英语语法基础万学教育总部教学研究中心

Itusedtobesostraightforward.Ajournaleditorwouldthenremovetheauthorsnamesandaffiliations（关系）fromthepaperandsendittotheirpeersforreview.Nolonger.TheInternet…ismakingaccesstoscientificresultsaIfthetradeunionistJimmyHoffawerealivetoday,hewouldprobablyrepresentcivilservants.WhenHoffa’sTeamsterswereintheirprimein1960,onlyoneintenAmericanernmentworkersbelongedtoaunion;now36%do.→Itcanbelearnedfromthefirstparagraph TeamstersstillhavealargebodyofJimmyHoffausedtoworkasacivil分词、（动名词、不定式分词的语Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonline（2006Text4）Afterall,whatisonemodernformofexpressionalmostcompleydedicatedtodepicting*Waitingforabus,abrickfellonmyGivenmoretime,IwouldbeabletocompleteReadingtheletter,sheburstoutMockedbyeverybody,hehadmyExhaustedbythewalk,hecontinuedhisTimepermitting,wearegoingtoBeijingBotanicalAcarroaredpastwithsmokepouringfromtheexhaust排气管（1999Text1）Feelingthreatened,companiesrespondedbywritingever-longerwarninglabels,tryingtoanticipateeverypossibleaccident.TheimportancerepresentedtheillegalwealthdetachedfromthelandanditsThisdrawingleavesusadeepimpression.(主语)Theearlybirdcatchestheworm.(宾语)Confidenceinyourselfisthefirststepontheroadtosuccess表语LiMing,themostbrilliantboyintheclassisadmiredbyhisclassmates同位语GettingenoughvitaminsisessentialtoReallyusingalanguageisnotaneasyToerrishuman;toforgive,ItiseasytobewiseaftertheHepromisednottolanyoneaboutIthinkithardtoanswerthequestioninoneThereasonsareclearWhyhemurderedhiswifeisclear(1998Text5)Thattheplatesaremovingisnowbeyond(2005Text2)Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthe’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingHehasmadecleartheHehasmadeclearwhattheydidItisaThediscussioniswhetherthebookisworthWefoundoutthemurderer,WefoundoutthefactthathewasTheideathattherecentmassiveearthquakeisthepreludeofthedisasterfrightensAcenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears.Evidencecameupthatspecificspeechsoundsarerecognizedbybabiesasyoungas6months(1995翻译)Howwellthepredictionswillbevalidatedbylaterperformancedependsupontheamount,reliability,andappropriatenessoftheinformation.（2005Text1）However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestor,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.Oneargumentusedtosupporttheideathatemploymentwillbethedominantformofwork，andthatemploymentwilleavailable,isthatworkingtimewillcontinuetofall.ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresortto（诉诸于、采取）pushWefindtheNETEMdifficult.（形容词做宾语补足语）Thegirlstoodthere,fulloffear.（形容词短语做状语）Heisahandsomeboy.（形容词做定语）Heisaboywhoishandsome.（从句做定语）HewholaughslastlaughsManyoflife’sproblemswhichweresolvedbyaskingfamilymembers,friendsorcolleaguesarebeyondthecapabilityoftheextendedfamilytoresolve.GeorgeW.Bushjunior,whoseIQwassaidtobelowerthan85,waselectedastheAmerican,whichsurprisedthe例：Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichcontributestohissuccessinlater关系代词：that引导、which引导、who引导、whom引导、whoseThereasonthatshegivesisunbelievable.Thisisthehousewhichweboughtlastmonth.Theonewhowastalkingtoyouaminuteagoisa(2005.49)Creatinga“EuropeanIdentity”thatrespectsthedifferentculturesandtraditionswhichgotomakeuptheconnectingfabric(组织)oftheOldContinent（欧洲大陆）isnoeasytaskanddemandsastrategicchoice.Stepladderscarrylabelsseveralthatareincheslongthatwarn,amongotherthings,thatyoumight--surprise!--fallThereareprobablynoquestionswecanthinkupthatcan’tbe关系副词引导的定语从句：when引导、where引导、why引导、wherebyThedaywhenwestoplearningisthedaywhenweLiteratureistheplacewherethepastmeetsthepresenttocontemplatethe(2004Text4)Schoolshavealwaysbeeninasocietywherepracticalismoreimportantthanin(2008Text2)Thereistheso-calledbigdeal,whereinstitutionalsubscriberspayforaccesstoacollectionofonlinejournaltitlesthroughsite-licensingagreements.c．asas如所修饰的名词前有such、thesame、as出现，后面的从句将由as引导。