现在完成时态(二)present perfect

PresentPerfectTense现在完成时（用法二）现在完成时1.过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。和already，never,ever,just,before,yet等状语连用。2.过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态，常与for或since引起的一段时间状语连用。谓语动词构成：have/has+v过去分词havebreakfastIhavejusthadmybreakfast.(现在我不饿)I’mnothungrynowmovedherein2004IstilllivehereIhavelivedherefortenyears.=Ihavelivedheresince2004/tenyearsago.nowpast句式的变化：have/has+v过去分词助动词否定haven’thasn’t疑问Haveyou…?Hashe…?肯定一、用法:1.

表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常和already,yet,just,ever,never,beforerecently,等连用。

e.g.–Haveyouhadyourlunchyet?

–Yes,Ihave.I’vejusthadit.(现在我不饿了。)

Ihaven’tseenherthesedays.现在完成时

already,just多用于肯定句中，ever,yet,never多用于疑问句和否定句中。如：I

have

already

finished

my

homework．我已经做完家庭作业了。

He

has

just

had

his

meal．他刚吃过饭。

Have

you

ever

sung

this

English

song？你曾唱过这首英文歌吗？

They

haven't

started

yet.他们还没有身。

We

have

never

heard

of

it．我们从来没有听说过这件事。2.在现在完成时中

ever,

never,

just,

already,

yet在用法和意思上有什么区别？

everjustalreadyyete.g.Haveyou_____beentoJapan?Ihave_____finishedmyhomework.Ihavefinishedmyhomework______.

Ihaven’tfinishedmyhomework____.注意:现在完成时的时间状语already,yet,just,before，ever,never，，recently,sofar,次数twice等。有此类副词时,常强调动作完成,不强调动作的持续.2.某些动词的现在完成时可表示从过去某一时刻开始并一直持续到现在的动作或状态。（包括“现在”在内）注：可以和表示一段时间的状语连用：如thesedays,sofar,uptonow,tillnow,inthepast/lastfewyeas,for/since等短语.表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词。e.g.I’veknownBobforthreeyears.

Theyhavelivedheresince1996.现在完成时二、谓语动词构成:“助动词have/has+v.的过去分词（done）”三、过去分词：一）、规则动词的过去分词构成与过去式相同：1.一般在动词词尾直接加ed2.以不发音的e结尾的动词后面加d3.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词，变y为i，再加-ed4.词尾只有一个辅音字母的重读闭音节动词，要双写辅音字母，再加-ed。二）、过去分词之不规则变化：（一）过去分词和过去式相同的：１.以不变应万变（A-A-A式）。如：let→let→letset→set→set

put→put→putcut→cut→cut

read→read→readhurt→hurt→hurthit→hit→hitshut→shut→shutcost→cost→cost２.若中间有双写e，则去掉一个e，单词末尾再加一个t

。（A-B-B式）如：feel→felt→felt

keep→kept→kept

sleep→slept→sleptsweep→swept→swept３.把结尾的字母d/l变为t。（ABB式）如：

lend→lent→lent

build→built→built

send→sent→sentspend→spent→spent

spell→spelt→speltsmell→smelt→smelt4.在原型后加d或t。（ABB式）如：

learn→learnt→learnt

hear→heard→heard

mean→meant→meant

5.变为以-ought或-aught结尾,（ABB式）如：buy→bought→boughtthink→thought→thought

bring→brought→broughtfight→fought→fought

catch→caught→caught

teach→taught→taught

6.原型中的一个元音字母有变化。（ABB式）如：

sit→sat→satwin→won→won

dig→dug→dug

shine→shone→shone

hold→held→heldmeet→met→metlead→led→ledhang→hung→hungfeed→fed→fedmeet→met→met

7.其它变化,ABB式如：sell→sold→soldtell→told→toldpay→paid→paidsay→said→saidstand→stood→stoodunderstand→understood→understood④其它lose→lost→lostfind→found→foundleave→left→lefthave→had→had（二）过去分词和过去式不同的：1.在原型中只变化一个元音字母（ABC式）如：ring→rang→rungsing→sang→sungdrink→drank→drunkswim→swam→swumbegin→began→begun2.在原型后加-en（ABC式）如：eat→ate→eatenfall→fell→fallenride→rode→riddenwrite→wrote→writtenbe→was/were→been3.在过去式上加-en（ABC式）如：

get→got→gottenforget→forgot→forgotten4.在原型后加-n（ABC式）如：see→saw→seengive→gave→givendrive→drove→driventake→took→takendraw→drew→drawnthrow→threw→thrownmistake→mistook→mistakengrow→grew→grownknow→knew→knownblow→blew→blownshake→shook→shakenshow→showed→shownrise→rose→risen5.在过去式上加-n（ABC式）如：

break→broke→brokenchoose→chose→chosenspeak→spoke→spokenwake→woke→waken6.（ABA式）如：come→came→comebecome→became→becomerun→ran→run

