人民邮电出版社《科技英语》教程课件unit2Biology

Unit2BiologyEnglishforScienceandTechnologyTextA--Comprehension1.WhattruthdidDNAstudiesfindoutabouttraditionalspecies?(Line1,Para.2)2.WhydidNowak’steamchoosesevenspeciesofinsectslivinginthemountainstreamofcentralEurope?(Line2,Para.3)3.Whatcouldtheevolutionarypotentialdotospeciesonceitislost?(Line1,para.7)4.Althoughthestudyshowshowclimatechangemayleadtothelossofgeneticdiversity,whatisstillunclearaccordingtothetext?(Line1,para.9)5.WhathashappenedandwillhappenintheMediterraneanregion?(para.11,12)6.Whatinternationalefforthasbeenandisbeingdonetocopewiththeproblem?(para.14,15)Glossaryhit

/hɪt/

1.V-T

Ifyou

hit

someoneorsomething,youdeliberatelytouchthemwithalotofforce,withyourhandoranobjectheldinyourhand.打例：Findtheexactgripthatallowsyoutohittheballhard.找到能让你大力击球的准确握拍方法。2.V-T

Whenonething

hits

another,ittouchesitwithalotofforce.猛撞例：Thecarhadapparentlyhitatrafficsignbeforeskiddingoutofcontrol.汽车显然在失控滑出前猛地撞到了一个交通指示牌。3.V-T

Ifabombormissile

hits

itstarget,itreachesit.(炸弹或导弹)击中例：...multiple-warheadmissilesthatcouldhitmanytargetsatatime.…可以一次击中多个目标的多弹头导弹。4.V-T

Ifsomething

hits

aperson,place,orthing,itaffectsthemverybadly.对…造成严重影响例：Theplantochargemotoriststousethemotorwayisgoingtohitmehard.向汽车驾驶员收取高速公路使用费这一方案会严重影响到我。大约两百人在那场袭击秘鲁北部的地震中丧生。AbouttwohundredpeoplediedintheearthquakewhichhitnorthernPeru.5.V-T

Whenafeelingoranidea

hits

you,itsuddenlyaffectsyouorcomesintoyourmind.使突然意识到例：IthitmethatIhadachoice.我突然意识到我可以有所选择。6.V-T

Ifyou

hit

aparticularhighorlowpointonascaleofsomethingsuchassuccessorhealth,youreachit.达到例：Headmitstohavinghitthelowestpointinhislife.他承认自己跌到了一生中的最低谷。7.N-COUNT

IfaCD,film,orplayisa

hit,itisverypopularandsuccessful.(唱片、电影或戏剧的)成功例：Thesongbecameamassivehitin1945.这首歌在1945年取得了巨大成功。complicate

['kɔmplikeit]V-T

To

complicate

somethingmeanstomakeitmoredifficulttounderstandordealwith.使复杂化例：Whatcomplicatestheissueistheburdenofhistory.使问题复杂化是历史的重负。他说那天的事件只会使维和部队的任务复杂化。Theday'sevents,hesaid,wouldonlycomplicatethetaskofthepeacekeepingforces.assessment

[ə'sesmənt]1.N-VAR

An

assessment

isaconsiderationofsomeoneorsomethingandajudgmentaboutthem.评估例：Thereislittleassessmentofthedamagetothenaturalenvironment.几乎没有有关自然环境破坏的评估。2.N-VAR

An

assessment

oftheamountofmoneythatsomethingisworthorthatshouldbepaidisacalculationorestimateoftheamount.估算例：Taxassessmentisallaboutcomparingvaluesofsimilarproperties.税金估算就是比较类似房产的价值。assess[ə'ses]1.V-T

Whenyou

assess

aperson,thing,orsituation,youconsidertheminordertomakeajudgmentaboutthem.评估例：Itwouldbeamatterofassessingwhethershewaswellenoughtotravel.这将是个评估她是否身体好到可以旅行的问题。该测试将评估能力而不是学业成绩。Thetestwastoassessaptituderatherthanacademicachievement.2.V-T

Whenyou

assess

theamountofmoneythatsomethingisworthorshouldbepaid,youcalculateorestimateit.计算;估算例：Askthemtosendyouinformationonhowtoassessthevalueofyourbelongings.叫他们把如何估算你的财产价值的资料寄给你。preserve