例如：He’llrepeatsuchquestionsasarediscussedinthebook.SuchastudentasworkshardwillbesuretoTheymadethesamemistakeasotherswouldhavemadeonsuchanoccasion.Hetriedtomakeasfewmistakesashecouldavoid.TheAmericansocietyrequiressuchgameruleswhichregularsthebehaviorsofcitizens self-constrain,self-dignityandA. as(1997Text2)Asistrueofanydevelopedsociety,inAmericaacomplexsetofculturalsignals,assumptions,andconventionsunderliesallsocialrelationships.Asisshowninthepictures,…Asisseenfromthechart,…Asisvividlybetrayedinthecartoon(1990.66)Behavioristsuggeststhatthechildwhoisraisedinanenvironmentwheretherearemanystimuliwhichdevelophisorhercapacityforappropriateresponseswillexperiencegreaterinlectualdevelopment.(2008Text4)Washington,whohadbeguntobelievethatallmenwerecreatedequalafterobservingthebraveryoftheblacksoldiersduringtheRevolutionaryWar,overcamethestrongoppositionofhisrelativestogranthisslavestheirfreedominhis(2007Text3)Duringthepastgeneration,theAmericanmiddle-classfamilythatoncecouldcountonhardworkandfairplaytokeepitselffinanciallysecurehadbeentransformedbyeconomicriskandnewrealities.（2006翻译）TheGreeksassumedthatthestructureoflanguagehadsomeconnectionwiththeprocessofthought,whichtookrootinEuropelongbeforepeoplerealizedhowdiverselanguagescouldbe.（2003完型）…need thatcomesfromachieving[A] [B] [D]TheLaborDepartmentsaid thatconsumerspaidforgoodsandservicesinJulyA. B. C. D.(1994填空)LivinginthecentralAustraliandeserthasitsproblem, obtainingwaterisnottheleastA.ofwhich B.forwhat D.whose第四章副词及状语从句常用引导词：when,while,as,before,after,since,till,until,assoonas;themoment,theminute,theday,everytime;nosooner...than...,hardly...when,scarcely...when.(1994Text2)Whilecomputersoffertheseconveniencestoconsumers,theyhavemanyadvantagesforsellers（2002完形）Aswasdiscussedbefore,itwasnot the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronicmedium,followinginthewakeofthepamphlet(小册子)andthebookandinthecompanyoftheperiodicalA. B. C. D.Thebabystartscryingtheminuteheseeshis(2004Text1)Everytimeyouansweraquestionyoueliminatead.(2005完形Ournosesarecapableofdetectinghumansmellsevenwhenthesearedilutedtofarbelowonepartinone(2004阅读EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’sadmissionthatAmerican’sred-hoteconomyiscooling,lotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.(1999passage4)Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusions,althoughsomedetailshavenotbeen(2007Text2)Thedefiningtermofin ligenceinhumansstillseemstobetheIQscore,eventhoughIQtestsarenotgivenasoftenastheyusedtobe.(2006完形)Partoftheproblemisthatmanyhomelessadultsareaddictedtoalcoholordrugs.Andasignificantnumberofthehomelesshaveseriousmentaldisorders.Manyothers, notaddictedormentallyill,simplylacktheeverydaysurvivalskillsneededtoturntheirlivesaround.A. B. C. D.Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother, othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.A. B. C. D.（2006.48)Ihaveexcludedhimbecause,whilehis plishmentsmaycontributetothesolutionofmoralproblems,hehasnotbeenchargedwiththetaskofapproachinganybutthefactualaspectsofthoseproblems.Nomatterwhathappens,hewillnotchangehisHoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiawewere,theywilllookjustlikeonlyifif 例（2000完形）Hecancontinuetosupporthimselfandhis heproducesa[A]only [B]much [C]long （2010text2）Later,moreestablishedcompaniesracedtoaddsuchpatentstotheirfiles,ifonlyasadefensivemoveagainstrivalsthatmightbeatthemtothepunch.(((（2004完形）Alltheseconditionsincreasetheprobabilityofachildcommittingacriminalact,arelationshiphasnotyetbeenestablished.A. B. C. D.（2002Text4）Aslongasadoctorprescribesadrugforalegitimatemedicalpurposethedoctorhasdonenothingillegalevenifthepatientusesthedrugtohasten(加速)death.介词：Becauseof/dueto/owing ）hiscarelessnesswehadan引导词：becausesinceasforinthatnowthatseeingthatnowthat),consideringthatgiventhat)(2004text2)This,forthoseasyetunawareofsuchadisadvantage,referstodiscrimination…补充：(2010新题型)However,noneoftheserequirementsshoulddeterlargeretailersfromtryingtheirhand,forthosethatmastertheintricaciesofwholesalinginEuropestandtoreapconsiderablehatnowthatseeingthatnowthat),consideringthat),given(that)等。Seeingthatit’sraininghard,we’llhavetostayherefortheSeeingsheislawfulenoughtogetmarried,Idon’tthinkyoucanstopher.Theydidthejobverywell,consideringthattheyhadnoexperience.Giventhattheyareinexperienced,they’vedoneagoodNowthatwehaveallthematerialsready,weshouldbeginthenewtaskat（2004完形）Theoriescenteringontheindividualsuggestthatchildrenengageincriminalbehavior theywerenotsufficientlypenalizedforpreviousmisdeedsorthattheyhavelearnedcriminalbehaviorthroughinteractionwithothers.A. B. C. D.（2001翻译）Andhomeapplianceswillalso esosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder—kitchenrage.(2004.63)ThenewlydescribedlanguageswereoftensostrikinglydifferentfromthewellstudiedlanguagesofEuropeandSoutheastAsiathatsomescholarsevenaccusedBoasandSapiroffabricatingtheirdata. esweakerinasocietythatspendssomuchtimelisteningandbeingtalked ithasallbutlostwillandtheskilltospeakforA. B. C. D.shall/should,will/would,can/could等。(2005Text1)Whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.（2003.35）Intheseactivities,itisimportanttorememberthatyoungteenshaveshortattentionspan.Avarietyofactivitiesshouldbeorganized35participantscanremainactiveaslongastheywantandthengoontosomethingelsewithoutfeelingguiltyandwithoutlettingtheotherparticipantsdown.A.if B.now C.so D.evenWherethereisawill,thereisa(2006翻译)Teachinghastraditionallybeenthemethodwherebymany lectualsearntheiraslikeasifasthough,thewayWorklikeyoudon’tneedmoney,lovelikeyou’veneverbeenhurt,anddancelikenobody’sAshehasneverfeltanyilleffectsafterflyinghimself,theschedulehelaysdownissotightthattheemployeeistooexhaustedtocarryitoutsatisfactorily.Weareobligedtothembecausesomeoftheselanguageshavesincevanished,asthepeoplewhospokethemdiedoutor eassimilatedandlosttheirnativelanguages.Peoplewereafraidtoleavetheirhouses,foralthoughthehadbeenorderedtostandbyincaseofemergency,theywerejustasconfusedandhelplessasanybodyelse.Ifindividualsareawakenedeachtimeastheybeginadreamphaseofsleep,theyarelikelyto eirritableeventhoughtheirtotalamountofsleephasbeensufficient.结(1996Text1)Whiletalkingtoyou,yourcould-beemployerisdecidingwhetheryoureducation,yourexperience,andotherqualifications,willpayhimtoemployandyour“wares”andabilitiesmustbedisplayed.(1998Text1)Proper,scientificstudyoftheimpactsofdamsandofthecostandbenefitsofcontrollingwatercanhelptoresolvethese (1999.71)Therearealmostasmanydefinitionsofhistoryasthereare(1994.74)Sciencemovesforward,theysay,notsomuchthroughtheinsightsofgreatmenofgeniusasbecauseofmoreordinarythingslikeimprovedtechniquesandtools.more...than...；less...than...；nomore...than...；noless...than...ThepopulationinAmericaissmallerthanthatinChina.MiceObamaislessbeautifulthaninSheisnomoreinligentthanhersister.Sheisnolessinligentthanhersister.Thepresentcrisisisnomoreaneconomiccrisisthanapoliticalcrisis.sheisnolessbeautifulthaninligent。The“failed”experimentsareasmuchapartoftheprocessastheexperimentthat y(1999Text5)Science,inpractice,dependsfarlessontheexperimentsthanonthepreparednessofthemindsofthemenwhowatchtheexperiments.(2005Text4)Thegradualdisappearanceof“whom”isnaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofOld(2002Text3)TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthat,ifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyear,comparedwith$13in1998,thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyonly0.25-0.5%ofGDP.(2003.65)Thus,theanthropologicalconceptof“culture”,liketheconceptof“set”inmathematics,isan whichmakespossibleimmenseamountsofconcreteresearchandunderstanding.(2006.47)