7.各不相同（ABC式）如：do→did→donefly→flew→flowngo→went→gonelie→lay→lain★★★少数动词有两个过去式和过去分词，一个为规则变化，一个为不规则变化learn→learned→learned

→learnt→learntshine→shined→shined

→shone→shonesmell→smelled→smelled

→smelt→smeltspell→spelled→spelled

→spelt→speltburn→burned→burned

→burnt→burnt★★★少数动词有两个过去式和过去分词，一个为规则变化，一个为不规则变化dream→dreamed→dreamed

→dreamt→dreamtlight→lighted→lighted

→lit→litspeed→speeded→speeded

→sped→sped

★★★注意：1.beat的过去式与原形同形：beat（打击）beat（过去式）beaten（过去分词）2.lie有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同lie→lied→

lied（说谎）

→

lay→

lain（躺，位于）3.hang有规则变化和不规则变化两种，含义不同hang→

hanged→

hanged（处绞刑）

→

hung→

hung(挂，吊)四、句式：1.肯定句：主语+have/has+过去分词(+其他)2.否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词(+其他)3.一般疑问句：have/has+主语+过去分词(+其他)4.

特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词(不是句子主语)+have/has+主语+过去分词(+其他)2)特殊疑问词(是句子主语)+have/has+过去分词(+其他)

现在完成时：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去开始一直延续到现在的动作或保存的状态，强调的是现在的情况，不能和表示过去的时间状语连用（如：in1990，lastSunday等）。

一般过去时：一般过去时只表示过去的动作或状态，和现在不发生关系（即动作或状态在现在已经结束），它可以和表示过去的时间状语连用。注意1:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：have/has+V过去分词注意注意 1:

现在完成时不能和表示过去的时间状语连用(如:yesterday,last,year,in1976,twodaysago,justnow,whenshecamein等)连用，但可以和不明确指出时间的状语(如:already,yet,ever,never,sometimes,always,often,before,once,twice,recently,lately等)连用；也可以和表示包括现在在内的时间状语(如：today,thismorning,thisweek,thisyear等)连用。1have/hasbeento+地名:

曾去过某地（已回来）

可与just,

ever,

never

等连用,后可接次数2have/hasgoneto+地名:

去了某地（还没回来，不在说话现场）3have/hasbeenin+地名:

在某地呆了有多久（常和一段时间状语连用）★★如地点为副词，则介词in/to必须省略。Havebeento/in和havegoneto的区别Summary注意2:

HehasgonetoHongKong.他到香港去了。

Hehas

been

toHongKong.

他曾到过香港。

Mr.

Brown

has

been

in

HongKong

for

three

days.

布朗先生来香港已经有三天了。

1.—Where

is

Tom？汤姆在哪里？

—He

has

gone

to

the

bookshop.他到书店去了。2.They

have

been

in

Canada

for

five

years.

他们到加拿大有五年了。3.Wherehaveyoubeen,John?I'mlookforyoueverywhere?John你去哪了？我到处找你。

1.

表示从过去已经开始持续到现在的动作或状态，可以和表示“从过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间状语”连用。2.这一时间状语有：①

for+时间段

②

since+过去时间点

③

since+过去时的从句

④since+一段时间+ago

⑤inthelast/pastfewyearsPresentPerfectTense现在完成时（用法二）注意★★①含有for，since的现在完成时的用法歌诀:

过去的动作或状态，

一直持续到现在，

for、since把时间带。

②且for与since引导的时间状语可以相互转换：for+一段时间=since+一段时间+ago

Hehasbeenhereforfiveweeks.=Hehasbeenheresincefiveweeksago.Ihaveworkedatthisfactoryfortenyears.=Ihaveworkedatthisfactorysincetenyearago.现在完成时（用法二）

I

haven’t

seen

him

for

three

years.

