高一上学期英语寒假作业（十二）

高一上英语寒假作业（十二）命题人：审题人：满分：120分时间：100分钟第一部分阅读（每小题2.5分，满分50分）ASCHOOLSPONSORSHIPSponsorTeenInk’sfuturemagazinesforanyspecificschoolorregionthatisimportanttoyouandbringyourmessagetoalargeaudienceofstudents,parentsandteachers.Wewillprintyournameonthecoverofeachissueeverymonth.Call(617)964-6800fordetailsandcost.Howschoolsponsorshipworks:Youselecttheschools—asmanyasyouwant—toreceivefutureTeenInkmagazines.Yourcompany’snamewillappearonthecoverofeverymonthlyissuefortheschoolsyousponsor.Yourtotalcostforafullyearisonly$195perschoolfor30copiesamonth—that’s300copiesperschoolyear.Advantagesforyourorganization:Yourmessagereachesalargeaudienceofstudents,parentsandteachers,whichtellsthemyoucareaboutteens,theirvoicesandtheireducation.Wecontacttheschoolsexplainingyoursponsorshipandyoursupportofteensinthecommunity.Weshipthemagazinesdirectlytotheschools.Thereisnoextraworkorexpenseforyou.Youwillbeworkingwithanorganizationthathas14-yearexperiencewithteens,schoolsandeducators.Advantagesforthestudentsyousponsor:Teensareconnectedwiththeirpeersnationwideataplacethatisspecificallytheirs.Studentshavetheopportunitytosubmittheirworkforpublishinginourmagazine,bookseriesandwebsite.Studentsgainimportantreading,writingandcommunicationskillsnecessaryforsuccessinschoolandtheworkplace.1.WhatwillmotivateacompanytosponsorTeenInk?A.Highprofit. B.Zerocost.C.Publicreputation. D.Specificmagazines.2.Whatbenefitcanthesponsoredstudentsget?A.Moreattentionfromthepublic.B.Greateraccesstobigcompanies.C.Agoodpriceforthemagazines.D.Achancetopublishtheirworks.3.Whoisthetextintendedfor?A.Experiencedteachers. B.Potentialsponsors.C.Brilliantstudents. D.Devotedparents.BInthesetimesofworldwidecommunications,scienceisnodifferentfromotherprofessionsinthatEnglishisnowtheestablished“universal”language.Likeitornot,mostscientificreportsarepublishedinEnglish,althoughsomecountriesalsohavejournalsthatarepublishedintheirnativelanguages.ButhowdidEnglishdevelopintothedominantlanguageofscientificdiscourse(会话)?Wasitajointdecisionordidithappenprogressivelyand“accidentally”?Andwasitapositivemoveforall?ArabicwasusedinallcountrieswithanIslamiccultureinthemiddleages,whileinEuropeLatinwasusedforcommunicationinscienceandeducationuntilthe17thcentury.DuringtheEnlightenment,Latinlostfavourasitwasthoughttobetoocomplicated.Instead,scientificcommunicationbecamemore“provincial”;German,French,ItalianandEnglishwereusedintheirrespectivecountriesandcolonies,withdifferentlanguagesbeingmoreimportantindifferentdisciplines—German,forinstance,waswidelyusedinphysics,chemistryandsomeaspectsofmedicineandpsychology.Therelativeuseoftheselanguageschangedthroughhistory,reflectingtherelativegrowthanddeclineofscience,cultureandeconomicsinthesecountries.Thus,theuseofFrenchpredominatedinthe18thcentury,whereasGermanwasmostwidespreadinthe19thandEnglishdominatedthe20th.Socialupheaval(剧变)alsoplayedarole—theuseofFrenchdeclineddramaticallyafterWorldWarI,whereasthatofGermanincreasedinparalleluntilWorldWarII.AfterWorldWarII,andespeciallyinthepast30years,EnglishprogressivelyestablisheditselfastheprimarylanguageforscientificcommunicationasAmericacametodominatebothbasicresearchandtechnology.Inthe1920stheneedforauniversallanguageofsciencewasdebated,andasyntheticlanguage,Esperanto,wasdevelopedbutneverwidelyused.Despitetheobviousappealofhavingacommonlanguagethatallowsscientistsaroundtheworldtocommunicatewithoneanother,therecanindeedbesomedrawbacksinusingEnglishforallcommunication—non-nativeEnglishspeakerscanbeatadisadvantagecomparedwithnativespeakerswhenitcomestoexpressingandhighlightingtheinterestoftheirpapersandcommunicatingwitheditorsandreferees.Carefulcopyeditingcantackletheproblemofaccessibilityofacceptedmanuscripts,butupstreamofthisstageitisdowntoallpartiestoensurethattheyevaluateworkonitsscientificmeritratherthanitsproperuseofgrammar.Theuseofauniversallanguageforcommunicationinscienceisunavoidableasoneobviousadvantageisthatfindingscanbemorewidelyaccessed,andresistingthisconceptforthesakeofculturaldifferencewouldseemtobeanythingbutproductive.However,theuseofnationallanguageandlesstechnicallanguageisusefulincommunicatingsciencetothegeneralpublic,asisthecasewiththeNaturegatewaysinJapanese,Chinese,KoreanandGerman.4.WhichofthefollowingdoesNOTcontributetothechangesoflanguagesinsciencethroughhistory?A.Scientificdevelopment. B.Culturalinfluence.C.Economicclimate. D.Socialcommunication.5.ThedownsideofusingEnglishforallscientificcommunicationinvolves.A.somescientificworkbeingundervaluedduetoitsimproperuseofgrammarB.acknowledgedmanuscriptssometimesnotbeingaccessedwithenoughcareC.editorsandreferees’failuretocommunicatewiththeauthorsofthepapersD.non-nativeEnglishspeakersbeingunabletoexpresswhatintereststhemwell6.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?A.Creatingauniversallanguageinscientificcommunicationisinevitable.B.Auniversallanguageenablesmorepeopletoreadaboutscientificfindings.C.Culturaldifferenceaddstothedifficultyinincreasingscientificproductivity.D.Ordinarypeoplealsobenefitfromtheuseoftechnicallanguageinscience.7.Whichofthefollowingisthemostsuitabletitleforthispassage?A.UniversalLanguageEstablished B.UniversalLanguageofScienceC.BreakingtheLanguageBarrier D.BreakingtheLanguageDominanceC“Haveyoucheckedtheoilinthecar,Ted?”Myfatherusedtosaytome.Sometimesourphonecallswouldbeginandendwithanonlyinquiry(询问)abouttheoil,withoutaskinganythingelse.Fathershavelotsoflovetogive,butit’softenprovidedthroughusefuladvice.Inmyexperience,it’smostlyaboutthecar.Whycan’tfathersjustsay“Iloveyou”or“It’sgreattoseeyou”?Whycan’tthesentences“Icareaboutyou”and“Youmademylifebetterfromthemomentyouwereborn”beheard?Becausefatherstendtoexpresstheirtruefeelingsindirectly.Youjusthavetounderstandthelanguage—Fatherlish.WhenIwas17yearsold,Iwentonmyfirstroadtripinthatoldcar.Myfatherstoodonthecorneronacoldearlymorningtosaygoodbye.“Roadsaredangerous,”hesaid,“sodon’ttrydrivingfasterthanahorse.Andremembertotakeabreakeverytwohours.Andeverytimeyoustopforoil,youreallyshouldchecktheoil.”AtthetimeIthoughthisspeechwasprettyfunnyandold.Dad’slonggonenow.Butafteralltheseyears,IrealizethatifIhadownedacopyoftheFatherlish-to-Englishdictionary,IwouldhaveunderstoodthatthespeechthatIalwayslaughedatwassimplyDad’swaytoexpressloveandcare.8.Whatcanwelearnfromparagraph1?A.Theauthorwantedtobuyanewcarbadly.B.Theauthorforgottochecktheoilregularly.C.Theauthor’sfatherexpressedhislovedifferently.D.Theauthor’sfatherpreferredtomakephonecalls.9.Whydoestheauthormentionhisfirstroadtrip?A.Toshowthedangerofthetrip. B.Totellaveryexcitingexperience.C.Toexplaintherulesofdriving. D.Topresenthisfather’shiddenlove.10.Whichofthefollowingcanbestdescribetheauthor’sfather?A.Humorous. B.Caring. C.Funny. D.Boring.11.Whatcanbethebesttitleforthetext?A.TheFatherlishlanguage B.ThehabitofdrivinganoldcarC.Father’shelpfuladvice D.AnnoyingphonecallsDWe’veallbeenthere:inalift,inlineatthebankoronanairplane,surroundedbypeoplewhoare,likeus,deeplyfocusedontheirsmartphonesor,worse,strugglingwiththeuncomfortablesilence.What’stheproblem?It’spossiblethatweallhavecompromisedconversationalintelligence.It’smorelikelythatnoneofusstartaconversationbecauseit’sawkwardandchallenging,orwethinkit’sannoyingandunnecessary.Butthenexttimeyoufindyourselfamongstrangers,considerthatsmalltalkisworththetrouble.Expertssayit’saninvaluablesocialpracticethatresultsinbigbenefits.Dismissingsmalltalkasunimportantiseasy,butwecan’tforgetthatdeeprelationshipswouldn’tevenexistifitweren’tforcasualconversation.Smalltalkisthegrease(润滑剂)forsocialcommunication,saysBernardoCarducci,directoroftheShynessResearchInstituteatIndianaUniversitySoutheast.