北京交通大学英汉翻译基础第二单元遣词法U2-Diction

Diction

遣词用字一、教学重点：

1.语境在翻译中的重要性

2.英汉词字层次对等关系

3.词义的选择和引申二、教学内容：1.英汉词字层次对等关系2.英语词义辨析法3.词义的选择4.词义的引申IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals猫哭老鼠---假慈悲

牛头不对马嘴骑虎难下

兔子不吃窝边草

shedcrocodiletears

totallyirrelevant

haveawolfbytheears;inadilemma

Thefoxpreysfarthestfromhome.

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals车水马龙杯弓蛇影马到成功

[endless]streamofhorsesandcarriages--heavytraffic(onthestreet);aflowoftraffic;becrowdedwithpeopleandvehicles

anillusorysnakeinagoblet

towinsuccessimmediatelyuponarrival;togainanimmediatevictory;towininstantsuccess...wishyoueverysuccess...

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

替罪羊猴精猴精的闻鸡起舞挂羊头卖狗肉猪狗不如

鸡毛蒜皮的小事儿披着羊皮的狼猴年马月偷鸡摸狗人怕出名猪怕壮

落汤鸡痛打落水狗

替罪羊scapegoat披着羊皮的狼猴精猴精的

awolfinsheep'sskin;awolfinthedisguiseof…猴年马月canny,shrewddonkey’syears鸡毛蒜皮petty(ortrifling)things;trifles

落汤鸡(looklike)adrownedrat挂羊头卖狗肉

tooffertogiveorsellsth.thatisinferiortowhatyouclaimittobe偷鸡摸狗onthesly猪狗不如actlikeabruteIdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

IdiomsRelatedtotheAnimals

痛打落水狗

tobeatadrowningdog;toattacksomeonealreadydowninhisluck

人怕出名猪怕壮

fameinvitestroubleformenjustasfatteningdoesforpigs闻鸡起舞

risingupuponhearingthecrowofaroostertopractiseswordplaying;berousedintoactionQuestion:

Afterdiscussingtheabovephrasesandidiomsinbothlanguages,whatdifferenceshaveyoufoundbetweenthetwoculturesmentioned?Whatproperwordsshouldbeusedinthetargetlanguage?Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences1)thirdpersonpronouns;indefinitepronouns:some,any,each,both;definitepronouns:much,many,few,littleHe(father)sentJohntotheuniversityandwaseagertohavehimdistinguishhimself.

他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔莽。2、JudgingfromtheReferences2)demonstrativepronouns:this,that,these,those;demonstrativeadverbs:here,there,now,then,etc.Healthisabovewealth,forthiscannotgivesomuchhappinessasthat.

健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人那么多幸福。Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWordⅡ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord2、JudgingfromtheReferences3)referencesofcomparisonIhateblueshirts;whiteshirtssuitmebutgrayisthemostpreferable.

我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫.Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord3、JudgingfromtheContextandCollocationHisplanedevelopedenginetroubleonlysevenmilesaftertakeoff.(发生故障)Modemaircraftaresoheavythatthewingsmustdevelopaverylargeliftforceinordertosustaintheaircraft.(产生升力)Inspiredbytheseideas,in1752Franklindevelopedapracticallightningrod.(研制避雷针)Ahypothesisisaspecificstatementdevelopedbyascientistfromobservations.(得出论断)Mostofthemoneycamefromsellingthesecretofanewtypeofpotatohehaddeveloped.(培育新品种)Severalattemptshavebeenmadethroughtheyearstodevelopthedeposit.(开采矿床)

Ⅱ.MethodsofDiscriminatingtheOriginalMeaningofanEnglishWord4、JudgingfromDifferentBranchesofLearningandSpecialties

“base”:“词根”inlexicology;“本金”inbusiness;“底涂”inpainting;“基线”insurvey;“根据地”inmilitaryscienceThelatheshouldbesetonafirmbase.

车床应安装在坚实的底座上。(机械)ABisthebaseofthetriangleABC.AB线是三角形ABC的底边。(数学)Heisonthesecondbase.他在二垒。（体育）softmusicsoftwoodsofthatsoftanswersoftheartsoftfiresoftwordssoftdrinksoftlightsoftgoodssoftcushionsoftbreeze轻柔的音乐软木呢帽委婉的回答易感动的心文火和蔼的话不含酒精的饮料柔和的灯光毛织品靠垫和风Ⅲ.Diction词义的选择lightmusiclightlosslightsteplightheartlightcarlightoutfitlightworklightmannerlightvoice轻音乐轻微的损失轻快的脚步轻松的心情轻便的轿车轻巧的装备轻松的工作轻浮的举止轻柔的声音Ⅲ.Diction词义的选择将词义作抽象化的引伸1、将表示具体形象的词译成该形象所代表的属性的词Thereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacteroftheimperialists.

帝国主义者的性格既残暴，又狡猾。这里把tiger（老虎）和ape（猿）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“残暴”和“狡猾”。Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns.

每个人的生活都有苦和甜。这里把roses（玫瑰）和thorns（刺）这两个具体形象引伸为这两个形象所代表的属性：“甜”和“苦”。Ⅳ.词义的引申2、将带有特征性形象的词译为该形象所代表的概念的词InfacttheBavarianenvironmentwassochargedwithNazisentimentthroughoutthe1920sthatHitler'sstormtroopsgoose-steppedintopowerinFurtin1930.

事实上，在整个二十年代，纳粹党在巴伐利亚一带已博得公众的好感，以至于在一九三O年，希特勒的冲锋队员就耀武扬威地夺取了菲尔特镇的权力。

Togoosestep是从名词Goosestep（鹅步；正步）转化来的动词，本作“鹅步走”或“正步走”解，这里goose-steppedinto根据例句上下文引伸为“耀武扬威地夺取”。See-sawingbetweenpartlygoodandfaintlyominous,thenewsforthenextfourweekswasneverdistinct.

在那以后的四个星期内，消息时而部分有所好转，时而又有点不妙，两种情况不断地交替出现，一直没有明朗化。

see-sawing是从see-saw（跷跷板）转化而来的动词，本作“玩跷跷板”解，这里根据上下文引伸为“两种情况不断地交替出现”。将词义作具体化的引伸1、英语中也有用代表抽象概念或属性的词来表示一种具体事物，译成汉语时一般可作具体化引伸。

AsthePolitburogavethego-aheadtoBrezhnev,NixonandKissingerweremeetinginthePresident'sKremlinapartment,preparedtoacceptasetbackonSALT.

在政治局向勃列日涅夫开放绿灯时，尼克松和基辛格正在克里姆林宫的总统下榻处开会，准备承受限制战略武器会谈失败的挫折。VietnamwashisentreetothenewAdministration,histhirdincarnationasforeignpolicyconsultant.

越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。他担任政府的对外政策顾问，那是第三次了。Ⅳ.词义的引申

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

？Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

？

Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

？

SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

？TimetoPractice

Itwasagirlwithgoodmanners.

这是一位举止得体的姑娘。Thesewerealllabeledasgoodeggs.

这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。Dogsareoftenregardedasman’sgoodfriends.

狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。SheisagoodChristian,agoodparent,agoodwife,agooddaughterandagoodteacher.

她是一个虔诚的基督徒，一个慈爱的母亲，一个贤惠的妻子，一个孝顺的女儿，一个合格的教师。TimetoPractice老战士

老领导老师傅老黄牛(比喻勤勤恳恳做事而不计名利的人)老芹菜老皇历老生常谈老捣乱aveteranaseniorleader

amastercraftsmanawillingox(diligentandconscientiousperson)overgrowncelerylastyear’calendar

commonplacealwaysmaketrouble申请书报告书协议书

成绩通知书

(使用)说明书成交确认书

电视机使用说明书白皮书家书

letterofapplicationreportagreementgradereport

directionssalesconfirmation

televisionoperationguidewhitebook

aletter

fromhome

密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentone密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一passwordsaliva[sə'laɪvə]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree密码口水救火洗牌大片早恋青春痘方便面隐形眼镜流动资金买一赠一*secretcode*mouthwater*tosaveafire*towashtheplayingcards*bigmovie*earlylove*youthspot*convenientnoodles*invisibleglasses*circulatingfunds*buyone,presentonepasswordsaliva[sə'laɪvə]tofightafiretoshuffletheplayingcardsblockbusterpuppyloveacneinstantnoodlescontactlensesworkingcapitalbuyoneandgetonefree酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承认自己说错话)*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失败/破产)*yellowbook酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍yoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook酸奶绿豆食言戴绿帽黄色书籍*sourmilk(酸牛奶)*greenbean（四季豆）*toeatone’swords(承认自己说错话)*have/wearagreenbonnet(生意失败/破产)*yellowbookyoghurtmungbeanbreakone’spromise/wordbeacuckolddirty/adultbook炉子着得很旺。Thefireisburningbrisklyinthestove.她着凉了。Shehascaught