我三年没有看见他了。I’ve

lived

here

since

1990．自从1990年以来我就住在这里。

She’s

been

at

this

school

since

five

yearsago.自从五年前她就在这个学校。

HehastaughtheresincehecametoChina.自从他来到中国就在这儿教书。Wehavebeenfriendssincewemetinschool.我们从在学校见面起就成为了好朋友。3.句中动词的特点：现在完成时（用法二）

①

此种用法中表示持续性的动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词(否定句除外)。

②非延续性动词come,go,leave,arrive,begin,finish,buy,

lose,join,die,marry,borrow,receive等，不能与for、since等表示一段时间的状语连用。非延续性动词需转化为对应的延续性动词才能与for、since等表示一段时间的状语连用

1.这本书我买了5年了。

Ihaveboughtthebookforfiveyears.()Ihavehadthebookforfiveyears.()×√现在完成时（用法二）

2.你哥哥参军多长时间了？

Howlonghasyourbrotherjoinedthearmy?(

)Howlonghasyourbrotherbeeninthearmy/beenasoldier?()×√不能说:

*Hehascome

toBeijingfor

two

years.但可以说：HehasbeeninBeijingfortwoyears.不能说:

*Hehasboughtthatbookfor

three

weeks.但可以说：Hehashadthatbookforthreeweeks.不能说:

*HehasjoinedtheArmyforoneandahalfyears.但可以说：Hehasbeeninthearmyforoneandahalfyears.★★★for、since可以与非延续性动词的否定式连用。如:Ihaveboughtthiscomputersincefouryearsago.(×)Ihavehadthiscomputersincefouryearsago.(√)Ihaven’tboughtanythingfortwomonths.(√)Ihaven'theardfromhimfor3weeks.(√)①转换为相应的延续性动词（用于现在完成时用法二）borrow—keep

buy—havecome/go/become---becatch/getacold—haveacoldputon—wear/beon4.非延续性动词和延续性动词之间的转换

非延续性动词：come,go,leave,arrive,buy,start，reach，die，open，close，finish，lose,receive,join,die,marry

②.转化为“be+名词”gotoschool--beastudentjointhearmy--beasoldier/beinthearmyjointheParty--beaPartymember③.

转化为“be+形容词/副词”begin/start—beongoout—beoutclose—beclosedopen—beopen/keepsth.open

die—bedeadleave—beaway(from)finish/end—beoverfallill(asleep,sick)—beill(asleep,sick)

join—bein

/

beamemberof…

makefriends—befriendscome/go/—be+相应的介词短语getmarried—bemarried等getup---beup④转化为“be+介词”getto/arrive/reach—be(in)moveto---liveingotoschool---beinschooljointhearmy---beinthearmygetup---beup⑤去掉短语中的结束性性动词，用于现在完成时。gettoknow—know

gettosleep—sleepcometowork--workbegintostudy---study

1.Theoldmandied4yearsago.

►Theoldmanhasbeendeadfor4years.

=Itis4yearssincetheoldmandied.=Fouryearshaspassedsincetheoldmandied.