[pri'zə:v]1.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

asituationorcondition,youmakesurethatitremainsasitis,anddoesnotchangeorend.维护例：Wewilldoeverythingtopreservepeace.我们将竭尽全力维护和平。2.N-UNCOUNT

维护preservation例：...thepreservationofthestatusquo.…现状的维护。3.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

something,youtakeactiontosaveitorprotectitfromdamageordecay.保护例：Weneedtopreservetheforest.我们需要保护森林。5.V-T

Ifyou

preserve

food,youtreatitinordertopreventitfromdecayingsothatyoucanstoreitforalongtime.保藏例：Iliketomakepuree,usingonlyenoughsugartopreservetheplums.我喜欢做果酱，只用足够的糖来保藏李子。6.N-PLURAL

Preserves

arefoodsmadebycookingfruitwithalargeamountofsugarsothattheycanbestoredforalongtime.果酱例：ShedecidedtomakepeachpreservesforChristmasgifts.她决定做桃子果酱作圣诞礼物。vulnerable

['vʌlnərəbl]1.ADJ

Someonewhois

vulnerable

isweakandwithoutprotection,withtheresultthattheyareeasilyhurtphysicallyoremotionally.易受伤害的例：老人是我们社会中特别容易受到伤害的成员。Oldpeopleareparticularlyvulnerablemembersofoursociety.2.N-VAR

脆弱vulnerability例：Davidacceptshisownvulnerability.戴维承认自己的脆弱。3.ADJ

Ifaperson,animal,orplantis

vulnerable

to

adisease,theyaremorelikelytogetitthanotherpeople,animals,orplants.容易患…病的例：Peoplewithhighbloodpressureareespeciallyvulnerabletodiabetes.血压高的人尤其容易患糖尿病。sequence

['si:kwəns]1.N-COUNT

A

sequence

of

eventsorthingsisanumberofeventsorthingsthatcomeoneafteranotherinaparticularorder.一系列;一连串例：...thesequenceofeventswhichledtothemurder.…导致这起谋杀的一连串事件。2.N-COUNT

Aparticular

sequence

isaparticularorderinwhichthingshappenorarearranged.次序;顺序例：...thecolorsequenceyellow,orange,purple,blue,greenandwhite.…黄、橙、紫、蓝、绿和白的颜色顺序。potential

[pəu'tenʃəl]1.ADJ

Youuse

potential

tosaythatsomeoneorsomethingiscapableofdevelopingintotheparticularkindofpersonorthingmentioned.潜在的例：Thecompanyhasidentified60potentialcustomers.该公司已确定了60位潜在的客户。我们意识到了潜在的问题，已经采取了一切防范措施。Weareawareofthepotentialproblemsandhavetakeneveryprecaution.2.ADV

潜在地potentially例：Clearlythisisapotentiallydangeroussituation.显然这是一种具有潜在危险的局势。3.N-UNCOUNT

Ifyousaythatsomeoneorsomethinghas

potential,youmeanthattheyhavethenecessaryabilitiesorqualitiestobecomesuccessfulorusefulinthefuture.潜力;潜质例：Theboyhasgreatpotential.这个男孩有很大的潜力。学校力图因材施教，并帮助每位学生发挥他们的全部潜能。Theschoolstrivestotreatstudentsasindividualsandtohelpeachonetoachievetheirfullpotential.4.N-UNCOUNT

Ifyousaythatsomeoneorsomethinghas

potential

for

doingaparticularthing,youmeanthatitispossibletheymaydoit.Ifthereis

thepotentialfor

something,itmayhappen.潜在性例：JohnseemedashorrifiedasIabouthispotentialforviolence.和我一样，约翰对他的暴力倾向感到恐惧。3.V-T

Ifsomething

isprojected,itisplannedorexpected.计划;预计例：Thegovernmenthadbeenprojectinga5%consumerpriceincreasefortheentireyear.政府一直在预计全年5%的消费价格增长。13%ofAmericansareover65;thisnumberisprojectedtoreach22%bytheyear2030.13%的美国人在65岁以上；这个数字预计到2030年会达到22%。project

[ˈprɒdʒɛkt

prəˈdʒɛkt]1.N-COUNT

A

project

isataskthatrequiresalotoftimeandeffort.项目例：MoneywillalsogointolocaldevelopmentprojectsinVietnam.资金也会流入越南本地开发项目。...aninternationalscienceproject.…一个国际科研项目。2.N-COUNT

