2021届高三英语一轮专项复习：阅读理解之主旨大意题

阅读理解之主旨大意题概述阅读理解在高考英语中所占分值最大，可以说“得阅读者得高考”。因此，在考前复习中，阅读理解能力的培养和训练依然是重中之重。本部分从高考阅读理解命题入手，剖析高考阅读理解的命题特点，并结合高考真题对高考常考题型进行解题指导，从而有效地提高解题的速度和准度。命题规律探究文章题材丰富从近几年的高考来看，高考语篇注重立德树人，突出文化品格，英语试卷中所有语篇围绕人与自我、人与社会、人与自然三大主题，题材涉及故事、科普、人文、社会现象、文化活动等。短文体裁广泛短文体裁包括记叙文（主要是人物或故事）、说明文（主要是最新研究成果或调查发现等科普类文章）、议论文（特别是社会现象和热点问题）、应用文（信息类或广告类文章）等。题型分布不均从整体来看，高考阅读理解的细节理解题占多数，推理判断题其次，然后是主旨大意题和词义猜测题，突出考查考生理解和运用语言解决问题的基本能力。语篇特点鲜明原汁原味：高考语篇一般选自各大主流英文报刊和媒体网站，新材料尽量原汁原味。词汇量大：高考语篇词汇量丰富，含有大量的派生词、词性转换词、熟词生义词以及英语短语和习语。长难句多：高考语篇含有大量的长句和难句，句子结构复杂。结构典型：高考语篇的文章多为总分或分总结构。出题形式主旨大意题是高考阅读理解中常考的题型之一，主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力。通常以概括文章大意、概括段落大意、选择标题以及判断作者写作目的等形式出现。一、文章大意题——突破文章主旨3法1.主题句法解答主旨大意题，找准文章的主题句是关键。下面介绍两种快速找出主题句的方法。（1）根据不同文体的写作方法来定位主题句议论文主要是论述作者的某个观点，往往采用'总一分”或“总一分一总”的模式，所以主题句常在第一段或最后一段。说明文则是说明一个事物的用途或制作过程，主题句一般在首段。记叙文一般没有明显的主题句，需要根据文中叙述的内容和线索来概括文章大意，但是如果文章末段出现说理性的句子，则这个句子为主题句。根据行文标志来定位主题句在文中尤其是在首段出现表示转折的词，如but,however，infact，actually等时，其后的内容往往是作者真正想要表达的观点。在文中出现表示总结的词，如therefore，thus，inshort，conclude等，其后的内容往往是文章的主题。若首段出现疑问句时，对该问题的回答可能是文章的主题。[示例1]anguageshavebeencomingandgoingforthousandsofyears，butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing.Whentheworldwasstillpopulatedbyhunter—gatherers，small，tightlyknit(联系)groupsdevelopedtheirownpatternsofspeechindependentofeachother.Somelanguageexpertsbelievethat10，000yearsago，whentheworldhadjustfivetotenmillionpeople，theyspokeperhaps12，000languagesbetweenthem.31.Whatisthemainideaofthetext?Newlanguageswillbecreated.People'slifestylesarereflectedinlanguages.Humandevelopmentresultsinfewerlanguages.Geographydetermineslanguageevolution.分析：选C。本文为议论文，文章为“总一分”结构，根据第一段第一句中的“butinrecenttimestherehasbeenlesscomingandalotmoregoing"和后文可知，随着人类社会的发展，使得语言的种类越来越少。故C项最符合原文主旨。高频词法全文中无明显主题句时，我们可以利用文章中的高频词。任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。逆向思维法在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有哪些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。二、标题归纳题——3大特点与3大技巧1.文章标题的3大特点概括性准确而又简短针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符醒目性能引发读者的阅读欲望2.解题的3大技巧(1)正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨。(2)反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去尝试用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文对照，一一排除荒谬者。研究备选项：研究备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、新奇性、概括力等。文章的标题应该新颖奇特，易激发读者的好奇心，吸引读者注意力。[示例2]Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms(微生物)fromourbodiesgrowuncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeachweek.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnotjustanykids.ItisdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclassrooms，liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonandDonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoasolution(解决方案).“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers，”saysFlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.“Therearenotests，”Gordonsays.“Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan‘Areyouworkingtowardsyourgoal？'Basically,it's‘I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendoftheyear,presentittoNASA.'Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview，and...it'snotaverynicethingattimes.It'sahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct.”GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact(影响)oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.“ThesekidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach.”Andthatannoyingbacteria?GordonsayshisstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem，readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?NASA：TheHomeofAstronautsSpace：TheFinalHomeworkFrontierNature：AnOutdoorClassroomHUNCH：ACollegeAdmissionReform分析：选D。本题为标题归纳题。本文为说明文，主要介绍了一个项目：把高中的教室教学与太空的研究联系起来，使学生们得到NASA工程师们的指导。因此在选标题时既要有太空，还要有学生，选项B将其完美地结合了起来，故答案为B。三、段落大意题——根据段落结构精准定位主题句段落大意题跟文章大意题一样，要先找出主题句，对于没有明确主题句的段落，要结合全段的意思归纳大意。段落的组织结构和主题句的位置主要有以下几种：类型位置总—分主题句在段首分—总主题句在段尾分—总—分主题句在段中平铺型无明确主题句[示例2]Popularityisawell-exploredsubjectinsocialpsychology.MitchPrinstein,aprofessorofclinicalpsychologysortsthepopularintotwocategories：thelikableandthestatusseekers.Thelikablesplays-well-with-othersqualitiesstrengthenschoolyardfriendships,jump-startinterpersonalskillsand,whentappedearly,areemployedeverafterinlifeandwork.Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence：statusbornofpowerandevendishonorablebehavior.33.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?Theclassificationofthepopular.B.Thecharacteristicsofadolescents.C.Theimportanceofinterpersonalskills.D.Thecausesofdishonorablebehavior.分析：选A。本题为段落大意题。本段为億一分”结构。根据本段内容以及第二句的句式特点（句中有冒号），可断定第二句是本段的主旨句。而第三句和第四句分别用Thelikables'...和Thenthere'sthekindofpopularitythatappearsinadolescence...引出后文内容，恰恰就是介绍了受欢迎的两类人：讨人喜欢型和追求地位型。同时我们发现本段第二句中的关键词o...（把分成）与A项中的classification相呼应，所以A项可以概括本段大意。四、写作意图题——体裁不同写作目的不同一般来说，写作意图题也是主旨大意题的一种（也有人把它归为推理判断题），写作目的可以是段落的写作目的，也可以是文章的写作目的，对于文章写作目的而言，主要有以下几种：广告推销某种产品或某种服务，或是通过影片、图书、电视节目、旅游景点等的介绍以吸引更多的观众、读者或游客等说明文向人们展示某物的用途或制作过程议论文论述一个道理或表达一个观点

记叙文向人们分享经历、叙述一件事情或表达情感等[示例3]In1812，theyearCharlesDickenswasborn，therewere66novelspublishedinBritain.Peoplehadbeenwritingnovelsforacentury—mostexpertsdatethefirstnoveltoRobinsonCrusoein1719—butnobodywantedtodoitprofessionally.Thesteam-poweredprintingpresswasstillinitsearlystages;theliteracy（识字）rateinEnglandwasunder50%.Manyworksoffictionappearedwithoutthenamesoftheauthors，oftenwithsomethinglike“Byalady”.Novels，forthemostpart，werelookeduponassilly，immoralorjustplainbad.HowdidDickensgettothetop?Forallthefeelingsreadersattachtostories，literatureisanumbersgame，andthetestoftimeisextremelydifficulttopass.Some60，000novelswerepublishedduringtheVictorianage，from1837to1901;todayacasualreadermightbeabletonameahalf-dozenofthem.It'spartlytruethatDickens'styleofwritingattractedaudiencesfromallwalksoflife.It'spartlythathiswritingsrodeawaveofsocial，politicalandscientificprogress.Butit'salsothatherewrotethecultureofliteratureandputhimselfatthecenter.Noonewilleverknowwhatmixoftalent，ambition，energyandluckmadeDickenssuchadistinguishedwriter.Butasthe200thanniversaryofhisbirthapproaches，itispossible—andimportantforourownculture—tounderstandhowhemadehimselfalastingone.23.Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthetext?Torememberagreatwriter.TointroduceanEnglishnovel.Toencouragestudiesonculture.TopromotevaluesoftheVictorianage.