大学英语四级(低频)猜测词义

阅读技巧

—猜测词义Doyouknowtheword“music”?Doyouknowthephrase“facethemusic”?Whatwillyoudoifyoucomeacrossawordyoudon’tknow?guessthemeaningofwordsTrytoguessthemeaningofthephrasefromthepassage:ThismorningIwaslateforschool.AndIfailedintheEnglishexam.Ididn’twanttogohomebecauseIwasafraidIhadtofacethemusicwhentheteachercalledmyparents.Whatdoes“facethemusic”meanhere?Itmeans“toacceptthepunishmentbecauseofdoingsomethingwrong”.一题干特点词义理解题常见的题型有:Theauthorusestheword“…”tomean____.Theunderlinedword(phrase,term)“…”means_____.Accordingtothepassage,theword“…”properlymeans_____.Theword“…”inparagraph…refersto____.By“…”,theauthormeans_____.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningto“…”?Whatis“…”?Whatdoes“…”inthelasttwoparagraphsstandfor?二解题技巧

Howtoguessthemeaningofawordaccordingtothecontext?弄清上下文关系，找有效信息1．根据定义猜测词义

如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义，理解句子或段落本身就是推断词义eg：Anthropology

isthescientificstudyofman.anthropology-----“研究人类的科学”

Inslangtheterm"jam"

isknownasastateofbeinginwhichapersonfindshimselforherselfinadifficultsituation.jam——“困境”定义句的谓语动词多为：be,mean,referto,becalled,beknownas,define,等。.Itwillbeveryhardbutalsovery

brittle------thatis,itwillbreakeasily.

从后面的解释中我们可以了解到brittle是“脆”的意思。

.Theherdsman,wholooksaftersheep,earnsabout650yuanayear.

定语从句中looksaftersheep就表明了herdsman的词义为"牧人"。

定义法定义或释义关系常由定语从句或由is，or，thatis(tosay),inotherwords，becalled，beknownas,bedefinedas等词汇或破折号来表示.利用所出现生词的上下文与其意义上的联系或下文进一步的叙述，猜测词义。例一：Thefemalemosquitoisavampireandlivesonblood.如不知道vampire的词义，从下文livesonblood(靠吸血而生存)则可得知其词义为吸血昆虫。例二：Theoldmanputonhisspectaclesandbegantoread.如不知道spectacles的词义，从下文“戴上‘spectacles’后开始阅读”可以猜得其词义“眼镜”。2、根据复述猜测词义

同位语：Semantics,thestudyofthemeaningofwords,isnecessaryifyouaretospeakandreadintelligently.

semanties指“语义学”Capacitance,ortheabilitytostoreelectriccharge,isoneofthemostcommoncharacteristicsofelectroniccircuits.

capacitance---电容量

注意：同位语前常有or,similarly,thatistosay,inotherwords,.Weareonthenightshift----frommidnightto8a.m.---thisweek.

两个破折号之间的短语很清楚地表明nightshift是"夜班"的意思。

同位法同位法的标志：逗号，破折号定语从句：KrabacbersuffersfromSAD,whichisshortforseasonalaffectivedisorder,

asyndromecharacterizedbysevereseasonalmoodswings.

SAD----“季节性情绪紊乱症”Theinventionofsnorkel,alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface,hasmadeitpossibleforsubmarines(潜艇)tousetheirdieselengineevenwhentheyaresubmerged.句中snorkel一词的意思，可通过其同位语“alongairtubethatreachesuptothesurface”来猜得。由此，我们可确定该词义为“通气管”。：Thetypeofmeteriscalledmultimeter,whichisusedtomeasureelectricity.通过定语从句“whichisusedtomeasureelectricity”(用来测量电的)，我们可将“multimeter”的词义确定为“万用表”。：Theywillbeonthenightshift—frommidnightto6a.m.—nextweek.由破折号之间的解释内容，我们可以了解到“nightshift”意思为“夜班”。3、根据举例猜测词义：

Theconsequencesofepochaleventssuchaswarsandgreatscientificdiscoveriesarenotconfinedtoasmallgeographicalareaastheywereinthepast.

epochal-----“重要的”

