高三英语一轮复习(考情精解读知识全通关考情全揭秘)第三部分阅读专题4词义猜测题(共39张)

目录

ContentsA.题型全突破B.考情全揭秘考点5考点6考点7考点8考点1考点2考点3考点4题型全突破继续学习英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破1A.题型概述词义猜测是英语阅读的重要技巧,词义猜测题也是高考中常考的题型。考生要学会"顺藤摸瓜",通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索(各种已知信息)确定词义。要求猜测词义的词一般为实词(动词、名词、形容词等)。另外,这类题也包括对短语和句意的猜测。考试中经常考查的词汇有以下几种:1.在特殊语言环境中具有特殊意义的常用词。2.专业化程度较高的词。3.生僻词。4.常用代词。此类题旨在考查考生在特定语境中理解词(短语、句子)的能力以及通过上下文或构词法猜测超纲词汇或表达方式的意义的能力。因此,考生所掌握的词汇量的大小直接影响到这类题的得分率。英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破2B.常见设问形式1.Theunderlinedphrase"

"inthesecondparagraphcouldbereplacedby

.

2.Theunderlinedword"

"inthefirstparagraphprobablymeans

.

3.Whatisthemeaningoftheunderlinedwordinthesecondparagraph?4.Whichofthefollowingisclosestinmeaningtotheunderlinedword"

"?

5.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"

"inParagraph2referto?

6.Whatdoyouthinktheexpression"

"standsfor?

7.Whichofthefollowingwordscanbesttaketheplaceoftheunderlinedword"

"inParagraph3?

8.Accordingtothepassage,theunderlinedword"

"isknownas

.

英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破3C.选项特点1.正确选项的特点(1)相应词语的同义词语。(2)对相应语句的解释、复述或概括。2.干扰项的特点(1)对原相应表达方式的不正确改写。(2)故意丢三落四。(3)半对半错。(4)曲解原意。这些干扰项有时会使用较多原句中的表达方式,给人似是而非的误导,考生要多加注意。英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破4方法1根据上下文语境进行猜测猜测任何词义都离不开上下文,所以可借助上下文对需要猜测的词、短语或句子进行合乎逻辑的推测。

典例1

[新课标全国Ⅰ,C]SalvadorDali(1904—1989)wasoneofthemostpopularofmodernartists.ThePompidouCentreinParisisshowingitsrespectandadmirationfortheartistandhispowerfulpersonalitywithanexhibitionbringingtogetherover200paintings,sculptures,drawingsandmore.Amongtheworksandmasterworksonexhibitionthevisitorwillfindthebestpieces,mostimportantlyThe

Persistence

of

Memory.ThereisalsoL’Enigme

sans

Finfrom1938,worksonpaper,objects,andprojectsforstageandscreenandselectedpartsfromtelevisionprogrammesreflectingtheartistsshowmanqualities.考点一英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破5ThevisitorwillentertheWorldofDalithroughaneggandismetwiththebeginning,theworldofbirth.Theexhibitionfollowsapathoftimeandsubjectwiththevisitorexitingthroughthebrain.TheexhibitionshowshowDalidrawstheviewerbetweentwoinfinities(无限),"Fromtheinfinitysmalltotheinfinitylarge,contractionandexpansioncominginandoutoffocus:amazingFlemishaccuracyandtheshowyBaroqueofoldpaintingthatheusedinhismuseum-theatreinFigueras,"explainsthePompidouCentre.Thefineselectionofthemajorworkswasdoneinclosecollaboration(合作)withtheMuseoNacionalReinaSofiainMadrid,Spain,andwithcontributionsfromotherinstitutionsliketheSalvadorDaliMuseuminSt.Petersburg,Florida.返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破631.Whatdoestheword"contributions"inthelastparagraphreferto?A.Artworks. B.Projects.C.Donations. D.Documents.解析根据最后一段可知,多家博物馆通力合作,共同精选展出作品。文中提到像西班牙马德里的博物馆和圣彼德斯堡的博物馆这样的机构也提供萨尔瓦多·达利的作品参加展览。由此推测,contributions指"作品",故选A。答案A英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破7方法2根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测英语文章中的代词one,it,that,them等可以指上文提到的人或事物。有时代词与指代的对象相隔较远,要认真查找;有时需要对前面提到的内容进行总结,才能得出代词所指代的事物。

