Jeremy Bentham and utilitarianism 边沁和功利主义

JeremyBenthamAndUtilitarianismBriefIntroductonofJeremyBenthamBorninLondon,EnglandAchildprodigy:readasayoungtoddlerandstudiedLatinattheageofthreeStudiedlawatQueen'sCollege,OxfordandcompletedhisBachelor'sdegreeandMaster'sdegree.aBritishphilosopher,jurist(法学家),socialreformer(改革家)andthefounderofmodernutilitarianism(功利主义)aleadingtheoristinAnglo-Americanphilosophyoflaw,andapoliticalradicalwhoseideasinfluencedthedevelopmentofwelfarism.konwnforhisadvocacyofutilitarianismandanimalrightsandtheideaofthepanopticon（圆形监狱）.JeremyBentham(1748-1832)HisArguments

Headvocated:individualandeconomicfreedom

theseparationofchurchandstate(国教分离)

freedomofexpression

equalrightsforwomentherighttodivorce

thedecriminalising(合法化)ofhomosexualactstheabolitionofslavery,

theabolitionofthedeathpenaltytheabolitionofphysicalpunishment,includingchildren.HisWork

1.Utilitarianism

Thisphilosophyofutilitarianismtookforits"fundamentalaxiom",itisthegreatesthappinessofthegreatestnumberthatisthemeasureofrightandwrong".2.EconomicsBenthamstatedthatpleasuresandpainscanberankedaccordingtotheirvalueor"dimension"suchasintensity,duration,certaintyofapleasureorapain.3.AnimalrightsBenthamiswidelyregardedasoneoftheearliestproponentsofanimalrights,andhasevenbeenhailedas"thefirstpatronsaintofanimalrights".Utilitarianism(功利主义)Definitions:Utilitarianismisdefinedas"thegreatestgoodofthegreatestnumber".The"greatesthappinessprinciple",ortheprincipleofutility,formsthecornerstoneofallBentham'sthought.By"happiness",heunderstoodapredominanceof"pleasure"over"pain".Wedecidehowtoact,andthenjustifyouractions,byevaluatingwhichalternativesarelikelyresultinthegreatestgood.MeasurementofUtilityPleasureHappinessIdealsPreferencesTypesofUtilitarianismActUtilitarianism(情境功利主义)Anactisright,ifandonlyif,itresultsinasmuchgoodasanyavailablealternative.RuleUtilitarianism（规则功利主义）Anactisright,ifandonlyif,itisrequiredbyarulethatisitselfamemberofasetofruleswhoseacceptancewouldleadtogreaterutilityforsocietythananyavailablealternative.ExamplesA:Youareasurgeonandyouhave5patients.1ofthepatienthasonlyaminorconcussion(脑震荡),howeverthe4otherswilldieunlesstheygetanorgantransplant（器官移植）.the1healthypatientisaperfectmatchandcansavethelivesofthe4(eachoneneedsadifferentorgan)doyousacrificethe1forthegoodofthe4?anActUtilitarianismwouldweighthecostvsthebenefitandsacrificethe1healthypatient="greatergood"B:-killingismurder,andmurderiswrong(thiscanbearule)

-rulesofEngagement:donotfireunlessfir