阅读理解解题技巧主旨大意(公开课)

2009届高考英语专题复习HuangTushengMiddleSchoolTanGuoqiong读写模块２００７年２００８年的新高考中所有的试题都是在语篇中考查，听力，阅读，写作，完型填空，语法填空，无一例外全都突出语篇的重要性，所以在备考中必须高度重视语篇能力．语篇能力－－Howtograspthemainideaofapassage新高考分析Howtograspthemainideaofapassage－－inreadingandwritingPartoneHowtograspthemainideaofapassage----Inreadingpart阅读中主旨大意题的题型分类主旨题标题类文章主旨段落主旨标题类试题常见的题干形式(1)Thebesttitleforthispassageis.(2)Thesuitableheadlineforthispassagemaybe(3)Thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis.(4)Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleofthispassage?(体现概括性,避免远离主题)2.文章主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?(2)Thepassagetalksabout...(3)Thepassagetellsusthat...(4)Thispassagemainlydealswith...(5)What’sthemainidea/topicofthepassage?(体现全面性,避免以偏概全)3.段落主旨类试题常见的题干形式(1)Themainideaofthesecondparagraphprobablyisthat.(2)Whatisthelastparagraphchieflyconcernedwith?(3)WhichofthefollowingcanbestsummarizeParagraphone?(4)What’sthemainideadiscussedinthefirstparagraph?(体现针对性,避免张冠李戴)

解题技巧技巧一：识别文体技巧二：找关联词技巧三:抓线索技巧四:找高频词技巧一：识别文体新闻报道导语提携全文议论文总--分--总（论点－论据－结论）说明文主题句（首－－中－－尾）记叙文记叙文六要素

On26January,AustraliaDay,inover200locationsacrossthenation,morethan9,000peoplewillbecomeAustraliancitiziens.

“Bythesecitizenshipceremonieswewelcomethosewhohavecomefromoverseasfrommanydifferentculturalandsocialbackgroundsintoourcommunitiesandournation,”saidtheMinisterforCitizenshipandMulticulturalAffairs.“AustraliaDaycelebrationsthatincludepeoplefromsomanybirthplacesareanezcellentwaytoencouragetolerance,respectandfriendshipamongallthepeopleofAustralia.”Mostcitizenshipceremonieswillbefollowedbydisplaysofsinginganddancingfrommanyofthemigrants’homelandsandthetastingoffoodfromallovertheworld.

OnAustraliaDay,________.

A.peoplesinganddancetogetherB.peopleenjoyAustraliafoodC.somepeoplefromoverseaswereacceptedasthecitizensinAustraliaD.peoplecantravelalloverAustraliaEg.2Smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth.Experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer.Besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease(illness),cancer,cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems.Forexample,itcangiveonea“smoker’scough”.Finally,studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds.Whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller,cancer,smokingisharmful.Isitworthit?议论文总--分--总55．Whatisthemainidea?A.cigarettesmokingcancausecancerB.smokingcancausethemostseriousandterribledisease(illness)C.smokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblemsD.smokingisharmful.

DEg.3PassageB(NMET2003)Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills(读写能力).Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence(自信心),accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren,withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs(READ).TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup,oftenhavelowerself-respect,andregardreadingasaheadache,”saidLisaMyron,managerofthechildren’sdepartment.LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted“DogDayAfternoon”inthechildren’sdepartmentofthemainlibrary.About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday-afternoonclasses,readingforhalfanhour.Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda“pawgraphed”bookatthelastclass.TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril,accordingtoDanaThumpowsky,publicrelationsmanager.Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

eg.3PassageB(NMET2003)Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills(读写能力).Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence(自信心),accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren,withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs(READ).

TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup,oftenhavelowerself-respect,andregardreadingasaheadache,”saidLisaMyron,managerofthechildren’sdepartment.

LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted“DogDayAfternoon”inthechildren’sdepartmentofthemainlibrary.About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday-afternoonclasses,readingforhalfanhour.Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda“pawgraphed”bookatthelastclass.TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril,accordingtoDanaThumpowsky,publicrelationsmanager.

Exampleandsuccessoftheprogram

eg.3PassageB(NMET2003)Readingtodogsisanunusualwaytohelpchildrenimprovetheirliteracyskills(读写能力).Withtheirshiningbrowneyes,waggingtails,andunconditionallove,dogscanprovidethenonjudgmentallistenersneededforabeginningreadertogainconfidence(自信心),accordingtoIntermountainTherapyAnimals(ITA)inSaltLakeCity.Thegroupsaysitisthefirstprograminthecountrytousedogstohelpdevelopliteracyinchildren,withtheintroductionofReadingEducationAssistanceDogs(READ).