“Almosteverygreatlovestoryandeachbigbusinessdealbeginswithsmalltalk,”heexplains.“Thekeytosuccessfulsmalltalkislearninghowtoconnectwithothers,notjustcommunicatewiththem.”Ina2014study,ElizabethDunn,associateprofessorofpsychologyatUBC,invitedpeopleontheirwayintoacoffeeshop.Onegroupwasaskedtoseekoutaninteraction(互动)withitswaiter;theother,tospeakonlywhennecessary.Theresultsshowedthatthosewhochattedwiththeirserverreportedsignificantlyhigherpositivefeelingsandabettercoffeeshopexperience.“It’snotthattalkingtothewaiterisbetterthantalkingtoyourhusband,”saysDunn.“Butinteractionswithperipheral(边缘的)membersofoursocialnetworkmatterforourwell-beingalso.”Dunnbelievesthatpeoplewhoreachouttostrangersfeelasignificantlygreatersenseofbelonging,abondwithothers.Carduccibelievesdevelopingsuchasenseofbelongingstartswithsmalltalk.“Smalltalkisthebasisofgoodmanners,”hesays.12.Whatphenomenonisdescribedinthefirstparagraph?A.Addictiontosmartphones.B.Inappropriatebehavioursinpublicplaces.C.Absenceofcommunicationbetweenstrangers.D.Impatiencewithslowservice.13.WhatisimportantforsuccessfulsmalltalkaccordingtoCarducci?A.Showinggoodmanners. B.Relatingtootherpeople.C.Focusingonatopic. D.Makingbusinessdeals.14.Whatdoesthecoffee-shopstudysuggestaboutsmalltalk?A.Itimprovesfamilyrelationships. B.Itraisespeople’sconfidence.C.Itmattersasmuchasaformaltalk. D.Itmakespeoplefeelgood.15.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?A.ConversationCounts B.WaysofMakingSmallTalkC.BenefitsofSmallTalk D.UncomfortableSilence七选五Horseshoes(马蹄铁)arebothagameandagoodluckcharm(小挂件).___16___Exactlywhytheywearshoes,however,isn’tquiteaswidelyknown.Nowletmeexplainittoyou.Horsescansafelywalkontheirownfourhooves(蹄).___17___Forwildhorses,thisprocesstypicallyhappensatagood,gradualrateastheywalkonnaturalland.Theydon’treallyneedhuman-madehorseshoes.___18___Suchhorsesperformavarietyoffunctionsacrossavarietyofsurfaces--andthereareavarietyofreasonswhymanyneedshoes.Forsome,especiallythosethatpullcarriagesorbearotherloads,theirhoofwallsmightweardownmorequicklythantheycangrowback,whichhorseshoescanhelpprevent.Othersmightneedhorseshoesfortraction(摩擦力)ifthey’refrequentlyexposedtoicy,wet,ormuddysurfaces.___19___Horsescansufferfromsuchmedicalconditions.Somehorsesjusthavenaturallyweakerhooves.Inallthesecases,horseshoescannotonlyhelphorseswalkbetterbutalsokeepthemhealthy.Thatsaid,therearehorsesthatwearnoshoesatall,oronlyneedtowearthemsometimes.Asaresult,manyhorseownersrefusetogivetheirhorseshorseshoes.Alotoftimespeopletalkaboutbarefootversusshod(穿鞋的)asifit’sacompetition.Butit’snotoneortheother.___20___A.It’swhat’sbestforthehorse.B.Theyweardowntheirhoofwallsastheygo.C.Manypeoplewonderwhyhorseswearshoes.D.Human-madeshoesarequitenecessaryforsomehorses.E.Somemedicalconditionsalsorequirehorsestowearshoes.F.However,home-raisedhorsesareinquiteadifferentsituation.G.Asaresult,mostpeopleknowwhathorses’“shoes”looklike.第二部分完形填空（每小题1分，满分15分）Processedfoodslikechips,sodaandfrozenpizzasarefullofsalt,sugarandfat.Nowscientistsaretryingtounderstandifthereissomethingelseaboutsuchfoodsthatmaybebadforhumans.Scientistshavealreadylinkedlow-cost,____21____foodstorisingobesityratesaroundtheworld.Threerecentstudiesoffermore____22____intohowourincreasinglyindustrializedfoodsupplymaybeaffectingourhealth.Whatdoesprocessedfoodmean?Theresearcherscreatedasystemthat____23____foodsintofourgroups.Thesystemsayshighlyprocessedfoodsaremade____24____ofindustrializedmaterialsandadditives.Sodas