典例2

[2014·安徽,E]YoumaynothaveheardofAshoka,butforthepast27years,thisassociation,foundedbyBillDrayton,hasfoughtpoverty(贫困)andsickness,promotededucationandencouragedsmallbusinesses.Tosupporttheseworthycauses,Ashokaprovidesmoneyfortheworld’smostpromising"changemakers"seekingtosolve(解决)urgentproblemsandwouldliketocreateaworldinwhicheverycitizenisachangemaker.考点二英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破8Draytonbelievesthatanyonecanbecomeanagentforchange.Theimportantthingistosimplygiveyourselfpermission.Ifyouseeaproblemthatyoucareabout,youcanhelpsolveit.Theyounginparticulararewillingtoacceptthisconceptbecauseathearteverychildwantstogrowintoahappy,healthy,contributingadult.Infact,itismanyyoungpeople’sambitiontosetupprogrammesorbusinessesthatimprovesocialconditions.AnexcellentexampleisanAshokaprojectstartedin1995inDhaka,whichhandledtherubbishproblemfacingthecity,helpedlocalfarmersandprovidedanincomeforpoorpeoplethere.英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破9WhenMasqsoodandIftekharbegantostudytheproblemofalltheuncollectedrubbishthatlayinDhaka‘sstreets,attractingratsanddisease,theydiscoveredthat80%ofitwasnaturalwaste.Sotheyeducatedthepoorpeopleinthecitytocompost(把……制成堆肥)thiswaste.Theyknewthattheywouldhaveamarketfortheendproductbecauselocalfarmerswerestrugglingwithchemicalfertilisers(化肥)whichwereexpensiveandhadreducedthenaturalmineralsinthesoilovertheyears.Atfirst,theywererefused,butoncetheywereabletopersuadethemthattherewasmoneytobemade,theprojecttookoff.In2009saleswere$14,000.考点二英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破10DraytonisoptimisticthatintenyearsAshokawillbemakingreallyserious,practicalprogressinbringingaboutsocialchangebychangingthewaywelookateconomicdevelopment.73.Theunderlinedword"them"inParagraph3probablyrefersto"

".

A.thelocalfarmersB.MasqsoodandIftekharC.DraytonandhisteamD.thepoorpeopleinDhaka返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破11解析考查代词指代。在1995年,Masqsood和Iftekhar教城里的穷人把垃圾制成堆肥,因为他们认为这些化肥会有市场。起初他们遭到了拒绝,但是当他们使这些人信服这样做有钱可赚时,这一项目得以实施。故画线的them指代"thepoorpeopleinthecity"。故选D。答案D英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破12方法3根据同义或类比关系进行猜测当词语被并列连词and,or,aswellas所连接或词语之间有justas,like,similarly等时,前后的两项内容在含义上是接近的或相近的,由此可确定同等关系中的某个生词或短语所表达的意义。

典例3

[1]...[2]...[3]Somethingelse,however,hasbeenontherise.WhileGMseedsareexpensive,GMcompaniestellfarmersthattheywillmakegoodprofitsbysavingmoneyonpesticides(杀虫剂).Onthecontrary,USgovernmentdatashowthatGMcropsintheUShaveproducedanoverallincreaseinpesticideusecomparedtotraditionalcrops."Thepromisewasthatyoucoulduselesschemicalsandboostproduction.Butneitheristrue,"saidBillChristison,PresidentoftheUSNationalFamilyFarmCoalition.