TheSaltLakeCityPublicLibraryissoldontheidea.“Literacyspecialistsadmitthatchildrenwhoreadbelowtheleveloftheirfellowpupilsareoftenafraidofreadingaloudinagroup,oftenhavelowerself-respect,andregardreadingasaheadache,”saidLisaMyron,managerofthechildren’sdepartment.

LastNovemberthetwogroupsstarted“DogDayAfternoon”inthechildren’sdepartmentofthemainlibrary.About25childrenattendedeachofthefourSaturday-afternoonclasses,readingforhalfanhour.Thosewhoattendedthreeofthefourclassesreceiveda“pawgraphed”bookatthelastclass.TheprogramwassosuccessfulthatthelibraryplanstorepeatitinApril,accordingtoDanaThumpowsky,publicrelationsmanager.

Exampleandsuccessoftheprogram59.Whatismainlydiscussedinthetext?

A.Children’sreadingdifficulties.B.Advantagesofraisingdogs.C.Serviceinapubliclibrary.D.Aspecialreadingprogram.

eg.4Ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset,thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention:“ColorTV.Only＄79.Twodayssale.Hu--rry.”However,whenyougotothestorereadytobuy.Youmaydiscoverthattheyaresoldout.Buttheshopassistantisquicktotellyouthathehasanothermodel.Amuchbettersetwhichis“justrightforyou”Itcosts＄395.Thissalesmethodiscalled“baitandswitch”.Buyersarebaitedwithasalesadvertisement,andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermoreexpensiveone.Buyingthingsonsaleneedscarefulconsiderationofthegoodsandthereasonforthesale.Theparagraphcouldbeentitled_________.A.BuyingATVSetB.ASellingMethodC.BuyerBewareD.TVOnSale(detail)(detail)(detail)HoweverButNotonly…butalsoAlthough/thoughAswellas

Eg.5

MrsTurner’stelephonenumberwas3463;thenumberofthecinemainhertownwas3464,peopleoftenmadeamistakeandtelephonedherwhentheyactuallywantedthecinema.

OneeveningthetelephonebellrangandMrsTurneransweredit.Atiredman’svoicecameoverthetelephone:”Atwhattimedoesyourlastfilmbegin?””I’msorry”,saidMrsTurner,“butyouhavethewrongnumber.Thisisnotthecinema.”“Oh,Itbegantwentyminutesago,”saidtheman.”I’msorryaboutthat.Well,goodbye.”

MrsTurnerwasverysurprised,soshetoldherhusband.Helaughedandsaid,”No,thatwasn’tamistake.Theman’swifewantedtogotothecinema,buthewasfeelingtired,sohetelephonedthecinema.Hiswifeheardhim,butshedidn’thearyou.Nowtheywillstayathomethisevening,andthehusbandwillbehappy!”WhywasMrsTurnersurprised?Becausethetiredman_______.A.wantedthecinemabutcalledawrongnumber.B.AskedherasillyquestionwhichsherefusedtoanswerC.Saidsomethingthathadnothingtodowithheranswer.D.Wasangrywithhimselfforhavingmadeamistake.c

Eg.6Oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent.Ontheotherhand,nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi--onalcriminal.Andthemanwhoknows“everything”mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness.So,itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance（so,therefore,thus,inconclusion,inshort,

allinall,overall,clearly,plainly,Infact）技巧二：找关联词技巧三:从段落中归纳要点抓大意，理清线索.

有些文章或段落无明显的主题句,只是暗示性地体现主题.这就要求考生在阅读过程中根据文中所叙述的事实或提供的线索来概括总结主旨大意

eg.7

TomstudiedfouryearsattheUniversityofParisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation.HetransferredtotheUniversityofBerlinandgraduatedwithhonors.HarvardLawSchooland,later,BostonCollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground.HeispresentlyacorporationlawyerinMiami,Florida.

Themainideaofthisparagraphisthat______.

A.Tom,whohadstudiedatParisUniversitiesforfouryears,movedtoanotheruniversity.

B.Tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfrom

HarvardLawSchoolandlaterfromBostonCollege.

C.Tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedat

Berlinuniversity.