acold.上不着天，下不着地。Besuspendedinmidair.你猜着了。You’veguessedright.老李躺下就着了。LaoLi

fellasleepassoonashelaydown.他走错了一着。Hehasmadeafalsemove.(or:takenawrongstep)这些孩子穿着整齐。Thesechildrenareallneatlydressed.

学习知识

学习技术

学习外语

学习成绩

学习别人的长处互相学习以雷锋为学习榜样

acquireknowledge

masteraskill

studyaforeignlanguage

academicrecords

emulateother’sstrongpoints

learnfromeachother

followtheexampleofLeiFeng他的英语水平比我高。

把军政素质搞到一个新水平各级领导干部必须提高领导水平。HeknowsmoreEnglishthanIdo.

raisethemilitaryandpoliticalqualitytoanewheightLeadersofvariousranksmustimprovetheirartofleadership.UsecorrectEnglishcollocationinC-Etranslation

Nowlet’spractice.Youcandiscusswithyourpartnershowtocollocate.

你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。旅游真能开阔眼界。抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。每年在这家医院做的心脏手术不下200例。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofverbsandnouns.

1）你们应当趁着年轻多学知识。

learnknowledge?Youshouldtryyourbestto

acquireknowledge

whenyouarestillyoung.2）旅游真能开阔眼界。openone’seyes?Travelingreallybroadensone’smind.Travelingreallyhelpstoextendone’shorizon.3）抢劫事件令全体职员加强了安全防范意识。strengthenone’sawareness?Therobberyhasservedtosharpenthesecurityawarenessofthestaff.4）你年纪不小了，该考虑要个孩子了。

wantchildren?askforachild?Youarenotyounganymore.Youshouldthinkabout

startingafamily.5）我在英国留学期间非常想念家人。thinkofmyfamily?orthinkabout…?Ireally

missed

myfamilywhenIwasstudyingintheU.K.6）每年在这家医院做的心脏手术不下200例。doanoperation?

Morethan200heartoperationsareperformedinthishospital.她讲话声音很小。他的广东口音很重。高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉害。他回家的路上赶上了大雨，淋成了落汤鸡。我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。这门课是为中级学生开设的。---你穿几号的？---我穿中号。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandnouns.

1）她讲话声音很小。asmallvoice?Shehasaverysoftvoice.2）他的广东口音很重。Hehasastrong/broad/thickGuangdongaccent.(Cantoneseaccent)aheavyaccent?3）高峰时段交通总是很拥挤。Crowdedtraffic?Youalwaysgetheavytrafficduringrushhours.4）他妻子离家出走这段时间他烟抽得很厉害。Serioussmokerorsmokebadly?Hewasaheavysmokerwhilehiswifelefthim.5）他回家的路上赶上了大雨，淋成了落汤鸡。Bigrain?Achickeninsoup?

Hewascaughtintheheavyrainonhiswayhomeandgotsoakedallthrough.6）我早晨喜欢喝浓咖啡，下午喜欢喝淡茶。Strong,heavy,light,weak.Whichone?Ipreferstrongcoffeeinthemorningbutweakteaintheafternoon.7）这门课是为中级学生开设的。Middle-levelstudents?Thiscourseisintendedfortheintermediate

learners.8）---你穿几号的？---我穿中号。middlenumber?---Whatsizedoyoutake?---Itakemediumsize.

mediumheight中等身高1.对令堂的病我深表遗憾。2.已经快半夜了，他不大可能来了。3.要在月底前完成论文，这一点非常重要。4.每年的这个时候我们都特别忙。5.你们在翻译当中要充分认识词汇搭配的不同。6.演出真是棒极了。

7.得知中大奖时我们简直惊呆了。1.PutthefollowingintoEnglishandpayattentiontothecollocationofadjectivesandadverbs.

1）对令堂的病我深表遗憾。

I’mterriblysorrytohearaboutyourmother’sillness.

2）已经快半夜了，他不大可能来了。

It’salmostmidnight.Heishighlyunlikelytocome