,packedcookies,instantnoodlesandchickennuggetaresomeexamplesofhighlyprocessedfoods.Butalsoincludedareproductsthatcan____25____healthy,suchasmorningcereals,energybarsandsomekindsofyogurt.What’swrongwithprocessedfoods?ResearchersattheNationalInstitutesofHealthconductedafour-weekstudyinvolving20people.Theyfoundthatpeopleeatabout500morecaloriesadaywhen____26____mostlyprocessedfoods.Thatiscomparedwithwhenthe____27____subjectsweregivenlessprocessedfoods.Theresearcherspermittedthe20participantstoeatasmuchoraslittleastheywanted.Theyweretakentoamedicalcentersotheirhealthandbehaviorcouldbe____28____.Inanotherstudy,researchersinFrancefoundpeoplewhoatemoreprocessedfoodsweremorelikelytohaveheartdisease.____29____,asimilarstudyinSpainlinkedeatingmoreprocessedfoodstoahigherriskofdeathingeneral.Whatisitaboutprocessedfoods?Whengivenlessprocessedfoods,peopleinthestudy____30____moreofahormonethatcontrolshunger,andlessofahormonethatcauseshunger.Thereasonforthe____31____isnotclear.Thescientistsalsofoundthatpeopleateprocessedfoodsmorequickly.KevinHallisoneoftheresearcherswholedthestudy.HetoldtheAPthatprocessedfoodsaresofterandeasiertochewandswallow.Hallnotedthesourceofnutrientsmight____32____.Forexample,fiberfromwholefruitsandvegetablesmaybebetterformakingpeoplefeel____33____thanfiberaddedtopackedfoodssuchasenergybarsandyogurt.Whatshouldyoueat?Avoidingprocessedfoodscanbehard,____34____forpeoplewithlimitedtimeandmoney.Processedfoodscanalsotakemanyforms.Inaddition,companiescontinually____35____productstomakethemseemhealthier.Theneweststudiesmayprovidemorereasonstoavoidprocessedfoods.But,theyalsocallattentiontothedifficultyofcomingupwithwaystodothat.21.A.organic B.delicious C.packaged D.priceless22.A.inquiries B.insights C.explorations D.assessments23.A.distinguishes B.defines C.classifies D.maintains24.A.specially B.mostly C.naturally D.technically25.A.remain B.feel C.become D.appear26.A.consumed B.forced C.deprived D.fed27.A.same B.normal C.different D.alternative28.A.explained B.tracked C.cured D.overlooked29.A.Meanwhile B.However C.Hence D.Otherwise30.A.collected B.produced C.absorbed D.relieved31.A.hunger B.procedure C.reaction D.feedback32.A.strikeabalance B.runarisk C.poseathreat D.makeadifference33.A.full B.content C.starving D.excited34.A.especially B.generally C.specially D.reasonably35.A.restructure B.rearrange C.redecorate D.reengineer第三部分用所给词的正确形式填空（每小题2分，满分20分）hold

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launch36．Thespaceshuttle（航天飞机）wascreatedasareusablelaunchvehicle__________astronautsandotherequipmentintospaceandbackagain.Theshuttlelookslikeanordinaryplanebutithasacargobay（货仓）thatislargeenough__________asatellite.37．Spaceprobes（航天探测器）areoftensenttoplacesthataretoofarawayortoodangerousforahuman__________footin.Forexample,in1977,theVoyagerIspaceprobewassent__________picturesoftheplanetsSaturnandJupiter.38．TheInternationalSpaceStationwastoobig__________onEarthand__________intospace,sodifferentcountriesworkedtogetherandbuiltabout100modules（分离舱）.Afterwards,thesemoduleswerejoinedtogetherinspace__________livingquarters,laboratories,andotherequipmentforastronauts__________formonths.39．Asthefirstwoman__________tomakeatripintospace,Tereshkovafeltluckyandproud.Whenthegreatdayfinallycame,shewasalmosttooexcited__________asleep!第四部分单选（每小题2分，满分20分）40.Theytookcareoftheoldman________sonlosthislifeinthefire.A.who B.ofwhomC.whom D.whose41.Shewasangrytoseethebeautifulcoat________shehadboughtthedaybefore________withalotofdirt.A.which;cover B.that;coveredC./;covering D.where;covered42.Doyouknowtheman________?A.whomIspoke B.towhoIspokeC.Ispoketo D.thatIspoke43.Thoughhavinglivedabroadformanyyears,alotofChinesestill_