Someartistsplantheirpaintingsaroundgeometricformslikesquares,circlesandtriangles.如不知道geometricforms的意思，可从文中所列举的三角形，正方形、圆形来猜得其意义为“几何图形”。Todayyoungcoupleswhoarejuststartingtheirhouseholdsoftenspendlotsoftheirmoneyonappliancesforinstance,washingmachines,refrigeratorsandcolortelevisions.如不知道appliances的意思，从文中的举例“washing-machines(洗衣机)，refrigerator(冰箱)，televisions(电视机)”可以猜得该词的意思为“家用电器”。

二、内在逻辑关系

对比/同义/因果/转折1．对比

AndrewisoneofthemostsuperciliousmenIknow.Hisbrother,incontrast,isquitehumbleandmodest.

supercilious------“目空一切的，傲慢的”

Agoodsupervisorcanrecognizeinstantlytheadeptworkersfromtheunskilledones.

adept——“熟练的”

表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，but，however，despite，inspiteof，incontrast和while

2．同义同对比关系相反，比较关系表示意义上的相似关系。

Greenlovestotalk，andhisbrothersaresimilarly

loquacious.

loquacious-----“多话的”表示同义关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，justas，also等。

同/近义法1.Thenewtaxlawsupersedes,orreplaces,thelawthatwasineffectlastyear.supersede和replace,是对同义词，不难猜出supersede是“取代”之意。and,or,suchas,like，forexample,forinstance常连接同义词组。In

many

nations

there

are

two

financial

extremes,from

penury

to

great

wealth．penury和great

wealth是经济状况的两个极端（two

financial

extremes），因此它们是一组反义词，由于great

wealth是“非常富有”，那么

penury就是“非常贫穷”。Heissohomely，notatallashandsomeashisbrother.根据notatall...handsome我们不难推测出homely的意思，即“不英俊、不漂亮的”。表转折关系的词常有如but,while,however,insteadof,ratherthan,unlike,onthecontrary等。反义词

3．因果

Tomisconsideredanautocraticadministratorbecausehemakesdecisionswithoutseekingtheopinionsofothers.

autocratic——

“独断专行的”

ThereweresomanydemonstratorsintheRedSquarethathehadtoelbowhiswaythroughthecrowd.

elbow的——

“挤，挤过”

因果法

Thelackofmovementcausedthemusclestoweaken.Sometimestheweaknesswaspermanent.Sotheplayercouldneverplaythesportagain.常用关联词(如because，as，since，for，so，thus，asaresult，therefore等)表示前因后果。从后面的结果"永远不能再运动"中，可以推测permanent的意思为"永远的，永久的"。

4．同义替代

Althoughheoftenhadtheopportunity,Mr.Trittwasneverabletostealmoneyfromacustomer.Thiswouldhaveendangeredhispositionatthebank,andhedidnotwanttojeopardizehisfuture.

jeopardize——“使...陷入危险，危及、危害”

Doctorsbelievethatsmokingcigarettesisdetrimentaltoyourhealth.Theyalsoregarddrinkingasharmful.

detrimental——“不利的，有害的”Americanbusinessmenexpectemployeestobepunctual.Theydonotexpectthattheworkerswillcomelate.文中bepunctual的意思，可理解为“notcomelate”，即“准时，不迟到”。例九：Unlikehergregarioussister,Janeisashyperson,whodoesnotliketogotoparties,ortomakenewfriends.根据文中“unlike...”的意思，可将gregarious理解为与文中“ashypersonwhodoesnotliketogotoparties,ortomakenewfriends.”相反的意思，即：表示“好交际的”。利用文章中用不同的话对同一概念的解释，猜测词义例：Shouldthegovernmentregulatethecostofresourcessuchasoilandgas?Somepeopledonotbelievethatgovernmentcontrolisthesolutiontotheproblemoftherisingcostoffuel.文中“regulate”的词义可猜测为与“governmentcontrol”的意思相近。例：Oneofthepredominantconcernstodayisthefutureofournaturalresources.Thisissueisofgreatestimportancebecauseitisbecomingcleartomanypeoplethatourpresentresourceswillnotlastforever.文中“predominant”的词义可猜测为具有与“ofgreatestimportance”相近的意思。例：Cleaningupwaterwaysisanenormoustask.Thejobissolarge,infact,thatthegovernmentmaynotbeabletosavesomeoftheriversandlakeswhichhavebeenpolluted.文中“enormous”的词义可猜测为与“solarge”的意思相近。