A

project

isadetailedstudyofasubjectbyastudent.(学生研究的)课题例：Studentscompleteprojectsforapersonaltutor,workingathomeattheirownpace.学生们为个人导师完成课题研究，在家里按自己的速度工作。extinct

[ik'stiŋkt]1.ADJ

Aspeciesofanimalorplantthatis

extinct

nolongerhasanylivingmembers,eitherintheworldorinaparticularplace.绝种的例：Atthecurrentrateofdecline,manyoftherainforestanimalscouldbecomeextinctinlessthan10years.按照目前的下降速度，许多雨林动物不到十年就会绝种。2.ADJ

Ifaparticularkindofworker,wayoflife,ortypeofactivityis

extinct,itnolongerexists,becauseofchangesinsociety.不复存在的例：HerbalismhadbecomeanallbutextinctskillintheWesternworld.草药医术在西方世界几乎已成了一项绝迹的技术。3.ADJ

An

extinct

volcanoisonethatdoesnoteruptorisnotexpectedtoeruptanymore.死的(火山)例：Itstallestvolcano,longextinct,isOlympusMons.它最高的火山是已死很久的奥林匹斯山。hinder

['hində]1.V-T

Ifsomething

hinders

you,itmakesitmoredifficultforyoutodosomethingormakeprogress.阻碍例：Furtherinvestigationwashinderedbythelossofalldocumentationonthecase.由于有关此案的材料全部丢失，进一步的调查受到了阻碍。2.V-T

Ifsomething

hinders

yourmovement,itmakesitdifficultforyoutomoveforwardormovearound.牵制例：Athighinjuryincreasinglyhinderedhermobility.大腿上的伤愈发束缚了她的活动自由。dispersal

/dɪˈspɜːsəl/1.N-UNCOUNT

Dispersal

isthespreadingofthingsoverawidearea.(对广阔地区的)喷散例：Plantshavedifferentmechanismsofdispersalfortheirspores.对不同植物的孢子有不同的喷散装置。2.N-UNCOUNT

The

dispersal

of

acrowdinvolvessplittingitupandmakingthepeopleleaveindifferentdirections.(对人群的)驱散例：Thepoliceorderedthedispersalofthecrowdsgatheredaroundthebuilding.警方下令驱散聚集在建筑旁的人群。disperse

[dis'pə:s]1.V-T/V-I

Whensomething

disperses

orwhenyou

disperse

it,itspreadsoverawidearea.使分散;扩散例：Theoilappearedtobedispersing.油看上去正在扩散。2.V-T/V-I

Whenagroupofpeople

disperses

orwhensomeone

disperses

them,thegroupsplitsupandthepeopleleaveindifferentdirections.驱散;散开例：Policefiredshotsandusedteargastodispersethedemonstrators.警察开枪并使用了催泪瓦斯来驱散示威人群。factorin

1.PHRASALVERB

Ifyou

factor

aparticularcostorelement

into

acalculationyouaremaking,orifyou

factor

it

in,youincludeit.将…因素包括进来例：You'dbetterconsiderthisandfactorthisintoyourdecisionmaking.你最好考虑这一因素并在决策时将其包括进来。attribute

[ə'tribju:t,'ætribju:t]1.V-T

Ifyou

attribute

something

to

aneventorsituation,youthinkthatitwascausedbythateventorsituation.把…归因于例：Womentendtoattributetheirsuccesstoexternalcausessuchasluck.女性往往把她们的成功归因于外因，如运气。2.V-T

Ifyou

attribute

aparticularqualityorfeature

to

someoneorsomething,youthinkthattheyhaveit.赋予(某品质或特点)例：Peoplewerebeginningtoattributesuperhumanqualitiestohim.人们开始赋予他超人的品质。3.V-T

Ifapieceofwriting,aworkofart,oraremark

isattributed

to

someone,peoplesaythattheywroteit,createdit,orsaidit.认为(文章、作品等)出自…例：This,andtheremainingfrescoes,arenotattributedtoGiotto.这个，还有那些残存的壁画，被认为不是乔托的作品。4.N-COUNT

An

attribute

isaqualityorfeaturethatsomeoneorsomethinghas.特性例：Crueltyisanormalattributeofhumanbehaviour.残忍是人类行为的一种正常的特性。applicable

