英国文学8.2讲解Sonnet18

WilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)“Alltheworld'sastage,/Andallthemenandwomenmerelyplayers.”——WilliamShakespeareWilliamShakespeare(1564—1616)1.Hislife2.Hisliterarycareer3.Featuresofhisdrama4.TextStudy:Hamlet5.HisPoems6.TextStudy:Sonnet18

5.HisPoems

1)Shakespearewrote2narrativepoemsand154sonnetswhichwereaddressedtoahandsomeyoungmanandadarklady.

2)Hisplaysarepoeticaldramas,manyimportantdialoguesandsoliloquiesintheplaysassumetheformofpoetry.

SonnetApoemconsistingof14lineswithrhymesarrangedaccordingtooneorotherofcertaindefiniteschemes,ofwhichthePetrarchanandtheElizabethanaretheprincipal,namely:(1)abba

abba,followedbytwo,orthree,otherrhymesintheremainingsixlines;(2)abab

cdcd

efef

gg.ThesonnetsofShakespeareareinthelatterform.(seeP118-119)IambicPentameter抑扬格(iambic):

如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。IambicPentameter英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。

诗行的长短以音步数目计算：

英文诗行的长度范围一般是一音步——五音步。六、七、八音步的诗行也有，但不多。最多的是四音步、五音步的诗。

（各种长短诗行的专门术语：一音步诗：monometer二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameter六音步诗：hexameter七音步诗：heptameter八音步诗：octameter.）

音步：我们知道凡是有两个以上音节的英文单词，都有重读音节与轻读音节之分，在一句话中，根据语法、语调、语意的要求，有些词也要重读，有些要轻读。如Hewenttotowntobuyabook.I’mgladtohearthenews.英文中有重读和轻读之分，重读的音节和轻读的音节，按一定模式配合起来，反复再现，组成诗句，听起来起伏跌宕，抑扬顿挫，就形成了诗歌的节奏。多音节单词有重音和次重音，次重音根据节奏既可视为重读，也可视为轻读。读下面这两句诗：Alone│shecuts│andbinds│thegrain,Andsings│ame│lancho│lystrain.这两行诗的重读与轻读的固定搭配模式是：轻——重。在每行中再现四次，这样就形成了这两行诗的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），相当与乐谱中的“小节”。一轻一重，就是这两行诗的音步。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数，这两行诗的音步数都是四，所以就称其为四音步诗。

在分析一首诗的格律时，既要考虑此诗的基本音步类型，也要考虑此诗中诗行的音步数目。看下面的一首短诗：

AnEMPTYHOUSE

AlexanderPope

Youbeat│yourpate,│andfan│cywit│willcome:

Knockas│youplease,│there’sno│body│athome.

（你拍拍脑袋，以为灵感马上就来。可任你怎么敲打，也无人把门打开。pate，脑袋。

fancy，动词：以为，想象。）在此诗的基本音步类型是抑扬格，每行五音步。因此称此诗的格律是“抑扬格五音步”（iambicpentameter）。一首诗的音步类型和诗行所含的音步数目构成此诗的格律（meter）。Hamlet

Oldwords:Thee,obj.,thou,sub.,thy=your,thine=yours,oryour(beforevowel).“You”tostrangersanduppers;“thou”intimateorfamiliarsandtoinferiorpeopleHamlet

Oldwords:Dost/doest=do(2ndsing),doth/doeth=doesHast=have(2ndsing),hath=has,hadst=had(past)

layst,mak’st,canst,whilstHamlet

Oldwords:Ere=beforestill=alwaysoft=oftenHappily=haply=perhapseven=eveningmorn=morning6.TextStudy:Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,AndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;

ShallIcompareyoutoasummer'sday?

Youaremorelovelyandmoreconstant:

RoughwindsshakethebelovedbudsofMay

Andsummerisfartooshort:

可否把你比作美丽的夏天？

可你比夏天更加可爱如绣：

狂风摇曳着五月里的花冠，

夏天的租期不肯太长逗留，Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;

Attimesthesunistoohot,

Oroftengoesbehindtheclouds;Andeverythingbeautifulsometimewillloseitsbeauty,

Bymisfortuneorbynature'splannedoutcourse.