...考点三返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破1358.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"boost"inthethirdparagraphprobablymean?A.Control. B.Evaluate.C.Obtain. D.Increase.解析联系上下文及boost所在句子的意思可知,其承诺是你能够使用很少的化学物质并且可以提高产量,本题的关键词为and,因此D项正确。答案D英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破14方法4根据定义或解释进行猜测有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语,下面接着出现其定义或解释,这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。此类由定义或解释来猜测词义的方法很多:①表示定义关系的常见信息词有be,mean,represent,becalled/named,beconsidered,bedefinedas(被定义为),beknownas,referto等;②表示同位关系的常见信息词有thatis,thatistosay,inotherwords,namely,orrather(精确地说)等;③有些生词会以破折号、括号、逗号、冒号等暗示读者,解释说明前面的词。

典例4

[1]…[2]Doyouknowwhata"territory"is?Aterritoryisanareathatananimal,usuallythemale,claims(声称)asitsown.Onlyheandhisfamilyarewelcomethere.Nootherfamiliesofthesamespecies(物种)arewelcome.Youryardandhouseareyourterritorywhereonlyyourfamilyandfriendsarewelcome.Ifastrangershouldenteryourterritoryandthreatenyou,youmightshout.Probablythiswouldbeenoughtofrightenhimaway.考点四返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破1557.Whatisabird‘s"territory"?A.Aplacewherefamiliesofotherspeciesarenotaccepted.B.Aplacewhereabirdmayshoutatthetopofitsvoice.C.Anareaforwhichbirdsfightagainsteachother.D.Anareawhichabirdconsiderstobeitsown.解析文章第二段首先提出什么是"territory",紧跟着就是对"territory"的解释,由定义可推知,这里"territory"指的是"鸟类的地盘"。答案D英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破16方法5根据转折或对比关系进行猜测在一个句子或段落中,有时会出现对两种事物或现象进行对比的描述,考生可以利用这种关系猜词悟义。表示对比关系的词语主要有however,but,instead,despite,unlike,yet,while,whereas(反之,而,却),ratherthan,insteadof,inspiteof,onthecontrary,ontheotherhand,incontrast等。

典例5

Therewasagardenerwholookedafterhisgardenwithgreatcare.Towaterhisflowers,heusedtwobuckets.Onewasashinyandnewbucket.Theotherwasaveryoldanddilapidatedone,whichhadseenmanyyearsofservice,butwasnowpastitsbest.考点五返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破1756.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"dilapidated"probablymean?A.Dirty. B.Dark.C.Worn-out. D.Plain-looking.解析由"one…theother…"结构可知,"oldanddilapidated"对应前面的"shinyandnew"。由此可判断dilapidated的意思应与shinyandnew相反,即worn-out。答案C英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破18方法6根据举例进行猜测在一些阅读材料中,为了阐明某一种重要观点或者讲清楚某一抽象概念,作者往往采取举例的方式对这一观点或概念进行具体的说明和解释,从而使读者理解得更具体些,而这些例子恰好为猜测词义提供了重要线索。表示列举关系的信息词有like,forexample,forinstance,suchas,include等。

典例6

…Inhisbook,hehadchallengedreaderstomakedeepcutsinpersonalemissionstokeeptheworldfromreachingextremelyimportanttippingpoints,suchasthemelting(融化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica…

考点六返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破1973.Theunderlinedwords"tippingpoints"mostprobablyreferto"

".

A.freezingpoints B.burningpointsC.meltingpoints D.boilingpoints解析本题要求猜测tippingpoints的意思,根据下文的例子"suchasthemelting(融化)oftheicesheetsinGreenlandorWestAntarctica"可知,tippingpoints的意思为"融化点",与C项同义。答案C英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破20方法7根据因果关系进行猜测在有些文章或段落中,两种现象或两个事物之间可能会构成因果关系,我们可以利用这种关系来猜测词义。典例7

[1]...[2]Ofcourse,thegoodofoxenisnotlimitedtoplowing.Infact,theyareseenas"boatsonland"fortheirabilitytocarryloads.Besides,thewholebodyofanoxisfulloftreasures.Theirmeatandmilkarefoodfullofnutrition,andtheirskincanbeusedtomakeclothesandshoes.Withallthesequalities,oxenareregardedasgenerouscreatures.

