长程跨界空气污染公约

长程跨界空气污染公约ConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution一、背景介绍和机构运行特色NationsEconomicConventiononLong-rangeTransboundaryAirPollution1983316约，只制定根本的原则和制度，至于对特定空气污染物的掌握由51个缔约国签订的议定书来解决。迄今为止共签订了八项议定架内对一些具体问题做出规定。〔〕签订的目的在于各缔约国尽力地去限制，尽可能、渐渐地削减和防止长距离跨界空气污染的排放，尤其在掌握二氧化硫的排放和酸雨等方面。机构设置：该公约的执行机构〔ExecutiveBody〕由各缔个附属机构：效应问题工作组〔WorkingGrouponEffects〕,欧洲空气污染物长程廉价检测和评价合作方案指导机构〔SteeringBodytoEMEP〕,策略和检讨问题工作组〔WorkingGrouponStrategiesandReview〕以及会议的执行委员会，每年都要向执行机构做汇报。向世界的其他地区共享其理念和信息。对于《公约》的执行机构来说，它们的职责包括承受具有缔约国具体义务的议定书以打算相关工作〔包括未能履行议定书特定义相关活动的财务事项。的关于大气污染的国际协议协调进展。二、公约内容〔翻译〕公约远距离越境空气污染〔1979〕1983316到本公约的缔约方，决心促进的关系，在环境保护领域的合作，意识到欧洲的联合国经济委员会的活动加强，特别是在空气污染，包括长程运输领域的空气污染物这种关系和合作，意义，法的有关规定执行多边，关于对安全和合作会议最终文件的环境中引用欧洲合作的一章中要求生疏到掌握空气污染，包括长程运输的空气污染物的影染物，21，它表达了各国有共同的信念，依据对联合国宪章和国际法原则，在其管辖或掌握下的活动不致损害其他国家或国家管辖范围以外地区的环境的限制，染，包括越境空气污染，这种不利影响，解决觉察的问题，申明他们情愿乐观加强国际合作，制订适当的国家政策和对信距离越境空气污染的国家行动，定义1对于本公约的目的：一“空气污染”是指由人介绍，直接或间接地把物质或能量，境，和“空气污染物”应作相应解释;二“远距离越境空气污染”是指空气污染，其物理根源所在区辖的区域在这样的距离它不是一般区分开来的个人排放源或来源团体的奉献。2止空气污染，包括长程跨界污染。第三条第四条第五条Connexion的活动。第六条25兼容均衡进展，特别是使用现有的最正确技术，经济上是可行的，低收入和无废技术。第七条和/或进展：包括技术和经济可行性和环境后果的排放量;二〕仪器仪表和监测和测量排放率和空气污染物环境浓度等技术;为一对远距离越境空气污染物的传输模式更好的生疏的提高;水产和其他自然生态系统和主要空气污染物的知名度与一认为，建立一个效果的剂量/效应关系，旨在保护供给科学依据环境;e〕在为实现环境目标，包括远距离越境空气污染减量替代措施的经济，社会和环境评估;f〕与污染的硫化合物及其他主要空气污染物的环境方面的教育和培训打算。第八条当在它们的共同利益，交换供给的资料：〕按时间段的数据待商定，商定的空气污染物，与二氧与二氧化硫开头跨越国界，在距离和时间段在待商定;这将可能导致远距离越境空气污染的显着变化;d〕在排放掌握或硫化合物及其他在全国范围内主要空气污染物的估量本钱;五〕气象和物理化学有关的数据在传输过程中的程序;六物理化学和生物有关的数据的远距离越境空气污染影响和损害的一这些数据说明可以归因于远距离越境空气污染的程度;g〕国家，次区域和区域政策和战略中的硫化合物和其他主要石油污染物的掌握。的评价9输评估量划”的实施需要〔以下简称EMEP〕及关于进一步进展本方案，同意强调：a〕在缔约方参加并充分实施EMEP化硫及相关物质的监测为根底的必要性;b〕需要使用完可能可比监测或标准化的程序;三辖;d〕将建立一个合作的环境监测方案的框架根底上并考虑到当前和将来的国家，次区域区域和其他国际方案实行的可取性;开头与二氧化硫，从电网商定的大小为单位的降临;或商定的空气污染物的通量，开头与二氧化硫，跨越国界的距离和时间段，待商定。方法，包括模型，用于确定通量以及方法，包括模型，上，应供给并定期检讨，以改进的方法和模式;开头，国家数据更;g〕需要供给气象和物理化学数据在传输过程中有关程序;h〕需要监测诸如水，土壤和植被，以及类似的监控程序来记录对安康和环境的影响等媒体化学成分;可取的。10ESE题，构成了本公约的执行机构，并应在该力量至少每年一次。2。执行机构应：一〕审查本公约的执行状况;b〕建立，并酌情工作组，以审议与实施本公约和进展，并为此事项;c〕履行的其他职能可依据本公约的规定适当的。组成局部，特别是关于数据收集和科学合作。4。执行机构在履行其职责，应在其认为适当，也使信息的使用秘书处11一〕召集并预备执行机构的会议;b〕将转交缔约方报告和其他资料符合本公约的规定接收;三〕履行的执行机构安排的工作。121。任何缔约方均可提出修订本公约。2。拟议的修订案文应以书面形式提交给经济委员会执行秘书负903。作为本公约的修正案应通过对缔约双方代表达成共识，并应输入缔约上已承受之日后第九十天之日起生效的缔约方三分之效的任何其他缔约国党的第九十天后的日期该缔约方交存其修正案的承受书。13假设争议双方或一方为更多的解释或适用公约缔约方在本公约端各方的解决方案。签在高级别会议在欧洲经济委员会的框架内对环境的保护水3281947协定的适用方面的权限。2。对属于其权限的事项，如区域经济一体化组织应以自己的名义，行使权利和履行职责，本公约的属性，其成员国。在这种状况entitled.to。批准，承受，核准和参加151。本公约须经批准，承受或核准。2197911171413。批准书，承受书，核准书或参加书应交存秘书长的联合国，谁执行保存的功能。生效161。本公约应自九十一日之后的批准书，承受书，核准书或参加其次十四届书之日起生效。2。对每一缔约方批准，承受或核准本公约或参加本议定书后，国。戒断17第九十天后，其保存人收到通知之日起的作用。18合国秘书长的联合国。在昭信守，经正式授权，签署本公约。公约原文见附件一三、最进展状况CapacityBuildingforAirQualityManagementandtheApplicationofCleanCoalCombustionTechnologiesin洁煤燃烧技术应用工程。