有时候苍之巨眼未免焦灼，

他金色的脸也会经常暗退。

所有的美丽总会不免衰落，

偶然或永恒总将美丽残催。Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;NorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,Whenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;Butyouryouthshallnotfade,

Norwillyoulosethebeautythatyoupossess;

Norwilldeathclaimyouforhisown,

Becauseinmyeternalverseyouwillliveforever.但是你的妖艳会永不退萎。

你不会失去你拥有的美丽，

死神也惧把你送阴间吹擂；

这时你将于诗中永存与日。

Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,Solonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.Speakers’CornerSolongastherearepeopleonthisearth,

Solongwillthispoemliveon,makingyouimmortal.只要人类呼吸，目放光芒，

诗行也会同长，使你命芳。

Sonnet18ofShakespeareStructure

proposal(1-2)argument(3-12)conclusion(13-14)Sonnet18ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate:∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,—

—∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

aAndSummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d；∨

—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,untrimm’d;∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

dSonnet18Butthyeternalsummershallnotfade,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthouow’st;∨—

∨—

∨

∨

∨—

∨—

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhisshade,∨

∨—

—∨—

∨

∨

∨

—

eWhenineternallinestotimethougrow’st;∨

∨

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

fSonnet18Solongasmencanbreathe,oreyescansee,∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifetothee.∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

∨—

gRhetoricinsonnet181.simile2.rhetoricalquestion3.metaphor4.personification5.pun6.paradox7.alliteration8.hyperbole9.synecdoche10.inversionSonnet18WilliamShakespeare

SomebasicconceptsaboutpoetryA

sonnetisapoemoffourteenlineswithvariousrhymingschemes.Rhyme----thelikenessoftheendingsoundsofthepoeticlines.

OldPoeticUseThou:“you”assubjectThee:“you”asobjectThy:“your”followedbyaconsonantThine:“your”followedbyavowelArt:areEst,st:secondpersonsingularHath:hasThispoemmightbedividedinto3parts.QuestionsAnalysetherhymingschemeandrhythmicpatternofthepoem.Whydoesthewritercomparetheaddresseetoa“summer’sday”?Whatistheresultofthecomparison?Howdoyouunderstandthethemeofthepoem?ShallIcomparetheetoasummer'sday?

Thespeakeropensthepoemwithaquestion.

Thisquestion

compares“Thee”

to

asummer’sdaybecausesummer

isconsideredasthebesttimeoftheyear.

Thenext11linesaredevotedtothecomparisonbetweenthesummer’sdayand“thee”.Thouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.Why?

RoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofMay,Andsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.Sometimetoohottheeyeofheavenshines,Andoftenishisgoldcomplexiondimm’d;Andeveryfairfromfairsometimedeclines,Bychanceornature’schangingcourseuntrimm’d;

五月花蕾恶风落地，夏日租约转瞬到期，

有时天眼高灼炎炎难耐，更见乌云常蔽金色面容古今红颜难逃色衰，命运无常季候摧残；每一个美人总要失去美貌，即使没有突发的以外事件，也逃不过自然界生老病死的变迁

Butthyeternalsummershall

not

fade,Norlosepossessionofthatfairthouowest;NorshallDeathbragthouwander'stinhisshade,

你的永恒夏日欲将长存，美貌红颜必也永世不减,死神难夸你在他影中踯躅，Whenineternallinestotimethougrowest:

Solongasmencanbreatheoreyescansee,Solonglivesthisandthisgiveslifetothee.因你芳名已成不朽诗篇。只要一天有人类，或人有眼睛，这诗将长存，并且赐给你生命。

Animportantthemeofthissonnetisthepraiseabouttheeternalbeautyof“thee”.Anothertheme

isthepowerofthespeaker’spoemtodefytimeandlastforever.诗人表达了这样一种思想：美丽的事物可以依靠文学的力量而永远不朽；文学是人所创造的，因此这有宣告了人的不朽。

一个重读音节与一或两个轻读音节按一定的模式搭配起来，有规律地反复出现就是英文诗歌的节奏。某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot），一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数（meter)。

轻读音节是“抑”，重读音节是“扬”，如一轻一重，为抑扬格。英语中有大量的单词，其发音都是一轻一重，如adore,excite,above,around,appear,besides,attack,supply,believe,return等，所以用英语写诗，用抑扬格就很便利。也就是说，抑扬格很符合英语的发音规律。因此，在英文诗歌中用得最多的便是抑扬格，百分之九十的英文诗都是用抑扬格写成的。

MeterandFeet

Themeterofaversecanbedescribedasasequenceoffeet,eachfootbeingaspecificsequenceofsyllabletypes.某种固定的轻重搭配叫“音步”（foot)。一行诗中轻重搭配出现的次数叫音步数”（meter)。英文诗行的长度范围一般是一至五音步一音步诗：monometer

二音步诗：dimeter三音步诗：trimeter四音步诗：tetrameter五音步诗：pentameterForexample,themostcommonmeterinEnglishpoetry,theiambicpentameter,isasequenceoffiveiambicfeet,consistingofanunstressed

syllableandastressedsyllable.如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iambic）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。

ShallI│compare│theeto│asum│mer’sday?

