法国中尉的女人PPT

TheFrenchLieutenant’sWomanBy郭耀霞方士英AbouttheauthorJohnFowles(1926—2005)，afamousBritishauthorintheliteraryworld,borninasmalltownnotfarfromLondonin1926.ItisbelievedthatJohnFowlesnotonlyrepresentstheturningpointofEnglishnovelsbutalsothetransitionofwesternliterarycriticism．Hisfatherwas

atobaccobusinessmanandhismotherwas

ateacher.ToescapethebombingofNaziGermanyduringWorldWarII,hisfamilymovedtoDevon,avillageonthesouthofTeMoer.Britain'scountrysidewascharmingandyoungFowleshadastronginterestinthemysteryandbeautyofnaturehere.Thisendlessmysteryandbeautybecamethesourceofhisinspiration.OthermainworksTheCollector《收藏家》TheMagus《巫术师》TheEbonyTower《埃伯尼塔楼》DanielMartin《丹尼尔·马丁》Mantissa《曼蒂莎》AMaggot

《想入非非》TheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman——JohnFowlesSetinVictorianage,itconcernsaloveaffairbetweenayounggentlemanandawomanwhoiscalledTheFrenchlieutenant’swoman.Themaincharacter,Charles，livedoninheritanceleftbyhisfather.HeisengagedtoEmestina,,atypicalVictorianwealthylady,buthecancelstheengagementaftermeetingwiththebeautiful，mysteriousSarahWoodruff,asocialoutcastknownlocallyastheso-calledwhoreofaFrenchlieutenant.Thenarratornotoriouslyintrudesinthenarrationcontinuously,presentingdifferentendingsandencouraginghisreaderstoreachtheirownconclusions，whichmakesthisnovela“labyrinthwithoutanexit”CONTENTSABSTRACT(ENGLISH)…………………….............iABSTRACT(CHINESE)...........................................................................................iiCHAPTERIONEINTRODUCTION1.ABriefIntroductiontoJohnFowlesandTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman…..................................................................................……...............11.1.AnIntroductiontoJohnFowles…...………...........….….……..11.2.AnIntroductiontoTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman……...21.3.PreviousstudiesonTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman……...……........42.ABriefIntroductiontoExistentialism………......………….….….8CHAPTERTWOTHEFREEDOMOFCHARACTERS’CHOICES1TheChoicesoftheSarah........................................................................112TheChoicesoftheCharles......................................................

..............14CHAPTERTHREETHEFREEDOMVIEWSEMBODIEDINREBELLINGAGAINSTVICTORIANCONVENTIONALITY1TherebellingbehaviorsofSarah..............................................

.............182TherebellingbehaviorsofCharles........................................................20CHAPTERFOUR.THEIMPACTOFTHEFREEDOMVIEWSONTHENARRITION1TheAuthor’sFreeChoicesoftheNarrativeStructure...............................242TheReaders‟FreeChoicesoftheEnding.............................

.....................25V.CONCLUSION.................................................................................................29Literaturereview

Accordingtothematerialsavailable，thepresentresearchesofthisnovelmainlycenteronthefollowingaspects：1Studiesonthesocialandhistoricalsignificanceofthenovel.Researcheshavebeencarriedouttoshowtheturmoilandmovementsofthattime，toanalyzethecharacterofeachfigureinthenovelandwhattheysignify.2Narrativedevices．TheFrenchLieutenant'sWomanattractsthelargestamountsofinterestandcriticismmainlybecauseofitswritingskills.3TheanalysisofSarahtheprotagonist：Mainlyanalysisofhercharacters，herbehaviorsandthesocialsignificance.Differentcriticsviewherfromdifferentaspectssuchasfeministpointofview.Theresearchofthenovelabroadandathomeisfullydeveloped.Amongtheseareinterpretationbasedonfeminism,anti-feminism,new-historicism,realism,postmodernism,andexistentialismandsoon.Thefollowingsarethebriefintroduction.Feminism:DeborahByrd,whocallsthisnovel“analmostidealfeministfictionalwork”andSarah“apositivemodel”inheressay“TheEvolutionandEmancipationofSarahWoodruff”in1984becauseofthedevelopmentofafeminineconsciousnessinSarahWoodruff.An-tifeminism:MagaliCornierMichael,whorespondstoByrdin‘WhoisSarah?’ACritiqueofTheFrenchLieutenant’sWoman’sFeminism”declaresthatthisnovelhasbeeninappropriatelyevaluatedforitsfeminismbecausethetext’sperspectiveismaleandassertsthatthenovelfailsasafeminismstatementbecausethefigureofSarahisneverabletobreaktheboundariesofmalefantasy.New-Historicism:RobertHuffakerinhisbookJohnFowles(1980)saysthatthenovelisofhistoricalquality.LindaHutchconclassifiesthenovelas‘historiographic’metafiction’aboutVictorianism,inwhich“itstheoreticalself-awarenessofhistoryandfictionashumanconstructsismadethegroundsforitsrethinkingandreworkingoftheformsandcontentsofthepastRealism:LovedaySimonarguesthatitistruethathisworksarewellsuppliedwiththekindofdocumentaryandhistoricalmaterialtowhichsuchrealisticjudgmentsCanbeapplied；Theycontaininequallysubstantialmeasureexamplesexactlythosekindsofcommentaryandjudgment”，buthealsoarguesthat“mostofthisessentiallydidacticmaterialhasnogenuineconnectionwiththefictionwhichsurroundsratherthanincorporatesit”Postmodernism:BarryN.Olshenfindsthestyleofthenovelisa“curiousamalgamofthenineteenthandtwentiethcenturies”,withamodern,cinematicpanorama’whichisof“long-shotsofthethreemajorparticipantsinthestory’’Somecriticsexplorethenovel’sfromexistentialistthought.Forinstance,RichardP.LynchhaspointedoutthatthenovelisthebestofFowles’workstoexaminecloselyonthegeneralissueofhumanfreedom.ABriefIntroductiontoExistentialism

