要介绍了热带雨林对气候的影响1.B。词义猜测题。根据第二中的toslowglobalwarming，时结合化学知识可推知up的意思是吸〞mso-bidi-font-family:'TimesNewRoman'">。外，文章中thetreesinAmazontakearound500tonesofCO2eachyear也示mopup和takein的思一样。2.D。实细节题。根据文章2的内容尤是最后一句话尤是最后一句话可推知此题最正确答案为D3.C主旨大意题。根据文章最后一段中的Soonlyaofcoreshavedrilled可，资料搜集不是很容易。C主旨大意题。文章主要讲的是亚马孙热雨林难以意料的变化，所以选C为佳。为佳。(融的)snowgatheringcloudsmaysignsofglobalwarming.averageEarthforlastyearwasthesecondsincewrittenrecordsbeganyearsago.Theglobalaveragesurfacetemperaturein2001was14.42centigrade,theWorldMeteorologicalOrganizationsaid.record,setin1998,14.58degreescentigrade.“Temperaturesaregettinghotter,andtheygettinghotterthanatanytimeinthepast,〞aWMOofficial.Carbon二氧碳producedfromburningfuelsisthemostcommonoftheso-calledgreenhousegases.growing集中intheatmospherethesegasesisthoughttobetheEarth.“Mostthecausesofglobalareduehumanaction,〞saidKenDavidson,directorofWMOclimateprogramme,largeamountsgasesproducedbyfactories,carsandburningtreesholdintoomuchheatandcauseglobalwarming.Manyscientistsbelievethewarming,ifnotstopped,willcauseextremeclimatechangesthiscentury.'TimesNThroughouttheworld,thespreadingofparticulardiseasesotherthreats(威)tohumanhealthlargelyonlocal

climates.temperaturescandirectlycauselossofWarmcanincreaseairwaterpollution,whichinturnharmhumanhealth.IntheEarth’satmospheretherearetinyofgasescalledgreenhousegases.holdintheheatthatcomesupthesun-warmedEarth.Ascitieshaveincreasedinandpopulation,factoriesandindustriesinthehavePeopleneedmoremoreelectricity,carsthings.Somoregreenhousetoatmosphere.Thiscausesmoreheattotrappedthaninthepast.Thiscalledthegreenhouseeffect.1.Thediscussedinthepassageis_______.A.thegrowingpopulationoftheworldB.theglobalC.theincreasinggreenhouseeffectthecausesofairwaterpollution2.toaWMOofficial,is________thatshouldblamedforglobalwarming.A.modernfactoriesimpressiveB.C.carbondioxideburningfuels3.Therisingofearthtemperaturewillfinallyresultin_______.A.theparticulardiseasesairwaterpollutionC.extremeclimatechangeslife4.Whichoffollowingistrueaccordingtopassage?A.Airandwaterpollutioniscausedbyglobalwarming.B.GreenhousegasesdonotohumanbeingsC.Withairgettingpeopleneedmoreandelectricity,carsandotherthings.TheaveragetemperatureonEarthwaswarmestaccordingtowrittenrecords【答案与解析本向我们介绍由于环境污染而引起的全球变暖的现象主旨大意题本讨论的是全球变暖的现象造成这种现象的原因是温室效应文章在最后也对温室效应做理解释，故答案为C。2.。事实细节题。根据第四段中的ofthecausesofglobalaretohumanaction,saidKenDavidson,directorof’sclimateprogrammedepartment可答案为。3.。事实细节题。根据第六段中的Extremetemperaturescandirectly可知此题的最正确答案为D。事实细节题。根据第二段中的record,set1998,was14.58centigrade知答案D正确阅读解做技巧人故事类

