哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二

19751975SexDiscriminationActoutlawedmostformsofdiscriminationon哈工大博士英语考试冲刺试题二Passage1Wehavecomealongwaysince1896,andtheclockcannotbeturnedback.Indeed,notonlyarewomenincreasinglytakingtheirrightfulplaceontheOlympicsathleticstrack,buttherearealsogrowingsignsthatthemythoftheirinevitablesportinginferioritymaybeabouttobeshatteredforgood.Womencertainlyarecatchingupfast.Butalthoughalltheevidencepointstoarelentlessclosingofthegapbetweentheathleticsperformancesofmenandwomen,thereisstillonelastobstaclethewomenhavetoovercome:blindmaleprejudice.“Womencanout-performmeninenduranceevents,andatextremesofheatandcold,”saysDrGraigSharp,ofBirminghamUniversity’sDepartmentofPhysicalEducation.“Butinspeedevents,foranumberofphysiologicalreasons,thegendergapwillleveloutatabout10percent.”Otherexperts,however,seenoreasonwhywomenwon’tcontinuetonarrowthegapevenbeyondthatmargin.“Wecannotrelyonphysiologytoassertthatsexdifferencesarefixedandinevitable.Womenhavealwayshadfewerchancestotrainorparticipatetothesameextentinmostsports,”saysDrKennethDyerofAdelaideUniversity.InBritainsportswomenstillfacediscrimination,evenafterthegroundsofsexalone.Inasectiondevotedspecificallytothequestionofwomeninsport,theActlaysdownthatitisstillperfectlylegaltoshutoutwomenfrom“anysport,gameorotheractivityofacompetitivenaturewherethephysicalstrength,staminaorphysiqueoftheaveragewomenputsheratadisadvantagetotheaverageman.”Thelegislationinitspresentformbegsmorequestionsthanitanswers.Whatisanaveragewoman?Whodecideswhethersheisatadisadvantage?Duringthe1930s,theOlympicGamesweredominatedbywhite,Anglo-Saxonmales.Notbecausetheywerethebest,butbecausetheywerethebestofthosewho,foravarietyofsocial,economicandculturalreasonswereabletocompete.Today,manyofthesameeventsatedominatedbyblackathletes.Isitinconceivablethatwhenwomenhavefinallybeenofferedtheopportunitiesinthesamenumbersatthesamecompetitivelevel,theytoomayleavemenasequals?Itisonly10yearssinceaUSjudgepronouncedtheimmortalwords:”Athleticcompetitionbuildscharacterinourboys;wedonotneedthatkindofcharacterinourgirls.”Timeiscatchingup.Andsoarewomen.Accordingtothetext,theauthorbelievesthatWomenhavebecomeequalstomeninsportsWomenareinevitablyinferior（身份）低下的，下级的）tomeninsportsWomenareatadisadvantageinmostitemsofsportsThepositionofwomeninsportshaschangedwiththeirachievementsInthesentence“Womencanout-performmen”,theword“outperform”meanDistinguishEnvyDefeatMatchInparagraph3,Dr.GraigSharp’sstatementshowsthatWomenarephysicallyandmentallyweakerthanmen10%womencansurpassmeninendurancesportsWomenhaveeitheranadvantageoradisadvantageinphysiqueWomenarecatchingupfastintheirathleticsperformancesTheword“inconceivable”(Para.6,Sen.3)meansImaginableUnbelievablePredictableImpossibleThefunctionofparagraph4isToarguefortheActTouseanexampletosupporttheideainparagraph1Toreasonoutthecontroversiesinparagraph2ToshowanexampleofsexdiscriminationPassage2Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheat,pushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA“letters”inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbody,revolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitself,betweenthegovernment’sHumanGenomeProjectandRockville,Md.,biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomics,wasatleastpartlysymbolic,thepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab.Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliation,thetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HGPheadFrancisCollins(andAriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergy,animportantallyonthegovernmentside)andCraigVenter,thefounderofCelera,agreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasover(sortof),thatbothsideshadwon(kindof)andthatthehostilitieswereresolved(forthetimebeing).Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoonthefinishlines”eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints,“firstdrafts”ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey’rebeeninyears,insiderssaythatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordination,ratherthanoutrightcollaboration.TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain’sWellcomeTrust,anHGPparticipant,releasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP’scomplains.Ventercalledthemove“alowlifethingtodo,”butbyspring,therewerethefirstsignsofathaw.“Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors,”VentertoldNewsweekinMatch,“andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful.”Atacancermeetingearlierthismonth,VenterandCollinspraisedeachother’sapproaches,andexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecredit.Bylatelastweek,thathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday’sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities.“Ifthisendsthehorserace,sciencewins.”Withtheirdifferencebehindthem,oratleastsetaside,thescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstuff:figuringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata.TherecentGenomeWarsweresymbolicofTheenthusiasminscientificresearchThesignificanceofthespaceraceThepublicversusprivateconflictTheprospectofthecompletionofDNAsequenceThetoneoftheauthortowhattheywillsayonthejointpressconferencethisMondayisAstonishedEnthusiastic热心的，热情的；热烈的DisappointedDoubtfulItisimpliesinthethirdparagraphthatThe“finishlines”doesmeanwhatitreadsThesequencingmachineshavestoppedatthe“finishlinesTheformerwarriorsarenowcollaboratorsBothsideswillworkonindependentlyTheword“thaw”(line3,para4)mostprobablymeansAggravationintensionImprovementinrelationIntensificationinattacksStoppageofcoordinationThecriticalthingfacingthescientistsistoApplythenewly-foundknowledgetothebenefitofmankindEndtheirhorseraceforthesuccessofscienceGetdowntotheirgenomeresearchSettheirdifferencesasidePassage3Familyisolderthanthehumanspecies,workisyounger,friendshipisaboutasoldasweare.Itisfriendshipthatmarksusashuman.ThebiologistLewisThomaswroteanessaycomparinghumanbeingwithtermites.Termitesbuildnestsaselaborateandaswelldesignedasourcathedrals.Everytermitenestisanarchitecturalwonder,witharches,vaults,galleries,ventilators,storerooms,andnurseries.Butnosingletermitecarriesthearchitecturalplaninherhead.Thebuildingofthenestisacollectiveprocess.Eachtermiterollslittleballsofmudandsticksthemontootherlittleballsrolledbyherneighbors.Outofthiscollectiverollingandstickingthecathedralgrows.（状语提前）Thomasissayingthathumansocietiesgrowinthesamefashion.Insteadofrollingmudballsweplaywords.Insteadofpilingarchuponarchtomakeanestwepileconversationuponconversationtomakeaculture.Justasnosingletermiteknowshowtobuildanest,nosinglehumanknowshowtobuildaculture.Asingletermitealonecannotsurvive,andasinglehumanbeingaloneisnothuman.Humansocietiesaregluedtogetherwithconversationandfriendship.Conversationisthenaturalandcharacteristicactivityofhumanbeings.Friendshipisthemilieuwithinwhichwefunction.Workcamelaterinhumanhistorythanconversation.Weinventedworkwhenwebecamecivilized.Unlikefriendship,workisamixedblessing.Atitsworst,workisslavery.Atitsbest,workisasustainedandlifelongconversation.Themoresatisfyingandenjoyableworkis,themoreitpartakersofthenatureofconversation.Scienceattheworkinglevelismostlyconversation.ThebuildingwhereIworkhastwentypeopleintwentyrooms.Mostofthedoorsareopen.Frommorningtillnightthebuzzofconversationseldomceases.Thatisthewayscienceisdone.WhenIamnottalkingwithfriendsdownthehall,Iamwritingpapersforfriendsaroundtheworld.Withoutthefriends,myactivitywouldbepointless.Scientistsareasgregariousasspeciesastermites.Ifthelivesofscientistsareonthewholejoyful,itisbecauseourfriendshipsaredeepandlasting.Ourfriendshipsarelastingbecauseweareengagedinacollectiveenterprise.Ourenterprise,theexplorationofnature’ssecrets,hadnobeginningandwillhavenoend.Explorationisasnaturalanactivityforhumanbeingsasconversation.Ourfriendstheexplorersarescatteredoverthecenturies,fromArchimedesandEuclidtotheunborngeniuswhowillonedayunderstandthemysteryofhowourexploringmindswork.HumanspeciesdistinguishitselffromotheranimalsbyCollectiveworkingSmoothcooperationImmenseworkingLastingfriendshipThewriter’sanalogyoftermitestohumanbeingssuggeststhatThebuildingoftheneatisacollectiveprocessHumansocietiesgrowinthenest-buildingfashionThenest-makingmaybelikenedtoculture-makingAnarchitecturalwondermustbeaselaborateasatermitenestAccordingtotheauthor,workasoneofhumaninventionsisThesourceofcivilizationTheproductofcivilizationApremiseofcivilizationAfoundationofcivilizationAccordingtothetext,friendshipemergedinscientistsasaresultofTheirceaselessconversationTheexactnumberofcolleaguesandfriendsTheefficiencyofmakingfriendsonphoneTheirfriendlywordingsituationInthelastparagraph,“Scientistsareasgregariousasspeciesastermites”where‘gregarious’isequivalenttoLivinginthecompanyofothersIndustriousintermsofworkCivilizedIngeniousPassage4happenedtothem.TheworldhasbeenGlobalizationbelongedtous;financialcrisesturnedonitshead.Consumersinthewealthiestnationsarestrugglingwiththeconsequencesofthecreditcrunchandwiththesoaringcostofenergyandfood.InChina,retailsaleshavebeenrisingatanannual15percent.Icannotthinkofabetterdescriptionoftheemergingglobalorder.Thetroubleisthatthepoliticsofglobalizationlagseverfurtherbehindtheeconomics.Forallitstacitrecognitionthatpowerhasbeenflowingeastwards,theweststillwantstoimaginethingsastheyusedtobe.Inthisworldofthemandus,“they”areaccusedintheUSpresidentialcontestofstealing“our”jobs.Now,youhearEuropeanssay,“they”aredrivingupinternationalcommoditypricesbyburning“our”fuelandeating“our”food.Whatstruckme,though,washowthiscrisis(nooneissureitisover)providesaperfectmetaphorforthenewgeopoliticallandscape.Thinkbacktothefinancialshocksofthe1980sand1990s.Forthoseofusinthewest,thesewereunfortunateeventsinfarawayplaces;LatinAmerica,Russia,Asia,LatinAmericanagain.Therewasariskofcontagion,butinsofarasrichnationspaidaprice,itlaylargelyinthecostofbailingouttheirownfecklessbanks.Thereallyunpleasantmedicine,prescribedbytheInternationalMonetaryFund,hadtobetakenbythefarlessfortunateborrowers.Theparametersofglobalizationweresetbythewest.LiberalizationoftradeandcapitalflowswasaprojectownedlargelybytheUS.Itwasnotquiteanimperialistenterprise,but,whileeveryonewassupposedtogainfromeconomicintegration,theunspokenassumptionwasthatthebiggestbenefitswouldflowtotherichest.Therulesweresetoutinsomethingcalled,unsurprisingly,theWashingtonConsensus.Againstthatbackground,thewest’spresentdiscomfortisrepletewithirony.AsizeablechunkoftheexcesssavingsthatinflatedthecreditbubblewereaproductoftheWashingtonConsensus.Neveragain,thevictimsofthe1997EastAsiancrisissaidtothemselvesafterbeingforcedtotaketheIMF’smedicine.Thiswouldbethelasttimetheywereheldhostagetowesternbailouts.Insteadtheyamassedtheirownhugeforeigncurrencyreserves.Sothebootisnowontheotherfoot.TheIMFisforecastingthattheadvancedeconomieswilljustaboutkeeptheirheadsabovewater.Withluck,growththisyearandnextwillcomeinatatouchabove1percent.IftheydoavoidrecessionandmostofmyAmericanfriendsthinkitunlikelyasfarastheUSisconcernedtheywillhavetothankrobustgrowthratesinAsiaandLatinAmerica.TheforecastforChinaisgrowthofabout9percentinbothyears,forIndia8percentandforemerginganddevelopingeconomiesasawholesomethingmorethan6percent.Theoldpowershavenotgraspedthisnewreality.Therearenods,ofcourse,toaneedtorestructureinternationalinstitutions.Therisingnations,youhearwesternpoliticiansaver,mustbegivenmoreofavoice.Moreseats,maybe,attheWorldBank,theUnitedNationsand,yes,ontheboardoftheIMF.Buttheassumptionisthattherisingpowerswillsimplybeaccommodatedwithintheexistingsystemasmalladjustmenthere,atweakthereandeverythingwillbefineagain.Missingisawillingnesstoseethatthisisatransformationalmomentthatdemandswelookattheworldentirelyafresh.Accordingtothepassage,wecandrawtheconclusionthatthestatement“Globalizationbelongedtous;financialcrisishappenedtothem”isAvalidviewheldbymostEuropeansAnillusioncherishedbymostEuropeansAresultduetothedifferencesbetweennationsAsensibleforecastThesentence“Theworldhasbeenturnedonitshead”canbeparaphrasedasTheworldisradicallytransformedThedevelopmentpaceisacceleratedTheworldisintotalconfusionGodhasaltereditfavorAttheendofthesecondparagraph,theauthoremploysseveral“they”and“our”toaimatAvividdescriptionAnironiceffectApreciseconclusionBeingobjectiveAccordingtothepassage,thefinancialshocksofthe1980sand1990sIsbeneficialtothewestIsstrictlyconfinedtothelessdevelopednationsMainlyplaguedthelessdevelopednationsIsattributedtotherichcountriesWhichofthefollowingistrue?TherichcountrieshavemadeasenseofthenewrealityThecountriesotherthantherichoneshavelearnttheirlessonsfromthepastcrisesTheglobalizationwaslaunchedbytheeastTheglobalizationonlybenefitsthewestPassage5AccordingtoAristotle,thesubjectoftragicdramawererightlydrawnfromancientmythology,asourceconsideredinvariablyreliable,foritwasbelievedthatifmanhadinventedsuchstrangeincidents,theywouldhaveappearedimpossible.Furthermore,thechiefcharactersofatragicactionshouldbepersonsofconsequence,ofexaltedstation,accordingtoAristotle,andtheleadingpersonageshouldnotbeamancharacterizedbygreatvirtueorgreatvice,butofamixednature,aproclivityforerro