['æplikəbl,ə'plikə-]1.ADJ

Somethingthatis

applicable

to

aparticularsituationisrelevanttoitorcanbeappliedtoit.适用的例：Whatisareasonablestandardforonefamilyisnotapplicableforanother.对一个家庭合理的标准对于另一个家庭并不适用。incorporate

[in'kɔ:pəreit,in'kɔ:pərət]1.V-T

Ifonething

incorporates

anotherthing,itincludestheotherthing.包含例：Thenewcarswillincorporateanumberofmajorimprovements.这种新型汽车将包含许多重大的改进。2.V-T

Ifsomeoneorsomething

isincorporated

into

alargegroup,system,orarea,theybecomeapartofit.使并入例：Theagreementwouldallowtherebelstobeincorporatedintoanewnationalpoliceforce.该协议将允许叛军并入一支新的国家警察部队。endanger

[in'deindʒə]1.V-T

To

endanger

somethingorsomeonemeanstoputtheminasituationwheretheymightbeharmedordestroyedcompletely.危害例：ThedebatecouldendangertheproposedMideastpeacetalks.这场争论可能会危害中东和谈的倡议.他这样的犯法行为极大地危及公共安全。Such

offences

as

his

profoundly

endanger

public

security.

retreat

[ri'tri:t]1.V-I

Ifyou

retreat,youmoveawayfromsomethingorsomeone.退出;离开例："I'vealreadygotajob,"Isaidquickly,andretreatedfromtheroom.“我已经有了工作，”我迅速说道，然后就从房间里退了出来。2.V-I

Whenanarmy

retreats,itmovesawayfromenemyforcesinordertoavoidfightingthem.撤退例：TheFrench,suddenlyoutnumbered,wereforcedtoretreat.法军在人数上突然处于劣势，被迫撤退了。3.N-VAR

Retreat

isalsoanoun.撤退例：InJune1942,theBritish8thArmywasinfullretreat.1942年6月，英军第8军全线撤退。4.V-I

Ifyou

retreat

from

somethingsuchasaplanorawayoflife,yougiveitup,usuallyinordertodosomethingsaferorlessextreme.放弃例：Sheretreatedfrompubliclife.她放弃了社会生活。compromise

['kɔmprəmaiz]1.N-VAR

A

compromise

isasituationinwhichpeopleacceptsomethingslightlydifferentfromwhattheyreallywant,becauseofcircumstancesorbecausetheyareconsideringthewishesofotherpeople.折衷例：Encourageyourchildtoreachacompromisebetweenwhathewantsandwhatyouwant.鼓励你的孩子在他想要的和你想要的之间折衷。2.V-RECIP

Ifyou

compromise

with

someone,youreachanagreementwiththeminwhichyoubothgiveupsomethingthatyouoriginallywanted.Youcanalsosaythattwopeopleorgroups

compromise.妥协例："Nine,"Isaid."Ninethirty,"hereplied.Wecompromisedon9:15.“9点，”我说。“9：30，”他回答道。我们各让一步定在9:15。adapt

[ə'dæpt]1.V-T/V-I

Ifyou

adapt

to

anewsituationor

adapt

yourselfto

it,youchangeyourideasorbehaviourinordertodealwithitsuccessfully.适应例：Theworldwillbedifferent,andwewillhavetobepreparedtoadapt

tothechange.这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。2.V-T

Ifyou

adapt

something,youchangeittomakeitsuitableforanewpurposeorsituation.改装例：Shelveswerebuilttoadaptthelibraryforuseasanoffice.做了个书架，以便将这个图书馆改作一个办公室用。highlight

['hailait]1.V-T

Ifsomeoneorsomething

highlights

apointorproblem,theyemphasizeitormakeyouthinkaboutit.强调;使注意例：LastyearCollinswroteamovingballadwhichhighlightedtheplightofthehomeless.去年柯林斯写了一首感人的叙事诗，突出描写了无家可归者的苦境。2.V-T

To

highlight

apieceoftextmeanstomarkitinadifferentcolour,eitherwithaspecialtypeofpenoronacomputerscreen.(用不同颜色)标出;(在电脑屏幕上)突出显示例：Highlightthechosenareabyclickingandholdingdowntheleftmousebutton.通过点击鼠标左键并摁住以突出显示所选区域。3.N-COUNT

The

highlights

of

anevent,activity,orperiodoftimearethemostinterestingorexcitingpartsofit.最精彩的部分例：...amatchthatislikelytoproveoneofthehighlightsofthetournament.…可能是本届锦标赛最精彩的赛事之一。initiative