三、外部相关因素

Husband：It'sreallycoldouttonight.Wife:Sureitis.Myhandsarepracticallynumb.Howaboutlightingthefurnace?

numb——“冻僵的，冻得麻木的”

Thesnake

slitheredthroughthegrass.

slither——“爬行”

*依靠构词方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义

1．根据前缀猜测词义

Hefellintoaditchandlaythere,semiconscious,forafewminutes.semiconscious——“半清醒的，半昏迷的”

I'milliterateaboutsuchthings.

illiterate——“一窍不通，不知道的”

2．根据后缀猜测词义

Insecticideisappliedwhereitisneeded.

insecticide—“杀虫剂”Thenthevapormaychangeintodroplets.

droplet—“小滴，微滴”

3．根据合成词的各部分猜测词义

Growingeconomicproblemswerehighlightedbyaslowdowninoiloutput.

hightlight—“以强光照射，使突出”

BullfightisverypopularinSpain.

bullfight—斗牛

Manyhousesinthecitycollapsed

duringtheterribleearthquakeandmanypeopledied.根据上下文和常识，地震中房子应该是“倒塌”之意根据上下文线索Whatdoes“collapsed”meanhere?构词法派生法（Derivation）合成法(Compounding)

转化法（Conversion）缩略法（Abbreviation）

ableunable;teachteacherspace+shipspaceshipvisitv.visitn.Doityourself.DIYerorianisteseess后缀,构成可数名词menttionnesssionerying后缀,构成抽象名词alanbleernfulishivelessylyous形容词后缀enizeify动词后缀widenrealize,beatifyterrifydisinmisunnon否定前缀recominipremultiantientele其它前缀重复共同,平等小反，抗使--可能远程---前多的Putwhatyouhavelearnedtopractice:shortenunsinkablemispronunciationmultinational

v.缩短adj.不可沉没的n.错误发音adj.多国的即时训练（1）WhenIfirstbecameareporterIknewamanwhogaveupaverywellpaidrespectablejobattheDailyTelegraphtogoandeditasmallweeklynewspaper.AtthetimeIwasastonishedbywhatappearedtometobehiscompletelyabnormal（反常的）mentalstate.HowcouldanyoneturnhisbackonFleetStreetincentralLondonforasmalllocalarea?Iwantedtoknow.69.Theunderlinedphrase“turnhisbackon”mostprobablymeans_______.A.leaveforB.returntoC.giveupD.relyon（2）Whatissleepallabout?Thesimplestwaytofindoutwhatsleepisforistodowithoutitforawhileandseewhathappens.Thebrainstartsgoinggentlycrazyifdeprivedofsleepfortwoorthreedays.Itsimplystopsworkinginasensiblefashion.48.Theunderlinedphrase“deprivedof”probablymeans__________.A.lackofB.giventoomuchC.stolenD.forcedtogiveup（3）Supportersofundergrounddevelopmentsaythatbuildingdownratherthanbuildingupisagoodwaytousetheearth’sspace.Thesurface,theysay,canbeusedforfarms,parks,gardensandwilderness.H.G.Wells’“moonpeople”wouldagree.Wouldyou?4.Theword“wilderness”inthelastparagraphmeans________.A.wildlifeB.poordistrictsC.desertD.anareathatisnotallowedtobuildon（4）Whensomekindofpainkillerwasbroughtoutrecently,researchersfoundthatthecolours

turnsthecustomersoffbecausetheymadetheproductlookweakandineffective.Eventually,itcameonthemarketinadarkblueandwhitepackage-bluebecausewethinkofitassafe,andwhiteascalm.65.Theunderlinedpart“thecoloursturnedthecustomersoff”meansthatthecolours______.A.attractedthecustomersstronglyB.hadweakeffectsonthecustomersC.trickedthecustomersintoshoppingD.causedthecustomerstoloseinterest（5）