Comedyaplaywrittenchieflytoamuseitsaudiencebyappealingtoasenseofsuperiorityoverthecharactersdepicted.Acomedywillnormallybeclosertoeverydaylifethanatragedy,andwillexplorecommonhumanfailingsratherthantragedy’sdisastrouscrimes.Itsendingwillusuallybehappyfortheleadingcharacters.Amongitslesssophisticatedformsareburlesque

讽刺模仿andfarce

闹剧.Sonnet18ByWilliamShakespeare十四行诗(Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba,abba,cdcdcd(cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韵脚abab,bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,efef,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。anoctave+asestet

3quatrains+acouplet

abba

abba

cdecdeabab

bcbc

cdcd

eeabab

cdcd

efef

gg

ItalianSonnet:SpenserianSonnet:ShakespearianSonnet:3quatrains+acouplet

FrancescoPetrarch1)ItalianSonnetFrancescoPetrachThepoetryofearthisnever

dead:aWhenallthebirdsarefaintwiththehot

sun,bAndhideincoolingtrees,avoicewill

run

bFromhedgetohedgeaboutthenew-mown

mead;

aThatistheGrasshopper’s---hetakesthe

leadaInsummerluxury,---hehasnever

donebWithhisdelights;forwhentiredoutwith

funbHerestsateasebeneathsomepleasant

weed.

aThepoetyofearthisceasing

never:

cOnalonewinterevening,whenthe

frostdHaswroughtasilence,fromthestovethere

shrillse

The

Cricket’ssong,inwarmthincreasing

ever,

cAndseemstooneindrowsinesshalf

lost,dTheGrasshopper’samongsomegrassy

hills.

eanoctave+asestet2)SpenserianSonnetEdmundSpenserForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

bAllthisworld’srichesthatmayfarrebe

found.cIfsaphyres,loehereyesbesaphyres

plaine:bIfrubies,loeherlipsberubies

sound;c3quatrains+acoupletIfpearls,herteethbepearlsbothpureand

round;cIfyvorie,herforeheadyvory

weene;dIfgold,herlocksarefinestgoldon

ground;

c

Ifsilver,herfairhandsaresilver

sheene.dButthatwhichfairestis,butfew

behold:eHermind,adornedwithvertues

manifold.eYetradefullmerchants,thatwithweary

toyle

aDoseeke

nost

pretiousthingstomakeyour

gain,

bAndboththeIndiansoftheirtreasures

spoile,aForloemylovedothinherselfe

containe

b3)ShakespearianSonnetShakespeareSometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

d3quatrains+acoupletButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.

bIambus（抑扬格）IambicFoot（抑扬音步）

5-footIambus

(IambicPentametre)（五步抑扬格）ShallIcomparetheetoasummer’sday?

aThouartmorelovelyandmoretemperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsofmay,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshortadate.bMetre:Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18Sometimetoohottheeyeofheaven

shines,

cAndoftenishisgoldcomplexion

dimm’d;

dAndeveryfairfromfairsometime

declines,

cBychance,ornature’schangingcourse,

untrimm’d.

dButthyeternalsummershallnot

fade,

eNorlosepossessionofthatfairthou

ow’st,

fNorshallDeathbragthouwander’stinhis

shade,

e

Whenineternallinestotimethou

grow’st.

fSolongasmancanbreatheoreyescan

see,

gSolonglivesthis,andthisgiveslifeto

thee.

gShallIcomparetheetoasummer’s

day?

aThouartmorelovelyandmore

temperate.

bRoughwindsdoshakethedarlingbudsof

may,

aAndsummer’sleasehathalltooshorta

date.bSonnet18

Introduction(起)Elucidation(承)

Transition(转)Conclusion(合)TheWordsUsedinPoetryThou=You的主格Thee=You的宾格Thy=YourThine=Your用在元音前Methink=ItseemstomeHie=goquicklyPleasance=EnjoymentForsooth=NodoubtQuoth=