一料点人物故事类阅读理文章是高考英语常考材料之一类文章一般可分为人物传记和短篇故事两类物记要涉及某人的生平事迹闻轶事活背景性特征、成长和奋斗历程等，其特点是以时间的先后或事件的开展为主线，脉络清楚，可读性较强。因此阅这类文章应该抓住时线索来获取有关信息主人翁在某个时间做过什么然后通过分析推理、综合归纳的方法进展解题。短篇故事与人物传记不同的是，这类文章一般描绘的是某一件详细事情的发生开展或结局，有人物、时间、地点和事件。命题往往从故事的情节、人物或事件的之间的关系、作者的态度及意图故事前因和后果的推等方面着手察学生对细节的识别才能以及推理判断才能读类材料时学一要根据主要情节掌握文章主旨大意时抓住每一个细节，设身处地根据文章内容揣摩作者的态度和意图据情节展开想象使碰到深层理解题也可迎刃而解。这两类阅读材料一般较长词多且题也较多别是推理判断题和事实细节题多。同学们在做此类阅读理解题时往往是材料看得懂目不好做的感觉因此同们在阅读材料时要重点放在事情开展的过程和结果上，注意把握事件的开展进程及人物之间的关系，细节与主题的关系用说明人性格特点的事实者的态度等这些内容往往是推理判断题的命题点握了这些内容学们在做推理判断题时就不会以个人思维想象代替根据文章事实进展符合逻辑的推理判断，也只有这样才不会以偏概全。至于事实细节题的解答，同学们切忌想当然或者凭印象定要找到文章中的原句题干进展比较再做出正确选择。二、真题〔选自2005广卷〕WehavetwoKristenissevenyearsoldandKellyisfour.LastSundayevening,weinvitedsomepeoplehomefordinner.Idressedthemnicelyforparty,andthemthattheirwastoMommyinansweringwhenthebellrang.Mommywouldintroducethemtotheguests,andthentheywouldtaketheguestscoatsupstairsandputthemontheinthe

secondbedroom.Theguestsarrived.Iintroducedmytwodaughterstoeachofthem.adultswereandkindandsaidhowluckyweweretohavesuchofthemadeaparticularfussKelly,youngeradmiringherherhairhersmile.Theysaidwasaremarkablegirltobecarryingcoatsupstairsatage.Ithoughttomyselfthatweadultsusuallymakeabig“todo〞overtheyoungeronebecauseshe’sthewhoseemsmoreeasilyhurt.Wedoitwiththebestintentions.Butwethinkofhowitmighttheotherchild.wasalittleworriedthatKristenwouldfeelshewasbeingoutshined.wasabouttoservedinnerwhenIrealizedthatshehadbeenmissingfortwentyminutes.Iranandfoundherthe“Whatyoudoing,my〞turnedwithasadexpressionandsaid,“Mommy,whydonpeoplelikemethewaytheylikemysister?itbecauseInotpretty?Isthatwhythey’tsayle:exactnicethingsaboutmeas〞Itoexplaintoher,kissingandhuggingtomakeherfeelbetter.Now,Ivisita’shome,Imakeitapointspeaktotheelderchildfirst.1.Theunderlinedexpression“makeabig‘to’〞(paragraph4)means______.A.showconcernaboutB.aspecialonC.listjobstobe&-line-nbsp;D.dogoodfor2.TheguestspraisedKellyforcarryingcoatsupstairsbecauseofher______.A.beautifulhairclothesC.lovelyyoungage3.Kristenfeltsadandcriedbecause______.A.theguestgavehercoatscarryB.shedidn’tasprettyasKelly

C.theguestshersistermorethanherD.hermotherdidn【答案与解析文章主要讲的是一次聚会上作者的两个女儿Kelly和Kristen的事选A通读全文，根据文章整体容以及当时聚会上人们对待两个孩子的不同态度，可以推出此题最正确答案为选D文第中的saidshewasremarkabletocoatsupstairsather可推知此题最正确答案为。选。根据文章倒数第段的whydon’tpeoplelikethewaytheylikemy可知此题最正确答案为4.选D比较所给的四个选项再结合文章中所发生的故事排除法可知选项D最确三、全真模拟DorotheaShawisyearsoldandnearlyblind,andshechosetolivealonefarawayfrompeople.SheBelize—acountrythesizeofWalesapopulationonlythatSwansea.HerhomeisatGalesPoint,atinyvillagewhichcanbereachedonlybyseaair:afterwalkintotheonefinallyreachesapieceoflandandtwosmallhousessohiddeninthethickover-grownforestthatonlyhandfulofpeopleknowDorotheaisthere.liveshappilytotallyalonehervegetables,lookingaftertreesanddogs,amonthorsooldpassedbywithherfoodsuppliesletters—usuallyincludingaletterfromhersisterinScunthorpeandsomebitsofclothingfromfriendsinCanada.alocalmanwillcomeandcutwoodhergroupBritishsoldierswillcomeacrossherandbegreetedwiththeacupcoffee.Atnightsheliesinhersleepingroomthedogsonthefloor,thecatsonthetablenearthetypewriterandoneofhenssettleddownincornerthebookshelf,andlistensforhourstoSpanish,English,GermanFrenchbroadcastscanfindonherradio.shegetslonelybutmostoftimetheanimalstheradioarecompanyenough.Butrecentlytheverythingsshehadtriedtogetfreefromso