Inaddition,thegovernmentcouldtakeresponsibilityforthe.careoftheelderly.Thiscouldbefinancedthroughgovernmenttaxestoincreasethelevelofpensions.Furthermore,somein-situtionshouldbecreatedforseniorcitizens,whichcanhelpprovideacomfortablelifeforthem.Unfortunately,asthepresentsituationinourcountryshows,thisisnotatrulyviableanswer.Thegovernmentcanseldomaffordtocarefortheelderly,particularlywhenitisbusytryingtocarefortheyoung.48.Theunderlinedword"viable"mostprobablymeans"_________".A.impossibleB.practicalC.usefulD.successful（6）

WhenAndreaPetersonlandedherfirstteachingjob,shefacedthedauntingtaskofcreatingamusicprogramwithalmostnomoneyforequipmentorsuppliesinaclimatewherestandards-basedlearningwasthefocusandmusicjustprovidedabreakforstudentsandteachers.Forherdriveandcreativityinovercomingthosechallenges,she’sbeennamenationalteacheroftheyear.65.Theunderlinedword“daunting”inParagraph1mostprobablymeans___.A.discouragingB.interestingC.creativeD.unbearable（7）Socialsciencemajorsarenotonlyexperiencingsuccessintheirlong-termcompanyjobs,buttheyarealsofindingjobsmoreeasily.…Finally,althoughsomesocialsciencemajorsmaystillfinditmoredifficultthantheirtechnicallytrainedclassmatestolandthefirstjob,recentgraduatesreportthattheydon’tregrettheirchoiceofstudy.45.Theunderlinedword“land”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans______.A.successfullygetB.loseregretfullyC.immediatelystartD.keepforsometime（8）

Manypeoplewhoachievedgreatthingsweresuperstitious….Eventheageofsciencehasnotdestroyedpeople’sbeliefsinirrationalthings.Thefollowingstoryisagoodexample.ApanicshookEuropewhenHalley’scomet(彗星)wasexpectedtoappearin1910.Itseemedthatwheneverthiscomethadappearedinthepast,devastatingeventshadtakenplace.In66A.D.,forexample,itsappearancecoincided(与…巧合)withthefallofJerusalem.Sothepeopleofthetwentiethcenturyfearedanothercatastrophe.Theyweresofrightenedthattheyevenboughtanti-cometpillsandmaskstoprotectthemselvesfromdeadlyfumes.58．Asusedinthispassage,thewordirrationalmeans

. A．notreasonable B．notdangerous C．unimportant D．unforgettable

Exercises：

1．

Archaeologyisthestudyoftheburiedremainsofancienttimes,suchashouses,pots,toolsandweapons.

A.地理学B.生态学C.心理学D.考古学2．Thisstrictofficerisamartinet,apersonwhodemandstotalobedience（服从）torules,disciplineandorders.

A.专制的人B.软弱的人

C.强硬的人D.要求严格服从纪律和命令的人3．ThoughMr.Smithhasbeengeneralmanagerforjustthreemonths,hehasalreadymademuchgreaterachievementsthanhispredecessors.

A.上级B.前任C.同事D.下级4．Thefootballgamewasgettingmoreandmoreexciting,however,theoldladywasstillasdozyassheusuallywas.

A.昏昏欲睡的B.亢奋的C.欣喜若狂的D.麻木的DDBA5．Allhisattemptstounlockthedoorwasfutile,becausehewasusingthewrongkey.A.成功的B.徒劳的C.有效的D.匆促的6．Shedidnothearwhatyousaidbecauseshewascompletelyengrossedinherreading.

心不在焉的B.紧张的C.全神贯注D.睡意浓的7．Oneofsymptomscausedbythepeculiarillnessisahighfever.A.症状B.疾病C.恐惧D.威胁8．Inthestrongwind,thebeggarshiveredwiththeterriblecold.A.流泪B.乞讨C.呻吟D.颤抖BCAD9．Thehottropicalweathercreatedafeelingoflassitudeandencouragedlaziness.A.兴奋B.厌恶C.清醒D.疲倦10．Toquiteagreatmanypeople,moneyisanirresistibletemptation（诱惑）.

A.不可抗拒的B.可抗拒的

C.接受的D.不可接受的DA12.I'maresoluteman.OnceIsetupagoal,Iwon'tgiveitupeasily.

A.frighten B.braveandcarelessC.firm D.angryC16.Nearby

is

the

race