出版历史与文化

外语系谢婧2014.10BeijingInstituteofGraphicCommunicationPublishingHistoryandCultureTheInventionofPrintingTheInventionofPrintingPrintinginChinaPrintinginthewestPrintinginChinaPreparatoryPeriodOriginandEvolutionofChineseCharactersEngravingTechniqueTheEmergenceofWritingBrush,paperandink.TransferringandCopyingTechnique转印技术WritingonSilkandBambooSlipsPrintinginChinaTheInventionofPrintingWoodblockPrintingClayMovableTypeWoodMovableTypeOriginandEvolutionofChineseCharactersOriginofChinesecharacters

TheearthenwaresignsarethefirstChinesecharacters,whichoriginatedfromdrawings.Asonekindofthemostancientcharacters,ChinesecharactershaveplayedasignificantroleinthedevelopmentofChineseculture.Originally,ancientSumerianandancientEgyptiansymbolsexisted,butonlyChinesecharactersremaintoday.PictographsonEarthenwareBasedonpictographs,Chinesecharacterscombineshapeswithsoundsandconnotationstoformunique,block-shapedcharactersthatcarrymeaning.ArchaeologicalresearchersdiscoveredmanysuchsignscarvedonearthenwareexcavatedfromBanpoVillageinXi'anCityandJiangzhai姜寨VillageinLintong.Theetchings蚀刻werecarvedduringtheYangshaoCulturePeriodsome6,000yearsago.Morethan4,000yearsago,peoplelivinginTai'anareaofShangdongProvincealsocarvedsignsonearthenware.9Thecharacter“旦”(dàn),meaningdawn,forinstance;thesun(日)risesupwards,crossingthemountainsandpassingthroughcloudlayerstotellpeopleanewdayhasbegun.ItissafetosaythattheearthenwaresignsarethefirstChinesecharacters,whichoriginatedfromdrawings.ThemostsophisticatedandearliestChinesecharactersaretheinscriptionsontortoisesshellsandanimalbonescalledJiaguwen(甲骨文oracleboneinscriptions)oftheShangDynasty(17th-11thcenturyBC)thatresembledrawings.Chinahasunearthed150,000piecesofananimalboneandtortoiseshell,includingmorethan4,600distinctiveChinesecharacters,amongwhichmorethan1,700havebeenidentified.Theinscriptionsonbonesandshellsconsistofphrasesandsimplesentences,providingmuchinsightintotheShangDynasty.ModernChinesecharacterstop60,000amongwhichabout3,000arecommonlyused.Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.EvolutionofChineseCharactersChinesecharactershaveevolvedfromJiaguwen甲骨文(inscriptionontortoiseshellsandanimalbones)totoday'scharactersoveralongprocess.甲骨文JiaguwenoftheShangDynasty(c.1765-1112BC)isagroupofChinesecharactersthatresembledrawings.IntheShangDynastyandWesternZhouDynasty(1121-771BC),therewerealsoinscriptionsonbronzewarecalled钟鼎文Zhongdingwen，whichalsoresembleddrawings.AfterthefirstemperoroftheQinDynasty(221-207BC)unifiedChina,healsounifiedChinesecharactersandintroduced小篆Xiaozhuan(lessersealscript)averybeautifulstyleofcharacters.Sincethe小篆Xiaozhuanscriptwasverytime-consuming,peopleoftheQinfurthersimplifiedthecharactersandcreatedanewstyle,隶书Lishu(officialscript).IntheHanDynasty(206BC-AD8),Lishu--includinganothertypeofcalligraphy,草书Caoshu(grassscript),followedby行书Xingshu(runningscript)--becamethemaingeneraltypeface.TheofficialscriptbrokeawayfromthepictographicelementofancientChinesecharacterslayingthefoundationsfor楷书Kaishu(regularscript).楷书KaishucameintobeinginthelateHanDynastyandwasbasedonLishu.AfterKaishuappeared,theblock-shapedChinesecharacterswerefinalized,Kaishuhasbeenusedeversince.Kaishuisstandardcalligraphythathasbeenusedforthelongestperiodoftime,stilltoday.ForthestudentsinChineseschools,wearerequiredtowritetheChinesecharactersinKaishuastheregularscript.HerearethecomparisonfordifferentChinesescriptforsomecommonChinesecharactersEngravingtechniquethefoundationofPrintingEngravingTechniquePictographicsignsonearthenware象形字Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones甲骨文(ShangDynasty)Inscriptiononbronzeware青铜铭文(StartedfromShang,reacheditsclimaxinXizhou)Stonecarving(tablets)石刻(StartedfromYinshang,reacheditsclimaxinQinandHan)Pictographicsignson