In1895,Originsofspeciesdestroyedallthetraditionalthoughts,demonstratingthathumansevolvedfromapes,notcreatedbytheGod.Therefore,man’svalueandstatusbecamethefirstthingtoconcern.Moreover,theSecondWorldWarhadagreaterinfluenceonhumanconsciousness,whichmadepeoplethinkaboutthemeaningofexistence.Thetermofexistencebroughtintouseinthe1940s.JohnFowlesgavehisdefinitiontoexistentialfreedom:“awayoflookingat,andutilizing,otherphilosophies.Itisatheoryofrelativityamongtheoriesofabsolutetruth.”2Freedomofcharacters’choice

2.1ThechoiceofSarahAsthesayinggoes,“wherethereisrepression,thereisrebellion”.Sarah,theprotagonist,hasclearintention:thatistogetridoftheconstraintsofherlife.Inthenovel,Sarahconfrontswiththreedifferentchoices.Thefirstchoiceistobea“fallenwoman”,althoughpeopleintheLymeconsideredSarahasa“fallenwoman”,shechoosesnottocareaboutwhatotherpeoplethinkabouther.WecanproveitinherwordstoCharles.Sheexpressesherselfinthis:“Iamadoublydishonoredwomanbycircumstances,andbychoice.…IdiditsothatIshouldneverbethesameagain.…Icouldnotmarrythatman.SoImarriedshame,…IfIhadleftthatroom,andreturnedtoMrs.Talbot’s,andresumedmyformerexistence,IknowthatbynowIshouldbetrulydead…andbemyownhand.Whathaskeptmealiveismyshame,myknowingthatIamtrulynotlikeotherwomen,…IthinkIhaveafreedomtheycannotunderstand.Noinsult,noblame,cantouchme,becauseIhavesetmyselfbeyondthepale.Iamnothing,Iamhardlyhumananymore,andIamtheFrenchLieutenant’sWhore.”Aswecitedinthenovel,Sarah,herselfchoosetobeshamesothatshecangetfreedomotherscannotunderstand.Becausewhatsheseekstoistheabsolutefreedom.Sarah'ssecondchoice,themostimportantone,isthatshechoosesCharles.BeforemeetingwithCharles,Sarahgetsinvolvedinmanyrumors.Actually,Sarahiswaiting,searchingforsomethingunconventional.AftermeetingwithCharles,Sarahisenlightened.Inhereyes,Charlesisdifferentfromothers.SarahchoosestoapproachCharlesactivelyratherthanwaitingforhim,andshecreatesopportunitiestomeetCharlesagainandagain,tryingtoseducehim.Sarahisconfrontedwithherlastchoiceinthelastending.

WhenCharlesfindsSarahinLondon,shechoosestorejecthim.Shetellshimtherewasa“falsehood”intheirrelationshipfromthebeginning.SarahrejectsCharles'sproposalfortworeasons.Thefirstoneisthatshehaslongfor“loneliness”morethanshehaspreviouslyimagined.“Marriageisperhapsthegreatestinstitutionofholding,andenjoyingamonghumanbeing”(TonyE.Jackson,1997:12).ButSarahdoesnotwantmarriage,because“thewaythatitholdswouldruinthepleasurethatitseekstoguarantee”(12).SarahtellsCharles:“Idonotwanttosharemylife,IwishtobewhatIam,notwantahusband...mustexpectmetobecomeinmarriage”(Fowles,1969:353).Thesecondreasonisthatsheissatisfiedwithherpresentlife.Herchoicesarethebestexplanationofanoldsaying“Lifeispreciousandlovemorevaluable;yetforthesakeoffreedombothcanbesacrificed”.2.2ThechoiceofCharlesInthenovel,thereoccurseveralimportantoccasionsinthestoryforCharlestomakeachoice,eachchoicemadebyCharlesinthedevelopmentofthestoryisoutofhisownfreewill.Itishisself-determiningchoicesthatputhimtotheroadtoexistentialfreedom.Atfirst,alreadyengagedtoErnestina,Charlesisintriguedandattractedbythismysteriouswoman,Sarah.AndthenhechoosestoapproachSarah,tohelpher,togetinhertrapwillingly.

AnotherimportantchoiceinthestoryisthathedecidestobreakhisengagementtoErnestinaandgoesforSarah.FollowinghismeetingwithSarahandCharlesrealizesthatSarahistheonlyrealthinginhislife.ThenCharlesbreakhisengagementtoErnestina.CharlesacceptsthisandgoesonsearchingforSarah.Inthelastending,whenCharlesfindsSarahandasksSarahtomarryhim,Sarahdeclaresthatshewillnevermarryandresisthispleading.ButCharlesalsorejectsSarah'ssuggestionofanunmarriedfriendship.Thisishislastchoiceonhisroadtofreedom.Itishischoicetoendtheirrelationshipforever.Charlesleavesalone,outcast,butindependent.3FreedominrebellionagainstVictorianconventionalityWeseeconservatismandhypocrisyfeaturetheVictorianage．ThestoryhappenedinVictoriangoldenperiod．Itisanabsurd，uglyandcoldsociety．Undertheheavypressureofitshypocriticalmoralityandconventionality,humanbeingasindividualisdeprivedofhisownwillandfreedom.WefindthethemeofExistentialisticfreedomincharacter’srebellionagainstVictorianconventionality.3.1TherebelliousbehaviorsofSarah

SarahisasymbolofwhatWasforbiddenintheVictorianage．Sarahstrugglesforfreedomandagainstsocialconventions，butwhatshereallyrisesagainstisadeep-rootedmale-dominatedsociety．WeknowVictoriansocietyisamale-dominatedsociety．AlltheVictorianvaluesarethoseofthemalegroup．Let’sfirstseehowwomenarelikeinamale-dominantsociety：Womenwereoftenidealizedasbeingpure，loving，kindandnurturing.Theywerealsoseenasbeingweak，childlike，andsubjecttoallmannersofillnesses.SarahcondemnsVictoriansocietybeforeCharleslikethis:Iliveamongpeopletheworldtellsmealekind，pious,Christianpeople．Andtheyseemtomecruelerthanthecruelestheaths，stupiderthanthestupidestanimals.Thatlifeiswithoutunderstandingorcompassion．ThattherearenotspiritsgenerousenoughtounderstandwhatIhavesufferedandwhyIsuffer--andthat，whateverSinsIhavecommitted，Sleep．WhenIwake，thenightmarerightthatIshouldsuffersomuch．MyonlyhappinessiswhenIisland，begins．Ifeelcastonadesertitisnotimprisoned，condemned，andIknownotwhatcrimeitisfor.”3.2TherebelliousbehaviorsofCharlesWhileforCharles，heescapesfromthepuritanicalatmosphereofErnestinaintothespontaneousworldofSarah．HechangeshisidentityfromaconformisttoarebelandgetsthefreedomthatSarahtriestopromotetohim．WeseeVictoriansregardsahappymarriageasallappropriategoalsforallwomen.TakeCharlesandErnestinaasanexample，Charles’marriageproposaltoErnestinaismainlyconnectedwithmoney,socialconventionandsocialstatus.HeseesthroughtheVictorianhypocriticalconceptsofmarriage．HechoosestorebelagainstitinthewayofbeingwiththeFrenchLieutenant’sWoman，whoisasocialoutcast，andtheembodimentoffreedom．ThusCharlesachieveshisownloveandfreedom.Charlesisunavoidablyinclinedtofreedom．IndeedCharlesdecisiontoleaveErnestinaandpursueSarahisallindicationofhisunderstandingoffreedom.Heisfinallyabandonedbythesocietyandbecomesadesertedman.4.1TheAuthor’sFreeChoicesoftheNarrativeStructureExistentialviewsareembodiedintheroleoftheauthorandnarrator.Theirfreedomsarecloselyrelatedtothenarrativefreedomofthenovel.TheVictoriannovelistscontinuepassingonthetraditionalnarrationbyconsideringtheauthorastheomniscientnarratorwhocanarrangethecharacter’sfateaccordingtohiswill.Hecreatesabeardedmanasanobserverwhoinvadesintothenovel.1.TheIntrusiveNarratorInthechapter13,wecanseetheomniscientnarrationsmashed:“Idonotknow.ThestoryIamtellingisallimagination.ThesecharactersIcreateneverexistoutofmymind.[...]Wewishtocrea