...考点七返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破2160.Thewords"boatsonland"underlinedinParagraph2referto

.

A.animalsfortakinggoodsB.creaturesforpullingplowsC.treasuresofthefolkcultureD.toolsinthefarmingeconomy解析画线部分后的fortheirabilitytocarryloads是对前面的解释说明,由此可以很轻松地得到结果:牛被看作"陆地之舟",是一种运输货物的动物。答案A英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破22方法8根据构词法进行猜测英语单词大多是由词根、词头(前缀)和词尾(后缀)所组成的。词根是单词最基本的部分,表达单词的基本含义。在词根前或后加上前缀或后缀,可以用来引申或转变原词的意义或改变词性。掌握前缀、后缀规律有助于理解词义。如un-,im-,in-,dis-,il-等前缀与-less等后缀可构成反义词,后缀-ful,-ly,-ism,-ness等可改变词性。

典例8

[2017·山西重点中学协作体考试]TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixed(固定的)tothesamedateseachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetterattendedbylocals(当地人).考点八英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习题型全突破23Duringtheopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattendthefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthesands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowinganother,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderfultraditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhorns(喇叭)andbeatdrums(鼓)astheydanceindifferentdesigns.Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhairisthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.ThelocalandvisitingItaliandogsareanxioustorunafterhares.Thecrowdisonitsfeetforthecamelraces.Camelsandridersrunfarintothedistance,andthenreturntothefinishlineinfrontofthecheeringpeople.返回目录英语阅读理解词义猜测题题型全突破24Towardstheevening,therecomesthegrandfinaleoftheopeningday,anextremelyexcitinghorserace.Alltheridersrunveryfastonthehorseback.Someridershangoffthesideoftheirsaddles(马鞍).Someevenrideupsidedown—theirlegsandfeetstraightupintheair—allatfullspeed.Othersrushdownthecoursetogether,menarminarm,ondifferenthorses.Onandontheygo.Sofastandsowonderful!27.Theunderlinedword"finale"inthefourthparagraphmostprobablymeansthe

oftheopeningday.

A.firstpart

B.middle

C.lastpart

D.whole解析由语境"Towardstheevening"以及"final,finale,finally"之间的联系可知该词在此处的意思是开幕式中的最后一项,故答案为C。答案C考情全揭秘英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘1词义猜测题包括单词猜测题、短语意思猜测题、代词指代题和句意理解题。而高考中考查最多的是单词猜测题,但在近两年的高考中加大了对短语意思猜测题的考查力度。Passage1[2016·乙卷(全国Ⅰ),C]体裁:记叙文话题:干细胞运送志愿者的经历词数:248难度:★★★建议时间:5分钟

IamPeterHodes,avolunteerstemcellcourier.SinceMarch2012,I‘vedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseI’vegottwoicepacksandthat‘showlongtheylast.Inall,fromthetimethestemcellsareharvestedfromadonor(捐献者)tothetimetheycanbeimplantedinthepatient,we‘vegot72hoursatmost.SoIamalwaysconsciousoftime.

英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘2

IhadonetriplastyearwhereIwascaughtbyahurricaneinAmerica.IpickedupthestemcellsinProvidence,RhodeIsland,andwasmeanttoflytoWashingtonthenbacktoLondon.ButwhenIarrivedatthecheck-indeskatProvidence,theladyonthedesksaid:“Well,I‘mreallysorry,I‘vegotsomebadnewsforyou—therearenoflightsfromWashington.”SoItookmyboxandputitonthedeskandIsaid:“Inthisboxaresomestemcellsthatareurgentlyneededforapatient—please,please,you’vegottogetmebacktotheUnitedKingdom."Shejustdroppedeverything.Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme,re-routed(改道)methroughNewarkandgotmebacktotheUKevenearlierthanoriginallyscheduled.

英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘3Forthiscourierjob,you‘reconsciouslyawarethatinthatboxyou’vegotsomethingthatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody‘slife.