中亚地区经济的进展和变迁很大程度上依靠于本钱低廉的单一能源——煤,但是缺乏适当的污染掌握和能源制造技术导致了空气污染.城市地区的高污染已经对人口安康和环境造成了重大影响.ProjectDescriptionWho：联合国欧洲经济委员会(UNECE)作为主要机构,与联合国亚共同发起一个名为”中亚地区空气质量治理和清洁煤燃烧技术实施”的工程.这个工程由联合国进展帐户〔UnitedNationsDevelopmentAccount〕供给资金支持.Objective：这个工程着重为中亚地区供给技术支持,提高中亚地区的空气质量治理意识When:工程持续时间三年,0407年中期Where:工程掩盖中亚地区:哈萨克斯坦/吉尔吉斯斯坦/土库曼斯坦/乌兹别克斯坦成果：08421日,机构向联合国提交报告,汇报工程成果:哈萨克斯坦开展了一个国家级的工程,旨在实现本国将来的空气质量治理政策,同时预备签订在长距离跨界污染公约下的4个议定书地区的网络建设和培训的开展:的专家有时机就现代空气质量治理技术建立信息网络系统并组织培训.在区域内建立起重金属和长久性有机污染物现代评估系统.通过这些工程的实施,提高了网络技术和能源和运输部门决策者的现代化空气质量治理技能水平.亚地区扩展,一个的空气质量监测站在哈萨克斯坦的波洛沃建立起来.能源价格和政策改革:来自地区的专家有时机国际研讨会争论煤,热能和电力的价格改革,改革的主要目的是建立起一个稳定而有竞争力的市场,旨在增加能源效劳的效率和质量.关于投资工程:确立了遴选适宜的高效利用能源工程的标准,从四个中亚国家中选取了8个相关的工程,成功进展了3期商业进展规划的训练.四、典型案例3一、根本案情案件当事国为AlphaBetaDelta3ABD3故以煤炭为原料实行火力发电。由于原煤含氮、硫、汞及其他元素，在燃烧过程中能产生和排放硫、氮等污染物。BAA口。两国间签有长期的双边供电协定:AB电力；如遇履约争端，任何一方都可向国际法院提起诉讼。DA溪流，是其本国居民和世界各国旅游者消遣之地。ABD了跨界污染。特别是A国燃煤电厂排放的汞，通过大气输送，污染了BD臭氧。臭氧是烟雾的主要成分之一，DD国近年实行了格外昂贵的措施使得空气变得更加安全，水质变得清洁。D国认为，A国燃煤电厂排放的污染物，通过长距离传输DD国通过外交途径，要求A国关闭其燃煤电厂，但遭A国拒ADB二、各方主见及争议焦点原告D国主见:虽然源于一国的空气污染会在其他国家－－飘移到另一个大陆。D国认定，A国燃煤电厂排放的污染物经过燃煤电厂；(2)A国必需向D被告A:A济技术和资源条件打算只能承受燃煤发电。假设关闭燃煤电厂，经济增长速度将受到严峻影响，国民生活水准也将大幅下降。A国否认对DBB国主见:假设AAB国达成的协议，将影响两国间长期供电协定的履行，B国将被迫支付更多费用以购置电力，AB的电价。由于ABB支持AAA厂对DA为担当国家赔偿责任？三、裁判结果A国燃煤电厂排放行为与D国所受D发要求AD国作为兴旺国家，有责任供给经济和技术支持以帮助A国，并1010完成)。四、评述和启发AB的冲突，也促进了国际环境合作。1、要重视对国际环境法的争论。目前，跨界环境污染的国际法等”软法”的争论。2、重视环境损害赔偿法律机制的完善。中国应当乐观制定和完边国家良好的环境合作关系，贯彻落实我国睦邻友好的外交政策，具有同样重要意义。4、重视私人企业的国家责任。一国管辖或掌握下的活动可能会或掌握下的活动的影响。为了预防和削减不必要的国际环境纠治理。附件一：附件一：ConventiononLong-RangeTransboundaryAirPollution(1979)ENTEREDINTOFORCE:16March1983ThePartiestothepresentConvention,〔缔约方〕Determinedtopromoterelationsandcooperationinthefieldofenvironmentalprotection,〔旨在推动环境保护领域的关系语合作〕AwareofthesignificanceoftheactivitiesoftheUnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforEuropeinstrengtheningsuchrelationsandco-operation,particularlyinthefieldofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,RecognizingthecontributionoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetothemultilateralimplementationofthepertinentprovisionsoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCooperatinginEurope,CognizantofthereferencesinthechapteronenvironmentoftheFinalActoftheConferenceonSecurityandCo-operationinEuropecallingforco-operationtocontrolairpollutionanditseffects,includinglong-rangetransportofairpollutants,andtothedevelopmentthroughinternationalco-operationofanextensiveprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationoflong-rangetransportofairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxideandwithpossibleextensiontootherpollutants,ConsideringthepertinentprovisionsoftheDeclarationoftheUnitedNationsConferenceontheHumanEnvironment,andinparticularprinciple21,whichexpressesthecommonconvictionthatStateshave,inaccordancewiththeCharteroftheUnitedNationsandthe