wellhavetocatchupwithher.Thepeacetheforesthasbeenbythenoiseofearthmovingmachinesnotmanymilesaway.Whatsheonceheardofdistantlyontheradioisnowherdoorstep.Thingstochangeyearsago.newnorth-southroadinBelizewascuttheforestonlyfourfiveaway.“NowmoreandmorepeopleknowIhere,〞shesays,“Ifeelmoreandmoreeachday.〞1.Thispassagemainlytellsus_______.A.howDorothealivesaloneinalonelyB.whyDorothealivesinsuchalonelyplaceC.whatkindofplaceDorothealivesinwhatkindpersonDorotheais2.Dorotheaspendsalotoftime_______.A.growingB.raisingchickensC.talkingthesoldiersD.theradio3.Wecaninferthatlivesa_______life.A.wealthyhappyB.simpleeasyC.hardbuthappyD.wealthybut4.WhatmakesDorotheafeelmoremoreuneasy?A.Sheisolderandolder.B.Somethingiswrongwithhereyes.C.ThepeaceofforesthasbeenD.Herlivingsuppliesaregettingshorterandshorter.【答案与解析文主要讲述一位老人在一偏僻的地方过着清静的生活最这里将修建一条新路，老人因此感到不安选A。通读全文可知，文章主要讲是这位老人如何一个

人过着安静清闲的生活因最确答案为A通全文可知文主要讲是这位老人如何一个人过着安静清闲的生活，因此最正确答案为2.选D。根据第段最一句话shegetslonelybutmostoftimetheanimalstheradioarecompany可答案为D选B据章最后句…shesays“Ifeelmoremoreuneasyeach〞可知原来的生活是简单而快乐的答案选B选C根据north-southroadinBelizecutthroughtheforestonlyfourormilesaway.“NowmoreandmorepeopleknowI’mhere,〞shesays,“Ifeelmoreandmoreuneasyeach〞知这与urfiveaway.“NowmoreandmorepeopleknowI她来的生活完全不同，即平静的生活被打乱了，故答案选C事细节。这类题主要考察考生对英语文章事实细节的掌握情况为两种情况词细节类，其答案几乎可以直接从原文中找出来生只要根据题干中的关键词与原文进展对照能找到答案二隐含细节类这题虽然不能直接从原文中的找到对应的词或短语考生可以根据文章的隐含意义，如原因、前提或结果等仔细推敲出答案来。细节类试题的提问方式很多而且灵敏问的对象涉及短文中的时间间隔数量或原因、结果方等详细的细节有的需要先进展计算才能得出答案的先要找出文章的相应部分才能得出答案，也有的要把文章中所有的相关细节全部找出来才能得出答案。常用的提问句型有：Whatdoestheauthorsayin…?Accordingtothepassage,when/whyhow/whoWhatthereasonfor…?ofthefollowingis(NOT)true?ofthefollowingis(NOT)mentioned?writermentionedallofthefollowingEXCEPT

2.推判题。这类题不仅考察考生对文章中某些句子字面意思的理解还考察对句子间逻辑关系的理解、对事物开展结果的推导。这方面的出题多、难度大，考生可得小心。其提问的常用方式有：Whatcanbeinferred/from…?Whatdoyouthink…3.词猜题语理题这类题主要考察考生对英语文章中生词的解释意义、代词的指代意义及短语或句子的含义。其常见的提问方式有：Whatdoestheword/phraseinParagraphofthefollowingcantheword/phrase“〞inParagraph……〞is…4.主大题。这类题主要考察考生对文章中心思想落大意的归纳总及概括才能其问的方式常有：titlethispassageshouldbethispassageshouldbe…Whatthemainideaofthispassage?Whatdoesthewritermainlytellusinthispassage?5.观态题。

这类题主要考察考生对作者在文章中所表露出来的观点、感情、态度、目的、意图的理解。考生要可以从文章的用词语气或对某个细节的陈述来推断作者的态度观点等其提问的常见方式有：Whattheopinionofthewriterinthispassage?Whatthewriter’sattitudetowards…?WhatdoesthewriterthinkWhatthepurposeofthewriterinthispassage?高考英语阅读理解长难句的处理技巧一英语句子之所以难以理解有许多原因其中一个主要原因是句子太长或者句子构造复杂过长或者复杂无非是该句除了主干之外还包含了一些附加部分插入语位语隔现象种从句或较长的非谓语动词短语等等。这些附属成分常有逗号或分隔符号与句子隔开插在一个句子中间本来完好的句子被断开，因此增加句意理解的难度。分析长难度的根本方法是：首先，判断该句是简单句、并列句还是复合句；然后，找出句子的核心成分，分清主语和谓语，再分清句子附属成分。下面我们来谈谈几种长难句的处理技巧。下面我们来谈谈几种长难句的处理技巧。一处长难句的原那么方法假设待处理的长难句为一个复杂的单句这处理跳修饰成分，迅速找出主谓构造。这样一来，我们便可以将长句化为短句，将难句化为易句。详细步骤是先读修饰成分或附成分出句子的主干并理解其意义后再分段理解修饰成分或附加成分假待处理长难句为一个复杂的并列句可这样处理先找出其中的并列连词然后再根据并列连词意思理清句子前后是顺连关系还是反连关系因关系还是转折关系等后根据不的语境关系正确理解句意设待处理的长难句为一个复杂的主从复合句，可这样处理分清主句与从句，然后弄清从句的性质弄它是什么从句——果待处理的长难句为一复杂的主从复合句这样处理先清主句与从句然后弄清名词性从句还状语从或是定语从句。注意，弄清从句性质对于理解复合句的意思至关重要。另外，有一点要提醒同学们，在处理长难句时，假设既能正确理解句意，又能将其准确地译成中文，那是最好了。但是，对于有些长难句，要在较短时间内〔如在参加考试时将其译成中文比较困难时只要能正确理解其意思就行了假设硬要勉为其难地

译成中文，不仅会浪费时间，而且在许多情况也没有必要。二、经典高考真题实例分析下面这篇文章共有194个单词，却只有9个子，平均每个句子大约有22个词几高考英语阅读理解中一篇比较典型的集中含有长难句的文章。aisland,isthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld,accordingtotheGuinnessBookofRecords.Itis1,510milessouthwestofitsnearestneighborSt.Helena,and1,950mileswestofAfrica.bytheadmiral(葡萄牙海军上)ofsamenamein1506,andsettledin1810,theislandbelongstoGreatBritainandhaspopulationofafewhundred.Cominginaclose——andoftenwronglymentionedasthemostdistantisland——isEasterIsland,which1,260mileseastofitsnearestneighbour,Pitcairnand2,300mileswestofSouthAmerica.Themountainous64-square-mileislandwassettledthe5thsupposedlypeoplewholostatsea.Theyhadnowiththeoutsideworldmorethanathousandyears,givingthemplentytimetobuildmorethan1,000stonefigures,calledmoai,whichislandisfamous.OnEasterSunday,1722,however,settlersfromHollandmovedingavetheislanditsToday,2,000peoplelivetheChileanterritory(智利领土.Theyshareonestreet,asmallairportandafewhoursoftelevisionper【解题分析1.跳插入语请看文章第一的第一句第步跳过插入语找出句子主干：TristanCunhaisthefarthestinhabitedislandintheworld(Tristanda是世界上无人居住的最偏僻的岛屿〕；第二步理解附加的插入语部分island该岛面积为平方英里，而且这是吉尼斯记录之一〕，样该句话的意思就弄明白了2.跳读非谓语动词短语我们来看第段第三句首先跳过前面的非谓语动词短语，找出主干：theislandbelongstoGreatBritainandhaspopulationoffew

hundred(岛是英国领土，人口大约几)。然后再来理解前的非谓语动词短语：DiscoveredbyPortugueseadmiralthename1506,andsettledin〔个岛屿是在1506年被一个名叫TristandaCunha的萄牙海军上将发现的，TristanCunha1810年始有人居住〕。通过这样分解难度，我们读得轻松，理解得准确。跳读分隔现象：请看文章第二段，这一段有35个词，却只有一句话。因为该段既包括了分隔现象，