2.HejoinedtheParty2yearsago.►HehasbeeninthePartyfor2years.3.Iboughtthebook5daysago.►Ihavehad/ownedthebookfor5days.如：现在完成时常用句型：①Itis/hasbeen+时间段+since短语或从句ItisfourdayssincelastFriday.从上周五到现在已经四天了。IthasbeentwoyearssinceJimcametoBeijing.吉姆来北京已经两年了。现在完成时常用句型：②时间段+haspassed+since短语或从句ThreeyearshaspassedsinceIlivedhere.Halfanhourhaspassedsinceshefinishedherhomework.③Thisisthefirst(second…)timethat+从句句型中的that从句通常使用现在完成时。如：ThisisthefirsttimethatJennyandDannyhavebeentoChina.这是珍妮和丹妮第一次来屮国。ThisisthethirdtimethatIhaveseenKaren.这是我第三次见到Karen。1.I________heardofthatstorybefore.A.don’thaveB.nothaveC.havenotD.nottohave2.She’sneverbeentothatfactory,_________?A.issheB.wassheC.doessheD.hasshe3.Haveyoumadedumplings__________?No,Ihaven’t.A.justnowB.yesterdayC.agoD.before4.Tom________illsincelastnight.A.wasB.isC.hasbeenD.be5.Howlonghaveyou_________Nanjing?A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wenttoCDDCC一同义句6.HowmanytimeshasJim_______thatpark?Twice.A.gonetoB.beentoC.beeninD.wentto7.I’ve______thisdictionaryforhalfayear.A.boughtB.hadC.lendedD.borrowed8.Shewon’tgotothecinemathiseveningbecauseshe________thefilmbefore.A.hasseenB.sawC.seesD.isseeingBBA1.她成为一名护士已经三年了。2.我五年前就认识李雷了。3.那些相片我已经寄给他了。（post）4.我来到这个学校后，他就一直教我。5.我刚丢了我的历史书。Shehasbeenanurseforthreeyears.IhaveknownLileisincefiveyearsago.Ihavealreadypostedthephotostohim.HehastaughtmesinceIcametotheschool.Ihavejustlostmyhistorybook.二翻译1.Iborrowedthelibrarybooktwodaysago.I______________thelibrarybook________twodays.2.Themeetingstartedtenminutesago.A.Themeeting___________________________________tenminutesago.B.Themeeting____________________________________tenminutes.havekeptforhasbeenonhasbeenonsincefor三同义句3.MybrotherjoinedthePartylastyear.A.Mybrother__________________________thePartysincelastyear.B.Mybrother_________________________partymembersincelastyear.4.HeleftNanjingtwoyearsago.He__________________________________Nanjingfortwoyears.hasbeeninhasbeenahasbeenawayfrom5.Thatdogdiedlastmonth.Thatdog_______________________sincelastmonth.6.Hehashadthebikefortwoyears.A.Twoyears_____________sincehe________thebike.B.It’s________________sincehe_________thebike.C.He_______thebiketwoyears__________.hasbeendeadhaspassedboughttwoyearsboughtboughtago二选用for和since填空:1.Wehaven’tseeneachother______alongtime.2.Hisfatherhasbeeninthefactory______10yearsago.3.Thefilmhasbeenon______20minutes.4.MrGreenhasworkedhere______hecametoChina.5.Hisgrandparentshavebeendead______severalyears.6.It’sfiveyears_______wemetlasttimeforsinceforsinceforsince选择for或since填空：Ihavebeenhere_____fivemonthsago.2.Hehasbeenasoldier____abouttwomonths.3.Greatchangeshavetakenplace_____youleft.4.Hisgrandpahasbeendead____tenyears.5.IhavestudiedEnglish______I

was12yearsold.6.Itistwoyears_________Ibecameapostgraduatestudent.sinceforsinceforsincesince即学即练

1.Both

his

parents

look

sad.Maybethey

________what's

happened

to

him.

Ａ.

knew

Ｂ.

haveknown

Ｃ.

mustknow

Ｄ.willknow2.He

has

_____been

to

Shanghai,has

he?Ａ.

already

Ｂ.never

Ｃ.ever

Ｄ.still一、单项选择。BBExercises3.Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyearＡ.is

writing

Ｂ.was

writing

Ｃ.wrote

Ｄ.has

written4.--Ourcountry

______alotsofar.

--Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.

Ａ.has

changed;well

Ｂ.

changed;good

Ｃ.has

changed;betterＤ.

changed;betterDC

5.ZhaoLan______already

______inthisschoolfortwoyears.

Ａ.was;studying

Ｂ.will;studyＣ.has;studied

Ｄ.are;studying6.We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.

Ａ.know

Ｂ.

had

known

Ｃ.have

known

Ｄ.

knewCC7.HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.Ａ.

will

see

Ｂ.

have

seen

Ｃ.

saw

Ｄ.see8.–ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.

–Really?When_____

there?Ａ.will

they

go

Ｂ.

did

they

goＣ.

do

they

go

Ｄ.

have

they

goneBB9.--______you___your

homework

yet?

--Yes.I_____

it

a

moment

ago.Ａ.

Did;do;finished

Ｂ.

Have;done;finishedＣ.

Have;done;have

finished

Ｄ.

will;do;finishB10.His

father

______the

Party

since

1978.Ａ.

joined

Ｂ.

hasjoined

Ｃ.

wasinＤ.

has

been

in11.--Doyouknowhimwell?

--

Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.Ａ.

were

Ｂ.havebeen

Ｃ.havebecome

Ｄ.havemadeDB12.--Howlonghaveyou

____here?

--Abouttwomonths.Ａ.

been

Ｂ.

gone

Ｃ.

com