principlesof internationallaw,thesovereignrighttoexploittheirownresourcespursuanttotheirownenvironmentalpolicies,andtheresponsibilitytoensurethatactivitieswithintheirjurisdictionorcontroldonotcausedamagetotheenvironmentofotherStatesorofareasbeyondthelimitsofnationaljurisdiction,Recognizingtheexistenceofpossibleadverseeffects,intheshortandlongterm,ofairpollutionincludingtransboundaryairpollution,Concernedthatariseinthelevelofemissionofairpollutantswithintheregionasforecastmayincreasesuchadverseeffects,Recognizingtheneedtostudytheimplicationsofthelong-rangetransportofairpollutantsandtheneedtoseeksolutionsfortheproblemsidentified,Affirmingtheirwillingnesstoreinforceactiveinternationalco-operationtodevelopappropriatenationalpoliciesandbymeansofexchangeofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,toco-ordinatenationalactionforcombatingairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution,Haveagreedasfollows:DEFINITIONSArticle1ForthepurposeofthepresentConvention:“airpollution“meanstheintroductionbyman,directlyorindirectly,ofsubstancesorenergyintotheairresultingindeleterious〔有毒的，有害的〕effectsofsuchanatureastoendangerhumanharmlivingresources〔生物资beconstruedaccordingly〔进展相应的解释〕;“long-rangetransboundaryairpollution“meansairpollutionwhosephysicalnsd处于„„境况〕yrntneathenationaljurisdictionofoneStateandwhichhasadverseeffectsintheareaunderthejurisdictionofanotherStateatsuchadistancethatitisnotgenerallyorgroupsofsources.FUNDAMENTALPRINCIPLESArticle2TheContractingParties,takingdueaccountofthefactsandproblemsinvolved,aredeterminedtoprotectmanandhisenvironmentagainstairpollutionandshallendeavourtolimitand,asfaraspossible,graduallyreduceandpreventairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundarypollution.Article3制止无故拖延履行公约义务TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkofthepresentConvention,shallbymeansofexchangesofinformation,consultation,researchandmonitoring,asameansofcombatingthedischargeofairpollutants,takingintoaccounteffortsalreadymadeatnationalandinternationallevels.Article4资源共享TheContractingPartiesshallexchangeinformationonandreviewtheirpolicies,scientificactivitiesandtechnicalmeasuresaimedatcombating,asfaraspossible,the discharge of air pollutants, which may have adverse effects, therebycontributingtothereductionofairpollutionincludinglong-rangetransboundaryairpollution.Article5关于磋商Consultationsshallbeheld,uponrequest,atanearlystagebetween,ontheonehand,ContractingPartieswhichareactuallyaffectedbyorexposedtoasignificantriskoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionand,ontheotherhand,ContractingPartieswithinwhichandsubjecttowhosejurisdictionasignificantcontribution to long-range