▶试题分析第一段介绍了自己的工作特点,29题可以根据上文讲到的方法1(根据上下文语境进行猜测)来做题;第二段围绕"Iamalwaysconsciousoftime我总是有时间意识"来展开介绍了作者在一次运送造血干细胞途中的一段经历;第三段总结概括,再次说明这项工作的特殊含义以及重要性。英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘4▶难句突破句式分析:Forthiscourierjob是介词短语,在句中作状语;thatinthatboxyou‘vegotsomethingthatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody‘slife是宾语从句,inthatbox是宾语从句中的地点状语,you’vegotsomething是宾语从句中的主谓宾;thatispotentiallygoingtosavesomebody’slife是定语从句,修饰前面的something。句意:对于这份传递员的工作而言,你会自觉地意识到你手中的那个箱子装着可能挽救某人生命的东西。英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘529.Whichofthefollowingcanreplacetheunderlinedword"courier"inParagraph1?

A.provider B.deliveryman C.collector D.medicaldoctor30.WhydoesPeterhavetocompletehistripwithin42hours?A.Hecannotstayawayfromhisjobtoolong. B.Thedonorcanonlywaitforthatlong.C.Theoperationneedsthatmuchtime. D.Theicewon‘tlastanylonger.31.WhichflightdidthewomanputPeteronfirst?A.ToLondon. B.ToNewark. C.ToProvidence. D.ToWashington.【答案与解析】本文介绍了一个名叫PeterHodes的人从事的有关干细胞传递的志愿者工作,并主要讲述了他的一次难忘的经历。在传递干细胞的过程中,他深刻地意识到时间就是生命。英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘629.B考查词义猜测。根据第一段中的"SinceMarch2012,Ivedone89trips—ofthose,51havebeenabroad.Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittlebox"可知,作者是干细胞传递员,故选B。30.D考查细节理解。根据第一段中的"Ihave42hourstocarrystemcells(干细胞)inmylittleboxbecauseIvegottwoicepacksandthatshowlongtheylast"可知,冰维持的最长时间是42小时,故选D。31.B考查细节理解。根据第二段的最后一句"Shearrangedforaflightonasmallplanetobeheldforme,re-routed(改道)methroughNewarkandgotmebacktotheUKevenearlierthanoriginallyscheduled"可知,这位女士安排作者乘坐一架小型飞机改道经纽瓦克回到了英国,故选B。Passage2[2015·新课标全国Ⅱ,A]体裁:记叙文话题:彩电带来的烦恼词数:265难度:★★★建议时间:5分钟英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘7Mycolortelevisionhasgivenmenothingbutaheadache.IwasabletobuyitalittleoverayearagobecauseIhadmyrelativesgivememoneyformybirthdayinsteadofalotofclothesthatwouldntfit.Iletasalesclerkfoolmeintobuyingadiscontinuedmodel.Irealizedthisadaylater,whenIsawnewspaperadvertisementsforthesetatseventy-fivedollarslessthanIhadpaid.ThesetworkedsobeautifullywhenIfirstgotithomethatIwouldkeepitonuntilstationssignedoffforthenight.Fortunately,Ididntgetanychannelsshowingall-nightmoviesorIwouldneverhavegottentobed.

英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘8ThenIstarteddevelopingaproblemwiththesetthatinvolvedstatic(静电)noise.Forsomereason,whencertainshowsswitchedintoacommercial,aloudnoisewouldsoundforafewseconds.Gradually,thisnoisebegantoappearduringashow,andtogetridofit,Ihadtochangetoanotherchannelandthenchangeitback.Sometimesthistechniquewouldnotwork,andIhadtopickupthesetandshakeittoremovethesound.Iactuallybegantobuildupmyarmmuscles(肌肉)shakingmyset.Whenneitherofthesemethodsremovedthestaticnoise,Iwouldsithelplesslyandwaitforthenoisetogoaway.AtlastIendeduphittingthesetwithmyfist,anditstoppedworkingaltogether.Mytriptotherepairshopcostme$62,andthesetisworkingwellnow,butIkeepexpectingmoretrouble.英语阅读理解词义猜测题继续学习考情全揭秘9▶难句突破句式分析: