考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版however

考研英语阅读理解典型范文含译文翻译版Inmanycountriesoftheword,peoplecanconfidentlytellyouthemeaningoftheirtownorcity,butmostpeoplewholiveinManchester,OxfordorBirminghamwouldnotbeabletoexplainwhatthenameoftheircitymeans.ThenameofeveryBritishtownandcity,however,hasalonghistory.Twothousandyearsago,mostpeoplelivinginBritainwereCelts,Eventheword"Britain"isCeltic.ThentheRomansarrivedandbuiltcampswhichbecamecitiescalled“castra”.ThisiswhytherearesomanyplacenamesinEnglandwhichendin"-Chester"or"-caster"Manchester,forexample.TheRomansneverreachedWalesorScotland,andmanyplacenamedthereareCeltic.Forexample,Welshplacenamesthatbeginwith"Lian"comefromtheCelticwordfor“church".AftertheRomansleftBritainjtwasattackedbytheAnglo-SaxonswhowerefromtheareaofEuropethatisnowGermanyandHolland.Thenamesoftheirvillagesoftenendedin“-ham"or"-ton",Somegottheirnamefromtheleaderofthevillage.SoBirminghamforexample,means“Beormund'svillage".TheAnglo-Saxonswerefarmersandthelandscapewasveryimportanttothem,sowehavevillagescalledUpton(villageonahill)-agoodplacetobuildavillageandMoreton(villagebyalake)wherefloodscouldmakelifehard.Placenamesthatendin°-fordn(aplacewhereyoucouldcrossariver)alsodescribethelocationofAnglo-Saxonvillages.Finallyjn1066EnglandbecameNorman-theNormansgaveustheplacename"grange”,whichmeansfarm.AndhowaboutLondon?Expertscannotagree.TheRomanscalledthecityLondiniumbuttheyworenotthefirstinhabitants.PeopleoncebelievedthattheUnitedKingdom'scapitalcitygotitsnamefromthecastleofaKingcalledLudbutthisisveryunlikely.OurbestguesstodayisthatthenamecomesfromaCelticwordmeaningafast-flowingriver.LikeanumberofBritishplacenamesjtshistoryislostintime.在世界上的许多国家，人们可以自信地告诉你他们城镇或城市的含义，但大多数生活在曼彻斯特、牛津或伯明翰的人无法解释他们城市名称的含义。然而，英国每个城镇的名字都有着悠久的历史。两千年前，居住在不列颠的大多数人是凯尔特人，甚至〃不列颠〃这个词也是凯尔特语。然后，罗马人来到这里，建立了营地，这些营地变成了城市，被称为〃种姓〃。这就是为什么英国有那么多地名以”-Chester“或“-caster”曼彻斯特结尾。罗马人从未到过威尔士或苏格兰，那里的许多地方都是凯尔特语。例如，威尔士以〃Ian"开头的地名来自凯尔特语，意为〃教堂罗马人离开英国后，盎格鲁-撒克逊人袭击了英国，盎格鲁-撒克逊人来自欧洲，也就是现在的德国和荷兰。他们村庄的名字通常以〃-ham〃或〃-ton〃结尾，有些人的名字来自村长。例如，伯明翰的意思是"Beormund的村庄〃。盎格鲁-撒克逊人是农民，风景对他们来说非常重要，所以我们有个叫做厄普顿（山上的村庄）的村庄——一个建村庄的好地方，还有莫尔顿（湖边的村庄），在那里洪水会使生活变得艰难。以"-ford〃（可以过河的地方）结尾的地名也描述了盎格鲁・撒克逊村庄的位置。最后，在1066年，英格兰变成了诺曼人——诺曼人给了我们这个地方的名字"grange”,意思是农场。那么伦敦呢?专家有不同的意见。罗马人称这座城市为Londinium,但他们并不是最早的居民。人们曾经认为英国首都的名字来自一个叫路德的国王的城堡，但这是不太可能的。我们今天最好的猜测是，这个名字来自凯尔特语，意思是湍急的河流。就像许多英国地名一样，它的历史已经被时间遗忘了。Peopleuselaughtertoconnectandbondwithothers,It'showwetellfriendsthatwefindtheirjokesfunny,orhowkidsinaparkshowthattheyarehavingfun.Laughterissoimportanttohumans,eveniftheybelongtodifferentculturesorspeakdifferentlanguages.Whataboutanimals?Scientistsarestudyingifthereisaconnectionbetweenanimalslaughingandplaying.SashaWinkler；fromtheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles(UCLA)zstudiesbiologicalanthropology(人类学)，includingthestudyofanimalbehavior.Shenoticedthatthesmallmonkeyssheworkedwith,likedtoplaytogetherbychasingeachother.Whilehavingfuntogether,theymadepantingsounds,almostliketheywereoutofbreath,whichremindedWinkleroftheirquietlaughter.ThismadeWinklerwonderwhetherotheranimalsdidsowhiletheywereplaying.Tofindoutwhetherotheranimalslaughandplay,WinklerteamedupwithanotherscientistnamedGregBryant,aprofessorandvicechairintheDepartmentofCommunicationatUCLA.Together,theyfondandreaddozensofreportswrittenbyotherscientistswhostudyanimals.WinklerandBryantlookedforanymentionsinanyanimalofsoundsignalinglikethepantingofthemonkeysduringtheirplaying.InApril2021,WinklerandBryantpublishedtheirfindingsinasciencejournal.Throughtheirresearch,theyidentified65speciesorgroupsofanimals,whichlaughwhileplaying.Theanimalslaughthemostincludeprimates（灵长类）likemonkeysandapeszrodents（锯齿动物）likerats,andmammalsthatliveintheoceanlikedolphins.Theirworkwon'tonlyhelpusunderstandanimalsbetterbutitcouldalsohelpusunderstandhowhumansdeveloporchangeovertime.Next,theywillcarryonmorestudytofindmore.人们常把笑声作为彼此间沟通、交流的纽带，我们可以通过笑声告诉朋友他们刚刚讲的笑话很有趣，公园中大笑的小朋友也能让人感受到他们玩得正开心。笑声对人类来说是如此的重要，尽管他们有着不同的文化传承，或者说着不同的语言。那动物间会不会通过笑声来交流呢？一些科学家正在探索动物的笑声和行为之间是否也存在着某种联系。萨沙•温克勒，来自加州大学洛杉矶分校，正在研究生物人类学，包括研究一些动物的行为。她注意到她正在研究的一群小猴子，喜欢聚在一起追逐玩闹。当它们觉得有趣时，会发出一种气喘吁吁的声音，感觉就要窒息似的，这让温克勒联想起它们安静的笑声。这件事使温克勒很想知道其它的动物在玩耍时是不是也会这么做。为了寻找其它动物笑声和行为间的关系，温克勒和另外一位叫格雷格•布莱恩的科学家组建起了研究团队布莱恩是加州大学洛杉矶分校的教授和信息部副主席。他们一起寻找并阅读了大量其他动物学家们发表的报告，没有放过任何一条跟动物发出的声音信号有关的批注，只要这个声音听起来像猴布门玩耍时发出的气喘吁吁的声音。2021年4月，温克勒和布莱恩在一份科学杂志上发表了他们的研究成果。在他们的研究报告中，他们确定了65种动物或动物群，会在玩耍时发出笑声。笑得最多的动物包括灵长类动物，如猴子和猿，啮齿动物，如老鼠，以及生活在海洋中的哺乳动物，如海豚。他们的工作不仅可以帮助我们更好地了解动物，还可以帮助我们了解人类是如何随着时间发展或变化的。接下来，他们将进行更多的研究以发现更多。HaveyoueverwonderedwhatthelongestwordintheEnglishlanguageis?Believeitornot,there*snosimpleanswertothequestion.Youmightthinkitwouldbeaseasyasopeningadictionaryandlookingforthelongestword.However,it'sfarmorecomplicated（复杂）thanthat.Overtime,manypeoplehavesuggestedmanydifferentwordsforthetitleofthelongestwordinEnglish.Howcanthatbe?That1sbecausethefirstthingthatpeoplehavedifferentopinionsoniswhatshouldbeconsideredaword.Someofthewordsweresimplymadeuptobethelongest!Forexample,thereisonereallyfamouslongwordthatmostkidsknow.ItcomesfromDisney7smovieMaryPoppins:supercalifragilisticexpialidocious,whichmeanswonderful.Butsincethat34-letterwordwasmadeupsimplytobesungasasonginamovie,shouldit?Howaboutlongwordsthatactuallydescribesomethingintheworld?Scientistshavecomeupwithseveralpossiblechoices.Thenameofavirus(病毒)totals1,185letters.There'salsoaprotein(蛋白质)whosenametotals1,909letters.Shouldthesewinthetitle?°Notsofast!”saysomepeople.Arethesewordseveractuallyused?Cantheyevenbepronounced?Andaretheymeaningfuljustbecausetheyaremadeuptobelong?IfyouarewonderingaboutsomelongwordsincommonEnglish,herearesomeexamples.Thosewordsincludeuncharacteristically(20letters),deinstitutionalization(22letters)andcounterrevolutionaries(also22letters).Orperhapstheword“smiles“isthelongestwordinEnglish.Sure,ithasonlys