earthenware.EngravingtechnologyisanindispensablefactorineitherWoodblockprintingormovabletype.Theearliestengravedcharactersarethepictographicsignsonearthenware.OracleBoneInscriptionsInscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.Theseinscriptionswerefirstlypaintedwithpaintingbrushandthenengravedaccordingtothestrokes.Ifthepictographiccharactersonearthenwarewerebychance.TheengravingofJiaguwenhasbecomemature.Inscriptionontortoiseshellandanimalbones.InscriptiononBronzewareSanshipan散氏盘Qiangpan墙盘Dayuding大盂鼎StoneCarving(Tablets)Inscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocks石鼓文(WarringStatesPeriods)StoneClassicsoftheXinpingReign熹平石经(HanDynasty)Inscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocks石鼓文Rubbing拓印fromtheInscriptionsondrum-shapedstoneblocksStoneClassicsoftheXinpingReign熹平石经TheEmergenceofWritingBrush,PaperandInkPaintingBrushfromtheWarringStatesunearthedfromShangsha

长沙左家公山出土的战国笔PaintingBrushfromXihanTheInventionofPaperPaperwasinventedbyCaiLun,aneunuch[‘ju:nək]宦官inEastHanDynasty(105AD).34materialsformakingpaper:hemp

rope

ragsfishingnet

TheTransferringandCopyingTechnique转印技术TheembryonicformofprintinghempcuttingwashingsoakinginlimewaterboilingandsteamingstirringandsmashingbeatingdippingpaperdryingunderthesunpeelingoffthepaperfromtheframeTheRecordsofThreeKingdoms(Manuscript,Codex)JinguanPaperButbeforeCaitherewasJinguanPaperfromWestHanDynasty.TheTransferringandCopyingTechnique转印技术Theembryonic初期的formofprintingItcandatebacktotheNewStoneAgewhenpatprinting拍印andpressprinting压印methodwereusedtopaintpictographsonearthenware.SealwasinventedinthelastyearsinShang.Itwasverysimilartowoodblockprinting,withreversecharacterscutinintaglio反向阴文andwhenitistransferredtopaperithascharacterscutinrelieve.正向阳文Printingonsilk.Rubbing.(StartedintheNorthernandSouthernDynasties,reacheditsclimaxinSuiDynasty)WritingonSilkandBambooSlipsTherewaslongbeforeaChinesesaying:镂于金石，书于竹帛BambooSlipsandinscribedwoodentablets.竹简和木牍(PopularintheSpringandAutumnandWarringStates.CametoanendintheNorthernandSouthernDynasties.)“册”Meanwhile,therewastheSilkBook.帛书TheInventionofWoodblockPrintingWoodblockPrintingTechnicalandmaterialfactors:Withtheculturaldevelopmentforover4000years,andtheregulationofcharacters,engravingtechnique,printingmaterials(paper,ink,writingbrush),everythingisreadyfortheinventionofprinting.Socialfactors:300yearsofturmoilaftertheEastHanDynasty,inSuiDynastyChinawasreunited.AdvocatingBuddhismandrespectingConfucianism.theimperialexaminationsystem科举制moreandmorebooksareneededBecauseofBuddhism,themonasteriesneededBuddhismSutures.WoodblockprintingwasinventedintheSuiDynasty.Earlywoodblockprints:BuddhistSuture,imageofBuddhaWoodblockprintingstartedintheSuiDynastyandendedinNorthernSongDynasty.DharaniSutra陀罗尼经AthousandBuddhaImagesInventionofClayMovableTypeWoodblockprintingwastimeconsuming,itwouldtakemorethantenyearstofinishalongbook.Thetechniqueisreadyfortheinventionofmovabletypewhenengravingthewoodblocks,ifacharacterisnotwellengraved,thenthetheengravingcraftsmenwouldengraveasinglecharactertoreplaceit.AndbecauseoftheuseofSeal.Bishenginventedclaymovabletype(1041-1048)TypeSettingPrintsInventionofWoodMovableType

(YuanDynasty1297)WangzheninventedwoodmovabletypePrintsMetalMovableTypeInlateSouthernSongtin锡movabletype（1276-？）MingDynasty(1368-1644)Bronzemovabletype.AlloyPrintsLaterDevelopmentOffsetprintingIntaglioprinting(gravureprinting)LetterpressprintingScreenprintingComputertoplateElectronicpublishingTheOutspreadofPrintingPrintingwasspreadfromXinjiangtoPersia(nowIran).AndfromIrantoEurope.PrintinginEuropeTheoutspreadofwoodblockprintingInthe13thcentury,withtheprosperityofMongolia,itwasexpandingitsterritory,soprintingwasspreadtowestAsia.Inthe14thcentury,itreachednorthAfrica.Inthe15thcentury,itreachedGermany,ItalyandHolland.PrintinginGermany636465MainzandGutenbergAboutMainzThecapitalofRheinland-Pfalz,oneofthe16statesinGermany.InantiquityMainzwasaRomanfortcitywhichcommandedthewestbankoftheRhineandformedpartofthenorthernmostfrontieroftheRomanEmpire.ThecityislocatedontheriverRhineatitsconfluence汇合处withtheMainoppositeWiesbaden,inthewesternpartoftheFrankfurtRhine-Main;inthemodernage,Frankfurtsharesmuchofitsregionalimportance.AboutGutenbergGutenbergwasbornintheGermancityofMainz(1394-1468).Hewasablacksmith,goldsmith,printerandpublisher.BestknownfortheGutenbergpress,aninnovativeprintingmachinethatusedmovabletype.PrintingpressinventedbyGutenberg(1440-1450)GutenbergPressTheinventionofmovabletypemechanicalprintingtechnologyinEuropeiscreditedtotheGermanprinterJohannesGutenbergin1450.ButtheexactdateofGutenberg'spressisdebatedbasedonexistingscrewpresses.forwineandoliveoilWinepressandprintingpressAboutGutenbergandhisprintingbusinessIn1438,GutenbergbeganabusinessarrangementwithAndreasDritzehn,whofundedhisexperimentsinprinting.In1450,GutenbergbeganasecondarrangementwithGermanbusinessmanJohannesFustwholenthimmoneytostartaprintingbusinessandbuildalargeGutenbergPress.TheirprintingprojectincludedthenowfamousGutenbergBible.Theprintingpressreplacedearliermethodsofprintingandledtothefirstassemblyline-stylemassproductionofbooks.AsingleRenaissanceprintingpresscouldproduce3,600pagesperworkday,comparedtoabout2,000bytypographicblock-printingandafewbyhand-copying.BooksofbestsellingauthorssuchasLutherandErasmusweresoldbythehundredsofthousandsintheirlifetime.[8]theearliestprintedbookswereDiamondSutureandGutenbergBible.Gutenberg’sinventionsPrintingpress(GutenbergPress)movabletypemadeofalloyoflead,tin,andantimo