transboundary air pollution originates, or originate,inconnexionwithactivitiescarriedonorcontemplatedtherein.AIRQUALITYMANAGEMENT空气质量治理Article6Takingintoaccountarticles2to5,theongoingresearch,exchangeofinformationandmonitoringandtheresultsthereof,thecostandeffectivenessoflocalandotherremediesand,inordertocombatairpollutioninparticularthatoriginatingfromneworrebuiltinstallations,eachContractingPartyundertakestodevelopthebestpoliciesandstrategiesincludingairqualitymanagementsystems,and,aspartofthem,controlmeasurescompatiblewithbalanceddevelopment,inparticularbyusingthebestavailabletechnologywhichiseconomicallyfeasibleandlow-andnon-wastetechnology.RESEARCHANDDEVELOPMENTArticle7TheContractingParties,asappropriatetotheirneeds,shallinitiateandco-operateintheconductofresearchintoand/ordevelopmentof:existingandproposedtechnologiesforreducingemissionsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants,includingtechnicalandeconomicfeasibility,andenvironmentalconsequences;instrumentationandothertechniquesformonitoringandmeasuringemissionratesandambientconcentrationsofairpollutants;improvedmodelsforabetterunderstandingofthetransmissionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutants;theeffectsofsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment,includingagriculture,forestry,materials,aquaticandothernaturalecosystemsandvisibility,withaviewtoestablishingascientificbasisfordose/effectrelationshipsdesignedtoprotecttheenvironment;theeconomic,socialandenvironmentalassessmentofalternativemeasuresforattainingenvironmentalobjectivesincludingthereductionoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;educationandtrainingprogrammesrelatedtotheenvironmentalaspectsofpollutionbysulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutants.EXCHANGEOFINFORMATIONArticle8TheContractingParties,withintheframeworkoftheExecutiveBodyreferredtoinarticle10andbilaterally,shall,intheircommoninterests,exchangeavailableinformationon:dataonemissionatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize-oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon;majorchangesinnationalpoliciesandingeneralindustrialdevelopment,andtheirpotentialimpact,whichwouldbelikelytocausesignificantchangesinlong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;control technologies for reducing air pollution relevant to