D.Tomreceivedanexcellenteducation.detaildetaildetail技巧四:从段落中寻找高频率词

任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的，因此，许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词

Eg.9Aneweight-kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem.Itisexpectedtocarry20,000trucksandcarsaday,whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity.Aspartoftheproject,twofour-kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity,onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth.Thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide,providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection.Intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair-conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel.Thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel,practicallyatitshighestpoint.Therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals.Theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers.Thewallismadeupoffourmainelements,whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand,ontheinsideofthetunnel,aconcretelining.

Eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat.Thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase,whichismadeofconcreteandsteel.Thedrainagesystem,justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside,removesanyextraliquid,particularlywater.Intheeventoffire,thefiremain,whichismadeofsteel,pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel.Thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface.Othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones.75.Thepassageismainlyabout_____.A.theconstructionofaroadB.thedesignofaroadC.theconstructionoftwotunnelsD.thedesignoftwotunnels六．主旨要义题技巧回顾总结遵循四字原则:准全新用精炼的语言概括出文章的中心思想要注意文章的内涵和外延,把作者的观点准确地表达出来.要排除掉那些片面的选项,选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项,范围不宜过大或过小.所选择的标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣.精ParttwoHowtograspthemainideaofapassage----InTask-Writing?Theskillsareusedinwriting

asummaryHowtowriteasummaryofapassagewithtopicsentencewithoutcleartopicsentence

Inmostcountriesintheworld,advertisingiscommon.Youcanseepostersondoors,signsonbuses,picturesinmagazines,andcommercialsonTV.Though

thesesignsofadvertisingareoftendisliked,Ifeelthat,overall,advertisinghasverypositiveresults.

Theharmfuleffectsofadvertisingareobvious.Whenyouarelisteningtobeautifulmusicontheradio,acommercialisdisturbingwhenitinterruptsyourprogramandchangesyourmood.Televisioncommercialsaretheworstofall.Yourprogramisstopped,andyouareforcedtowatchanadvertisementunlessyouactivelychangethechannelorleavetheroom.Ithinkthatthereshouldbelawstolimittheadvertisers’righttointerruptTVandradioprograms.

Ingeneral,however,thepositiveresultsofadvertisementsarebeneficialtosocietyandindividuals.Whenyoudoshopping,youcanuseadvertisementsinnewspaperstocompareprices,features,andqualityoftheproductthatyouwanttobuy.By

beingmoreinformed,youcanbuysomethingthatwillbenefityouin

thelongrun.Withadvertisements,peoplesavealotoftimeinshopping,lookingforjobsandsoon.

Allinall,forawiseandeducatedshopper,thehelpfuleffectsofadvertisingoutweightheharmfuleffects.PreparationforwritingasummaryFindkeywordsFindkeysentencesFindthemainidea任务一：概括短文要点常见错误应对策略1.无法抓住短文要点2.无法摆脱原文句子a.仔细阅读全文；b.找出关键词（句）;c.理清关键词（句）间的关系d.借助关键词，用自己的语言恰当地概括要点。PracticeReadthepassagecarefullyandfindsomekeywords/sentencesinit.Topic:________________________Effect:________________________Conclusion:______________________theeffectsofadvertisinggoodandbad(harmfulandhelpful)morehelpfuleffectsExpressthemainideaofthepassageinourownwordsusingabout30words.Thepassagemainlytellsustheeffectsofadvertisingwhichareharmfulandhelpful.Butthewriterthinkstherearemorehelpfuleffectsifpeopledon’tblindlyaccepteverythingintheads

Onemorning,Mr.Harewasrunningontheroad.SuddenlyhesawMr.Tortoise,whowasalsorunningontheroadtowardshim.Mr.HareranuptoMr.Tortoiseandlaughedathim.Mr.Tortoisegotangryandwouldn'ttakefailurelyingdown,sohesuggestedhavingaracetoseewhocouldfirstgettothebigtalltreebytheroadsides.Mr.Hareagreedwithhimwithouthesitation.Theracebegan.Mr.HareandMr.tortoisestartedfromthesamelineatthesametime.WhenMr.HarewasfaraheadofMr.Tortoiseandevencouldn'tseeMr.Tortoise,hethoughtthatMr.Tortoisefellbehindandcouldn'tcatchupwithhim.Sohestoppedandlaydowntohaveanap.Butsoonhefellasleep.Atthesametime,Mr.Tortoisekeptonrunningandrunning.WhenMr.Harewokeup,hefoundMr.Tortoisehadalreadysatunderthetreeandwassmilingathim!Expressthemainideaofthepassageinourownwordsusingabout30words.[写作指导]

(1)认真阅读，概括要点：可按记叙文的六大要素来概括要点，如下:Who(人物)When(时间)Where(地点)How(情节)Why(原因)What(事情)What(事情)Mr.HarelostaracewithMr.TortoiseWho(人物)Mr.HareandMr.TortoiseWhen(时间)onemorningWhere(地点)ontheroadHow(情节)beproud—liedownandnap—loseWhy(原因)Mr.HarewasproudThefolktalemainlytellsusthatinaraceMrHare

proudlythoughthewouldbesuretobeatMrTortoise,sohelaydowntohaveanap.Asaresult,helosttherace.