分析：选A。本题为写作意图题。本文为夹叙夹议文，根据文中对查尔斯狄更斯及其作品在英国小说史上重要性的介绍，和文章最后一句可知，本文写于查尔斯•狄更斯诞辰200周年前夕，由此可知作者写本文是为了纪念查尔斯•狄更斯这位伟大的作家。课后练习课后练习Today,weareconstantlybombardedwithmediareportsaboutresearchontherightdiettofollowtohelpuskeepahealthylifestyleorloseweight—butit'shardtoknowwhichonetopickand,oncechosen,it'sharderstilltosticktoit.Andnowthere'sanotherchoicetogetourteethinto.Aflexitarian（弹性素食者）dietinvolveseatingplant-basedfoodsandonlyoccasionallyeatingmeatandfish.Thiseatingstyleallowsyoutoprovidesomeingredientsthatyouwouldn'tgetinastrictervegan（素食主义者）diet—anothertrendgrowinginpopularity.Andlikeveganism,flexitarianismisn'tabouteatingcarefullytohelpyouloseafewpounds—it'ssomethingpeoplechooseformoralreasons,tohelptheplanet.Andastudyintotheglobalfoodsystemandhowitaffectstheclimate,hasfoundthateatingmainlyplant-basedfoodsisoneofthreekeystepstowardsasustainablefutureforallby2050.Thisresearchfoundthatfoodwastewillneedtobehalvedandfarmingpracticeswillalsohavetoimprovetoachievethis.Butwithoutasinglesolution,acombinedapproachisneeded.Dr.MarcoSpringmannfromtheUniversityofOxfordwasoneoftheleadauthorsofthereport.HetoldtheBBC,“Wereallyfoundthatacombinationofmeasureswouldbeneededtostaywithinenvironmentallimitsandthoseincludedchangestowardsmoreplant-baseddiets.”Butalthoughvegansthinkit'swrongforanimalstobekilledforfood,flexitariansbelieveeatingmeatonceinawhileisacceptable.AndDr.Springmannagrees—aslongaswe“treatitasaluxury,it'sprobablyOKbutyoushouldn'thavemorethanoneservingofredmeat,whichincludesbeefandpork,perweek.”Andhere'sanotherfacttodigest:Ifwemovedtothistypeofdiet,thestudyfoundthatgreenhousegasemissionsfromagriculturewouldbecutbymorethanhalf.Whatisthepurposeofthefirstparagraph?Toleadtothetopic.B.Toentertainthereaders.C.Toaskforinformation.D.Topresentanidea.Fromthetext,wecanknowthataflexitariandiet.A.isthemostpopulareatingstyleB.involveseatingnomeatC.benefitstheenvironmentD.onlybalancesthenutritionWhatdoesDr.MarcoSpringmannagreewith?It'swrongtokillanimalsforfood.Improvingfarmingpracticesmakesnosense.Aplant-baseddiethasnothingtodowithclimatechange.Combinedmeasuresareneededforenvironmentalprotection.Whatcanbethesuitabletitleforthetext?MethodsofKeepingFitChooseaFlexitarianDietMeasurestoProtecttheEnvironmentKeepaStrictVeganDiet参考答案：acdb课后练习（二）IdecidedtoskitotheNorthPole.ItwasafterImetwithanadvertisementinanewspaperlookingforpeopletojoinateamtoski350milestotheNorthPole.Backin1996,therehadneverbeenawomanfromtheUKwhohadaccomplishedthischallenge.Iwonderedwhatitwouldbeliketosurviveintemperaturescoldenoughtofreezeyourfleshinseconds,soIsentofftheapplicationform.Theapplicationformfullofpicturesofmaleexplorersarrived.Thewords“Areyoumanenoughfortheultimate（极限的）challenge?”mademeangryandevenmoredeterminedtojointheteam.Over500individualsappliedforaplaceintheteam,andtheselectionprocessincludedphysicalandpsychologicaltestsdesignedtopickthebestgroup.Inonetest,therewasahugeropeladderwehadtoclimb,andIfrozeatthetopbecauseIhaveafearofheights.Ithoughtmyhopeswerefadingasmostotherapplicantssailedpast,leavingmebehind.Buttwoothershelpedmeover,andlaterIfoundoutthattheorganizerswerenotlookingforamazingindividuals,butgreatteamplayer