long-rangetransboundaryairpollution;theprojectedcostoftheemissioncontrolorsulphurcompoundsandothermajorairpollutantsonanationalscale;meteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtotheprocessesduringtransmission;physico-chemicalandbiologicaldatarelatingtotheeffectsoflong-rangetransboundaryairpollutionandtheextentofthedamage1whichthesedataindicatecanbeattributedtolong-rangetransboundaryairpollution;g)national,subregionalandregionalpoliciesandstrategiesforthecontrolofsulphurcompoundsandothermajoroilpollutants.IMPLEMENTATIONANDFURTHERDEVELOPMENTOFTHECOOPERATIVEPROGRAMMEFORTHEMONITORINGANDEVALUATIONOFTHELONG-RANGETRANSMISSIONOFAIRPOLLUTANTSINEUROPEArticle9TheContractingPartiesstresstheneedfortheimplementationoftheexisting“Co-operativeprogrammeforthemonitoringandevaluationofthelong-rangetransmissionofairpollutantsinEurope“(hereinafterreferredtoasEMEP)andwithregardtothefurtherdevelopmentofthisprogramme,agreetoemphasize:thedesirabilityofContractingPartiesjoininginandfullyimplementingEMEPwhich,asafirststep,isbasedonthemonitoringofsulphurdioxideandrelatedsubstances;theneedtousecomparableorstandardizedproceduresformonitoringwheneverpossible;thedesirabilityofbasingthemonitoringprogrammeontheframeworkofbothnationalandinternationalprogrammes.Theestablishmentofmonitoringstationsandthecollectionofdatashallbecarriedoutunderthenationaljurisdictionofthecountryinwhichthemonitoringstationsarelocated;thedesirabilityofestablishingaframeworkforaco-operativeenvironmentalmonitoringprogramme,basedonandtakingintoaccountpresentandfuturenational,subregionalregionalandotherinternationalprogrammes;theneedtoexchangedataonemissionsatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon,ofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,comingfromgrid-unitsofagreedsize;oronthefluxesofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide,acrossnationalborders,atdistancesandatperiodsoftimetobeagreedupon.Themethodincludingthemodel,usedtodeterminethefluxesaswellasthemethod,includingthemodel,usedtodeterminethetransmissionofairpollutants,basedontheemissionspergrid-unit,shallbemadeavailableandperiodicallyreviewed,inordertoimprovethemethodsandthemodels;theirwillingnesstocontinuetheexchangeandperiodicupdatingofnationaldataontotalemissionsofagreedairpollutants,startingwithsulphurdioxide;theneedtoprovidemeteorologicalandphysico-chemicaldatarelatingtoprocessesduringtransmission;theneedtomonitorchemicalcomponentsinothermediasuchaswater,soilandvegetation,aswellasasimilarmonitoringprogrammetorecordeffectsonhealthandenvironment;thedesirabilityofextendingthenationalEMEPnetworkstomakethemoperationalforcontrolandsurveillancepurposes.EXECUTIVEBODYArticle10TherepresentativesoftheContractingPartiesshall,withintheframeworkoftheSeniorAdviserstoESEGovernmentsonEnvironmentalProblems,constitutetheExecutiveBodyofthepresentConvention,andshallmeetatleastannuallyinthatcapacity.TheExecutiveBodyshall:reviewtheimplementationofthepresentConvention;establish,asappropriate,workinggroupstoconsidermattersrelatedtotheimplementationanddevelopmentofthepresentConventionandtothisendtoprepareappropriatestudiesandotherdocumentationandtosubmitrecommendationstobeconsideredbytheExecutiveBody;fulfilsuchotherfunctionsasmaybeappropriateundertheprovisionsofthepresentConvention.TheExecutiveBodyshallutilizetheSteeringBodyfortheEMEPtoplayanintegralpartintheoperationofthepresentConvention,inparticularwithregardtodatacollectionandscientificcooperation.TheExecutiveBody,indischargingitsfunctions,shall,whenitdeemsappropriate,alsomakeuseofinformationfromotherrelevantinternationalorganizations.SECRETARIATArticle11TheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeshallcarryout,fortheExecutiveBody,thefollowingsecretariatfunctions--toconveneandpreparethemeetingsoftheExecutiveBody;totransmittotheContractingPartiesreportsandotherinformationreceivedinaccordancewiththeprovisionsofthepresentConvention;todischargethefunctionsassignedbytheExecutiveBody.AMENDMENTSTOTHECONVENTIONArticle12AnyContractingPartymayproposeamendmentstothepresentconvention.ThetextofproposedamendmentsshallbesubmittedinwritingtotheExecutive Secretary of the Economic Commission for Europe, who communicatethemtoallContractingParties.TheExecutiveBodyshalldiscussproposedamendmentsatitsnextannualmeetingprovidedthatsuchproposalshavebeencirculatedbytheExecutiveSecretaryoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropetotheContractingPartiesatleastninetydaysinadvance.AnamendmenttothepresentConventionshallbeadoptedbyconsensusoftherepresentativesoftheContractingParties,andshallenterintoforcefortheContractingPartieswhichhaveaccepteditontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichtwo-thirdsoftheContractingPartieshavedepositedtheirinstrumentsofacceptancewiththedepositary.Thereafter,theamendmentshallenterintoforceforanyotherContractingPartyontheninetiethdayafterthedateonwhichthatContractingPartydepositsitsinstrumentofacceptanceoftheamendment.SETTLEMENTOFDISPUTESArticle13谈判协商方式解决IfadisputearisesbetweentwoormoreContractingPartiestothepresentConventionastotheinterpretationorapplicationoftheConvention,theyshallseekasolutionbynegotiationorbyanyothermethodofdisputesettlementacceptabletothepartiestothedispute.SIGNATUREArticle14公约的主体、成员国的权限ThepresentConventionshallbeopenforsignatureattheUnitedNationsOfficeatGenevafrom13to16November1979ontheoccasionoftheHigh-levelMeetingwithintheframeworkoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeontheProtectionoftheEnvironment,bythememberStatesoftheEconomicCommissionforEuropeaswellasStateshavingconsultativestatuswiththe8ofEconomicandSocialCouncilresolution36(IV)of28March1947,andbysovereignStatesmembersoftheEconomicCommissionforEurope,whichhavecompetence in respect of the negotiation conclusion and application internationalagreementsinmatterscoveredbythepresentConvention.Inmatterswithintheircompetence〔在权限内〕,suchre