[i'niʃiətiv,-ʃətiv]1.N-COUNT

An

initiative

isanimportantactorstatementthatisintendedtosolveaproblem.(重要的)法案;倡议例：Localinitiativestohelpyoungpeoplehavebeeninadequate.当地对年轻人的扶助法案一直不够完善。2.N-SING

Inafightorcontest,ifyouhave

theinitiative,youareinabetterpositionthanyouropponentstodecidewhattodonext.主动权例：Wehavetheinitiative;weintendtokeepit.我们拥有主动权；我们想要保持主动权。3.PHRASE

Ifyou

taketheinitiative

inasituation,youarethefirstpersontoact,andarethereforeabletocontrolthesituation.采取主动例：Wearetheonlypowerwillingtotaketheinitiativeinthelongstruggletoendthewar.在旨在结束战争的长期斗争中，我们是惟一愿意首先采取行动的国家。3.V-T

Ifyou

commit

moneyorresources

to

something,youdecidetousethemforaparticularpurpose.调拨(钱、资源)例：TheycalledonWesternnationstocommitmoremoneytothepoorestnations.他们号召西方国家为最贫困国家拨更多的款。4.V-T/V-I

Ifyou

commit

yourselfto

something,yousaythatyouwilldefinitelydoit.Ifyou

commit

yourselfto

someone,youdecidethatyouwanttohavealong-termrelationshipwiththem.使(自己)致力于;使(自己)承诺(与某人的长期关系)例：IwouldadvisepeopletothinkverycarefullyaboutcommittingthemselvestoworkingSundays.我会建议人们认真考虑答应周日工作。sustain

[sə'stein]1.V-T

Ifyou

sustain

something,youcontinueitormaintainitforaperiodoftime.保持例：Hehassustainedhisfiercesocialconsciencefromyoungadulthoodthrougholdage.他从青年时代到晚年一直保持着强烈的社会良知。2.V-T

Ifsomething

sustains

you,itsupportsyoubygivingyouhelp,strength,orencouragement.支撑例：Thecashdividendstheygetfromthecashcropwouldsustainthemduringtheleanseason.他们从经济作物中得到的那些现金红利能支撑他们度过歉收季节。sustainable

/səˈsteɪnəbəl/

1.ADJ

Youuse

sustainable

todescribetheuseofnaturalresourceswhenthisuseiskeptatasteadylevelthatisnotlikelytodamagetheenvironment.可持续的例：...themanagement,conservationandsustainabledevelopmentofforests.…森林的管理、保护和可持续发展。ADVsustainably"Hunting

sustainably

and

humanely

is

something

we

have

done

forthousands

ofyears

and

continueto

doso,"

she

said.

她说：“可持续的、人道的狩猎是我们几千年来一直在做的、并将继续做的事情。”boost

[bu:st]1.V-T

Ifonething

boosts

another,itcausesittoincrease,improve,orbemoresuccessful.促进例：Lowerinterestratescanboosttheeconomybyreducingborrowingcostsforconsumersandbusinesses.低利率可以通过为消费者和商家降低借贷成本来促进经济发展。2.N-COUNT

Boost

isalsoanoun.推动力例：Itwouldgettheeconomygoingandgiveustheboostthatweneed.这会推动经济发展并带给我们所需要的推动力。commit

[kə'mit]1.V-T

Ifsomeone

commits

acrimeorasin,theydosomethingillegalorbad.犯(罪);做(坏事)例：Ihavenevercommittedanycrime.我从没有犯过任何罪。这是个犯了谋杀罪的男人。Thisisamanwhohascommittedmurder.2.V-T

Ifsomeone

commits

suicide,theydeliberatelykillthemselves.进行(自杀)例：Thereareunconfirmedreportshetriedtocommitsuicide.有未经证实的报道说他曾企图自杀。3.V-T

Ifsomething

boosts

yourconfidenceormorale,itimprovesit.增强(信心、士气)例：Weneedabigwintoboostourconfidence.我们需要一个大的胜利来增强我们的自信心。4.N-COUNT

Boost

isalsoanoun.(信心、士气的)增强例：Itdidgivemeaboosttowinsuchabigevent.赢了这么一场大型比赛，的确使我士气大振。5.N-COUNT

Ifyougivesomeonea

boost,youpushorliftthemfrombehindsothattheycanreachsomething.推;托例：Hecuppedh