Howtoorganizeasummary?Brainstorm搜索(筛选)信息Organize组织信息Sortouttheinformation分类组合信息T+SP主题句+辅助句段落Arrangethestructure安排结构框架及段落衔接SumUp2.Howtocheckthesummary看要点看人称看时态看语法看结构Anyquestions?Homework1.Dosomereadingexercises2.Writeasummary

ThankYouGoodluck&Success’sahead!Yourcriticismwillbeappreciated!

eg.9

06湖南)Thecoyote(丛林狼).thatelevenanimalofwide-openspace.hascometothenation’scaptial.Infact,coyoteshavespreadtoeverycomeroftheUnitedStates,changingtheirbehaviorstofitnewenvironmentsandcausingresearcherstodealwithatroublesomenewkindofcreature:thecitycoyote.

Thecoyoteoriginallylivedinthemiddleofthecontinent.Oneofitsmostobviouscharactersisitssmartness,whichhasmadetheanimalanotorious（臭名昭著的）pest.Hunterstrapped,shotandpoisonedmorethanamillioncoyotesinthe1900s.It’sstilloneofAmerica’smosthuntedanimals.Yetthecoyotehassurvived.Howhasthecoyoteshownthisextraordinaryability?”Iguessifyouwantedtouseonewordlist’sbe‘plasticity’.”saysErieGese,anexpertatUtahStateUniversity.Coyotescanlivealong,inpairs,orinlargepackslikewolves,huntatnightorduringtheday,occupyasmallregionoranareaupto40squaremiles,andliveonallsortsoffood,fromlizards（蜥蜴）andshoes,toantsandmelons.detaildetaildetailUnbelievablypeoplehelpedcoyotesincreasewhentheykiltedmostofthewolvesintheUnitedStates.Theshreddingofcoyotesintocityareas,though.is

rccent.Theytravelatnight,crossingsidewalksandbridges.runningalongroadsandduckingintocoiners(钻入洞andunderpasses.Nooneknowswhycoyotesaremovingintocities.butexpertsexplaithatclevcter,morehuman-tolerant(不怕人的)coyotesareteachingurbansurvivalskillstonewgenerations.

Occasionally.coyotesmightattackhumanbeings.Therehavebeenabout160attacksonpeopleinrecentyearsTherefore,peoplehavebaconconsistentlytoldnotfeedcoyotesorleavepctfoodunseeurcd.That,plusalargetrappingprogramintheneighborhood.hascurdownonthecoyotepopulation.detaildetail64.Theaimofthepassageisto_____________.A.tell

pcoplehowtofightagainstcoyotesB.telluswhythecoyoteisthemosthuntedanimalC.supplythereasonwhythecoyoteisakindofmotoriouspestD.explainhowthecoyotehasspreadtoandsurvivedincities

Magellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.

Magellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.Magellan’svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.

MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoodHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.1.time2.shipsandpeople3.route4.Sufferingsanddifficultiesa.Lackoffoodandfreshwaterb.Hungeranddiseases

c.DeathsTheprocessofMagellan’slongdifficultvoyage5.successMagellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.Magellan’svoyagedprovedtheearthisround.

Magellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetipofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater.Manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases.Theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust.FinallyinApril1521,MagellangottothePhilippineIslands,wherehewaskilled.HismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheIndianOcean.ItwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedtheCapeofGoedHope.BythetimetheyreturnedtoSpainonDecember21,1521,sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied.Magellan’svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball.Paragraph1:Magellan’svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld.Paragraph2:TheprocessofMagellan’slongdifficultvoyageParagraph3:Magellan’svoyagedprovedtheearthisround.Magellan’svoyageMagellan’smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld.Ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship.MagellanwasfromPortugal,buthesailedfortheKingofSpain.OnSeptember20,1519,heleftSpainwithfiveshipsand240men.AfterpassingthetripofSouthAmerica,theyreachedthePacificOcean,onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear.Veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceofland