化学常用英文单词汇总

atomicstructureelement口・元素allknowmaterialscanbebrokendownintofundamentalsubstanceswecallelement.我们所知道的所有物质都可以分解成原子。atom口.原子atomisthesmallestparticleofmatterhavingallthatelemen’stcharacteristics.原子时具有元素性质的最小粒子。nucleus/,nju:klis,'nu:klis/原子核electron口・电子proton质子neutron中子compoundn・化合物：Whentwoormoreelementscombineandformacompound,achemicalchangetakesplace.当两种或两种以上的元素结合形成化合物时,发生化学变化。化学中的物质分为单质和化合物，大部分元素是以化合物的形式存在的。ionn・离子：whenanatomgetorlostelections,itbecomesion.原子得失电子后形成离子。cathoden,阴极(negativeelectrode)Cathoderaysareattractedbyapositivecharge.阴极射线被阳电荷所吸引。anoden.阳极(positiveelection)Aredwireisoftenattachedtotheanode.红色电线通常与阳极相联。particlen・粒子：Particlesincludemoleculars,atoms,protons,neutrons,electronsandion微小粒子包括分子，原子，质子，中子，电子，离子等等。ionisationn・电离,离子化：Wecangetsomeelementarysubstancebyionisation.可以通过电离的方法来制取某些单质。ionisationenergyn.电离能：theenergyneededtoremove1molofelectronsfrom1molofgaseousatoms.从原子中移走一个电子所需要的能量。Firstionisationenergyn.第一电离能theenergyrequiredtoremoveoneelectronfromeachatominonemoleofgaseousatomsiscalledfirstionisationenergy,^Hi1(2010年真题)as:Ca(g)fCa+(g)+e-;AHi1=+590KJ/molisotopen,同位素：whichelementhavesamenumberofprotons,butdifferentnumberofneutrons.有相同质子数的元素就是同位素。shieldingeffect必屏蔽效应：electronsinthefilledinnershellsrepelelectronsintheoutershellandreducetheeffectofthepositivenuclear,thisiscalledshieldingeffect.电子都是带负电荷的所以外层的电子受到内层电子的一个排斥力，这是屏蔽效应。tomsmoleculesandstoichiometryRelativemassn.相对质量Theactualmassofanatomisverysmall(intherangeof10-20kg,forCatomicmassis1.933义10-20g).Hencerelativemass(wherethemassofanatomiscomparedwiththemassofonereferenceatom)isusedinstead.因为原子本身的质量很小，计算使用都很不方便，因此我们采用一个相对质量，用质量和一个标准物质作比较。relativeatomicmassn,相对原子质量：elativeatomicmassisthemassofanatomrelativeto1/12timesthemassofcarbon-12,relativeatomicmassisaratio,ithasnounit.相对原子质量就是物质的质量与C-12原子的1/12的一个比值。相对原子质量是一个比值，没有单位。relativeisotopicmassn.相对同位素质量relativeisotopemassisthemassofoneatomoftheisotoperelativeto1/12timesthemassofoneatomofcarbon-12.相对同位素质量就是用同位素的质量和1/12C-12原子的质量相比的一个比值。relativemolecularmassn.相对分子质量Asweallknowmolecularsareallmadebyatomssowecangettherelativemolecularmassbyaddinguptherelativeatomicmassofalltheatomspresentinthemolecule.相对分子质量就是组成分子的各元素的相对原子质量之和。avogadro’sconstantn.阿伏伽德罗常数：Thenumberofatomsinexactly12gofcarbon-12is6.02义1023,thenumberiscalledavogadro’sconstant.12克C-12所含原子的个数是6.02X1023,这个数就是阿伏伽德罗常数empiricalformulaen.实验式：empiricalformulaeofacompoundshowsthesimplestwholenumberratiooftheelementpresent.实验式表示的是分子中原子的最简单组成。molecularformulaen,分子式molecularformulaeshowsthetotalnumberofatomsofeachelementpresentinamoleculeofthecompound.分子式表示的是分子中原子的组成。titration滴定：Atitrationisawayofmeasuringquantitiesofreactants.滴定反应是定量测定的一种方法halogen卤素：在元素周期表中含fluorine氟，chlorine氯，bromine溴，iodine碘，astatine砹五种卤素precipitationn.沉淀：itisasolid.是一种固体物质。两种离子结合后形成一种微溶或不溶物沉淀下来。dilutevt稀释：addingwaterorsomethingelsetodecreasethemolarities.在溶液中力口水或力口入其它溶剂使溶液浓度变低。Thewaterwilldilutethewine.水能使酒变淡。Molarityn.摩尔浓度：themolofthesubstancedividedbythevolumeofthesolution，theunitismol/dm-3.浓度比上体积就得到我们的摩尔浓度，单位是mol/dm-3学键ionicbondn・离子键Theelectrostaticattractionbetweenpositiveionandnegativeioniscalledionicbond.正负离子之间的引力成为离子键，如NaClcovalentbondn.共价键Acovalentbondisformedwhenelectronsaresharedbetweentwoatoms.两个原子共用电子形成共价键，如O2metallicbondn.金属键Metallicbondisanattractiveforcesbetweenthepositiveionsandthedelocalizedelectrons.金属键就是金属阳离子和自由电子(离域电子)之间的作用力，它的大小和金属最外层电子数有关，电子数越多，金属键越强。co-ordinatebondn,配位键Intheco-ordinatebond,oneatomprovidestwoelectronsthataresharedwithanotheratom.thus,thedonoratommusthavealonepairofelectronswhiletheacceptoratommusthaveanemptyorbitaltoaccommodatetheelectrons.一个原子提供一对电子，另一个原子提供一个空轨道。hydrogenbondn・氢键Hydrogenbondareusuallyrepresentedbythreedashes:fluorine,oxygen,nitrogenanditisaverystrongdipole-dipoleattraction.Suchasinwater:theoxygenatomshavelonepairsofelectrons,thehydrogenatomhasalmostlostboththesharedelectronstotheoxygentowhichitiscovalentlybondedandthisleavesitalmostbareofelectron.实际上氢键也是一种静电引力，形成氢键的分子中必须带有孤电子对，电负性很大，而且原子半径很小(如N,F,O)。考试时要把元素中的孤对电子标出，把分子中的极性标出，表示出氢键。Vanderwaal'sforcesn.范德华力Instantaneousdipole-induceddipoleforcesiscalledVanderwaal'sforces.瞬间诱导偶极就是分子间作用力。VSEPR(valenceShellelectronpairrepulsion)n・价层电子互斥理论Theshapeofsimplecovalentmoleculescanbepredictedusingthevalenceshellelectron-pairrepulsiontheory.Electronpairs(bondpairsandlonepairs)willrepeloneanthersothattheyareasfarapartaspossible.孤电子对之间相互排斥，从而使原子呈现一定的空间结构，从而可以根据价层电子对理论来推测分子的空间构型。permanentdipole/dipole-dipoleforcen・永久偶极Thewatermoleculesareattractedtothechargednylonrodorcombbecausetheyhaveapermanentelectricdipole.aforceofthistypeiscalledadipole-dipoleforce.水分子被吸引到了尼龙或梳子上，是因为他们有了一个瞬间的电偶极。像这种力就被称为由诱导产生的诱导力，也就是永久偶极。temporarydipole/instantaneousdipolen.瞬时偶极inducedipolen.诱导偶极Theinstantaneousdipole--inducedipoleisratherliketheeffectofamagnetonapin.thepinbecomestemporarilymagnetisedandisattractedtothemagnet.thestrengthoftheforceincreasewiththenumberofelectronsandprotonspresent.瞬间诱导偶极就好像靠近磁铁的大头针。大头针有了瞬间的磁性，而被吸引到了磁铁上，这种瞬间的力随着质子数，电子数的增加而增加。inducevt,弓|导Herillnesswasinducedbyoverwork.她的病是操劳过度弓起的。polarity极性Polarityisinherentinamagnet.极性是磁铁的固有性质。质状态Kineticenergyn.动能Thekineticenergyofthemoleculesinasolid,liquidorgasisameasureoftheamountofrandommovementofmolecules.分子动能就是固体，液体，气体分子做规则运动的数目。Evaporationn.蒸发，发散，消失Evaporationisaphasetransitionfromtheliquidphasetogasphasethatoccursattemperaturesbelowtheboilingtemperatureatagivenpressure.andevaporationusuallyoccursonthesurface.蒸发是一个在低于沸点的温度下从液体变为气体的过程，蒸发一般是发生在液体表面。Vaporpressuren.气压Vaporpressureisthepressureofavaporinequilibriumwithitsnon-vaporphase.Allliquidandsolidhaveatendencytoevaporatetoagaseousform,andallgaseshaveatendencytocondensebackintotheiroriginalform.atanygiventemperature,foraparticularsubstance,thereisapressureatwhichthegasofthatsubstanceisindynamicequilibriumwithitsliquidorsolidforms.Thisisthevaporpressureofthatsubstanceatthattemperature.气压是一种气液平衡状态，液体和固体都有一种蒸发成气态的趋势，所有的气体也都有一种聚集成原始状态的趋势，。在任何给定的温度下，对于一种特殊的物质，都有一种气态和固态或液态成动态平衡的压力。这种压力就被称为在此温度下的气压。meltingvt.融化Meltingisaphysicalprocessthatresultsinthephasechangeofasubstancefromasolidtoaliquid.融化是一个从固体变成液体的物理过程。giantmolecularlatticesn.大分子晶体molecularlatticesarethree-dimensionalarrangementofatomsheldtogetherbystrongcovalentbonds.somegiantmolecularstructurescontainatomsofonlyoneelement.这种大分子晶体是通过共价键结合成三维空间排布的晶体。一些大分子晶体只含有一种元素。giantioniclatticesn.大离子晶体insuchalattice,thereisaregulararrangementofanionsandcations,sodiumchlorideandmagnesiumoxideformacubiclattice,inwhicheachcationsissurroundedbysixanionsandeachanionsissurroundedbysixcations.在大分子晶体中，阴阳离子呈规则排布，以立方体的氯化钠和氧化镁为例，每个阴离子都被六个阳离子包围，每个阳离子都被六个阴离子包围。idealgaslawn.理想气体定律thebehaviourofidealgasesisrepresentedbytheidealgasequation:PV=nRTpisthepressure,measuredinpascals,Pa;Visthevolume,measuredinmetrecubed,m3;TisthetemperatureontheKelvin;Risthegasconstant,8.314JK-1mol-1;andnisthe理想气体符合理想气体定律。PV=nRTIntermolecularforcen.分子间作用力Intermolecularforcetendtobringordertothemovementofmolecules.分子间作用力趋于使分子的运动有序化。Brownainmotionn.布朗运动Therandommovementsofthepollen,knownasbrownainmotion.花粉的这种有序运动称为布朗运动。Instantaneousdipoleforcesn.瞬时偶极力vanderwaal’sforcesn.范德华力Itisoneofthefeaturesoflargemoleculesthattheirelectroncloudsaremorespreadout,anditisjustthistypeofmoleculethathaslargeforcesbetweeninstantaneousdipoles.Thereforcesarecalledinstantaneousdipoleforces(arealsoknownasvanderwaal’sforces).大分子的分子云有一种特点就是他们的分子云会扩散，在他们的瞬间偶极间会产生一种力叫瞬间偶极力(也叫分子间作用力)。chemicalenergeticsExothermicadj.放热的Mostchemicalreactionsreleaseenergytotheirsurroundings,thesereactionsaredescribedasexothermic.一些化学反应会向环境释放能量，这种反应称为放热的反应。Endothermicadj.吸热的Somechemicalreactionsoccuronlywhileenergyistransferredtothemanexternalsource.Reactionssuchasthesewhichrequireaheatinputareendothermicreactions.一些化学反应需要从外界环境中吸收能量，这种化学反应为吸热反应。Ehthalpyn.焓Enthalpyisthetotalenergycontentofthereactingmaterials.itisgiventhesymbolH.enthalpycannotbemeasuredassuch,butitispossibletomeasuretheenthalpychange.焓是反应物中所含有的总能量，用H来表示，焓的数值不能直接测得，但可以测定焓变。Enthalpychangen.焓变Enthalpychangeisgiventhesymbol△H,theunitsarekilojoulespermole(Kj/mol).△H=Hproducts-HreactantsStandardconditionsn.标准条件Whenwecomparetheenthalpychangesofvariousreactionswemustusestandardconditions.suchasknowntemperature,pressures,amounts,andconcentrationsofreactionsorproducts.我们在测定不同反应物的焓变时必须是在标准条件下，比如特定的温度，压强，反应物或产物的数目和浓度。Standardenthalpychangeofreactionn.标准反应焓Thestandardenthalpychangeofreactionistheenthalpychangewhenamountsofreactants,asshowninthereactionequation,reacttogetherunderstandardconditionstogiveproductsintheirstandardstates.标准反应焓变就是在反应方程式中的反应物和产物都在标准条件下反应的焓变。Standardenthalpychangeofformationn.标准生成焓Thestandardenthalpychangeofformationistheenthalpychangewhenonemoleofacompoundisformedfromitselementsunderstandardconditions,bothcompoundandelementsareintheirstandardstates.标准生成焓是由标准状态下的元素生成1mol化合物的焓变（产物也要在标准状态下）Standardenthalpychangeofcombustionn.标准燃烧含Thestandardenthalpychangeofcombustionistheenthalpychangewhenonemoleofanelementorcompoundreactscompletelywithoxygenunderstandardconditions.标准燃烧含是指在标准状态下1mol元素或化合物和氧气完全反应的焓变。Standardenthalpychangeofhydrationn.标准水和焓变Thestandardenthalpychangeofhydrationistheenthalpychangewhenonemoleofagaseousiondissolvesinwatertogiveaninfinitelydilutesolution.标准水和焓变就是当1mol气态离子溶解在水中生成水溶液放出的能量。Standardenthalpychangeofsolutionn.标准溶解焓变Thestandardenthalpychangeofsolutionistheenthalpychangewhenonemoleofasolutedissolvesinasolventtogiveaninfinitelydilutesolution.当1mol溶剂溶解在水中形成一种稀释溶液时所放出的能量就是标准溶解焓变。Standardenthalpychangeofneutralizationn,标准中和焓变ThestandardenthalpychangeofneutralizationistheenthalpychangewhenonemolofH+ionsfromanacidiscompletelyneutralizedbyanalkalitogiveonemolofwater.标准中和焓变是酸中的氢离子被碱溶液完全中和形成1mol水。Standardenthalpychangeofatomisationn.标准原子化焓Thestandardenthalpychangeofatomizationofanelementistheenthalpychangewhenonemoleofgaseousatomsisformedfromonemoleoftheelementinitsstandardstate.标准原子化焓是在标准条件下生成1摩尔气态原子的焓变。Bondenthalpyn.键能Bondenthalpyistheenergyneededtobreakacovalentbond,andthisindicatesthestrengthofthebond.键能是指破坏一个共价键所需要的能量，这能表明键的强度。Hess’slawn.盖斯定律Thetotalenthalpychangeforachemicalreactionisindependentoftheroutebywhichthereactiontakeplace,providetheinitialandfinalconditionisthesame.如果反应前和反应后的条件完全相同，那总的焓变是相同的和反应路径无关。electrochemistryoxidationstatesn.氧化态oxidationstatesareusuallycalculatedasthenumberofelectronsthatatomslose,gainorsharewhentheyfromionicorcovalentbondsincompounds.氧化态通常通过计算他们形成共价化合物或离子化合物时失去，得到或公用电子的数目。Redoxn.氧化还原反应Thetermredoxisusedforthesimultaneousprocessesofreductionandoxidation.氧化还原反应就是用来描述氧化反应和还原反应同时进行的过程。Electrolysisn电解反应Whenanelectriccurrentispassedthroughasolutionofanionicsaltinwater,theionsmovethroughthesolutionandchemicalreactionoccurattheelectrodes.Thisprocessiscalledelectrolysis.在离子化合物的水溶液中通电时，离子会通过水溶液在电极上发生化学反应。这个过程就是电解过程。Anionn.阳离子（anode阳极）Cationsn.阴离子（cathode阴极）Theanionsareattractedtothepositivelychargedanodeandthecationsareattractedtothenegativelychargedcathode.阳离子被吸引到阴极，阴离子被吸引到阳极。Diaphragmcelln.隔膜电池Inthediaphragmcell,aporous（多孔的）asbestos（石棉）diaphragmseparatetheanodecompartmentintotheanodecompartment.在隔膜电池中，一个多孔的石棉隔膜把阳极室和阴极室隔开。equilibriaEquilibriumn.化学平衡Itisdynamicatthemolecularorioniclevel.Bothforwardandreverseprocessesoccuratequalrates.Aclosedsystemisrequired.Macroscopicpropertiesremainconstant.化学平衡是在分子离子水平上的动态平衡，正反方向上的反应速率相同，需要在封闭体系中进行，宏观性质保持恒定。Dynamicequilibriumn.动态平衡Ingeneral，inadynamicequilibrium,therateofreactionintheforwardsdirectionequalstherateofreactioninthereversedirection.通常在动态平衡中正反应速率等于逆反应速率。LeChatelier’sprinciplen.夏特列原理Whenanyoftheconditionsaffectingthepositionofadynamicequilibriumarechanged,thenthepositionofthatequilibriumwillshifttominimizethatchange.当外界条件影响动态平衡的方向时，平衡就会向减小这种影响的方向移动。Equilibriumconstantn.平衡常数（Kc）Equilibriumconstantastheratiooftheproductconcentrations（multipliedtogether）dividedbythereactantconcentrations（multipliedtogether）.平衡常数是反应物浓度的乘积比上产物的乘积。reactionkineticsDeterminingstepn.决定步骤Itisthesloweststepinamechanismwhichdeterminestheoverallrateofreaction.Thesloweststepinareactionmechanismiscalledthedeterminingstep.在化学反应中，反应最慢的一步决定反应的总速度，反应最慢的这步就成为反应的决定步。Colorimetern.色度计Thecolorimetermeasurestheamountoflightofaspecificcolourthatpassesthroughasample.色度计用来测量穿过样品的特定颜色的光线数量。Effectivecollisionn.有效碰撞Effectivecollisionoccurwhenthekineticenergyofthecollidingmoleculesprovides

sufficientenergyforreaction.当碰撞分子的动能提供了足够的反应能量时的碰撞称为有效碰撞。particleswithparticularBoltzmanndistributionn.波尔兹曼分布particleswithparticularTheBoltzmanndistributionrepresentsthenumberofenergies.波尔兹曼分布指的是有特定能量的分子的数目。Activationenergyn.活化能MoleculeshavetocollidewithacertainminimumenergyEafortheretobeachanceofreaction.Eaisreferredtoastheactivationenergy.分子碰撞发生化学反应所需要的最小的能量称为活化能。Catalystn.催化剂Acatalystissomethingaddedtoareactionthatincreaseitsrate,butdosenotitselfchangeinconcentration,thesameamountremainsafterthereactionasbefore.催化剂是用来加入反应中加快反应速度的，而催化剂本身不发生变化。Enzymen.酶Enzymesareproteinsthatactasbiologicalcatalysts.酶是一种蛋白质生物催化剂。chemicalperiodicityCovalentradiusn.共价半径Covalentradiusishalfthedistancebetweenthenucleiofneighbouringatomsinmolecules.共价半径是分子中两个相邻原子距离的一半。Metallicradiusn.金属半径Metallicradiusishalfthedistancebetweenthenucleiofneighbouringatomsinmetalliccrystals.金属半径是金属晶体中两个原子间距离的一般。Atomicradiusn.原子半径Thecovalentradiuscanbemeasuredformostelementsandisusuallywhatismeantwhenweusethetermatomicradius.对于大多数元素的共价半径能通过测量得到，这也就是我们通常说的原子半径。Siemensn.西门子Siemensarethereciprocaloftheunitsofelectricalresistance.西门子是电阻的倒数。S=Q-1Conductivityn.导电性Conductivityvaluesgiveanindicationofhoweasilyelectronsmovethroughtheelement.导电性表示某种元素中电子的活动性groupIIHardwatern.硬水Hardwatercontainsdissolvedcalciumions.硬水中含有钙离子。Group7Disproportionationn.不均匀的，歧化反应Aparticulartypeofredoxreactioninwhichonespeciesisoxidisedandreducedatthesametime.一种特殊的氧化还原反应，一种物质被氧化，同时被还原。Chapter7equilibriaStrongacidn.强酸Strongacidisfullydissociatedtoionsinaqueoussolution.在水溶液中完全电离的酸为强酸。Weakacidn.弱酸Weakacidistheacidthattheirmoleculesareonlyparticallyionizedinaqueoussolution.弱酸是在水溶液中部分解离的酸。Chapter15introductiontoorganicchemistryHydrocarbonsn.碳氢化合物Compoundsthatcontainonlycarbonandhydrogenatomsareknownashydrocarbons.只含有碳原子和氢原子的化合物称为碳氢化合物。Aromaticn.芳香族的Aromaticcompoundsn.芳香族化合物Aromaticcompoundscontainoneormorearenerings.Theyarecalledaromaticcompoundsastheyhavedistinctive,usuallypleasant,smells.芳香族化合物又一个或多个苯环，因为他们有使人愉悦的气味，而被称为芳香族化合物。Aliphaticcompoundsn.脂肪族化合物Allothercompoundsarealiphaticcompoundsexceptaromaticcompounds.除了芳香族化合物其他的都是脂肪族化合物。Molecularformulan.分子式AmolecularformulasimplyshowsthenumberofatomsofeachelementpresentinthemolecularformulaofhexaneisC6H14分子式简单的表示了分子中各种原子的数目。Generalformulan.通式Ageneralformulamaybewrittenforeachseriesofcompounds.Forexample,thegeneralformulaforthealkanesisCnH2n+2(wherenisthenumberofcarbonatomspresent).通式用来表示同一系列的化合物，例如：烷烃的通式是CnH2n+2(n表示碳原子的数目)Structuralformulan.结构式Thisshowshowtheatomsarejoinedtogetherinamolecule.ThestructureformulaofhexaneisCH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3.结构式表示的是原子如何结合在一起形成分子的。己烷的结构式是：CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3Displayedformulan.展开式Thisshowsallthebondsandalltheatoms.Thedisplayedformulaofhexaneis:Oneoftheirdisadvantagesisthattheyaretwo-dimensionalrepresentationofmuleculeswhicharethree-dimensional.展开式可以表示出所有的化学键和原子，例如己烷的展开式是：展开式有一个缺点是只能用二维空间分子表示三维空间的分子。TIHnFlnFrIIIIIIEl—t'—C—C'—C—C—(—]|TTIIIISkeletalformulan.骨架式1,1:-1,L:1:

Thisshowsthecarbonskeletononly.Hydrogenatomsonthecarbonatomsareomitted.Carbonatomsarenotlabelled.Othertypesofatomareshownasinastructureformula.Skeletalformulaarefrequentlyusedtoshowthestructuresofcyclichydrocarbons.Theskeletalfoemulaofhexaneis:骨架式只表示出碳骨架的存在，氢原子被忽略掉，碳原子也不被标识出来，但如果有其他原子就要表示出来，骨架式通常用来表示环状碳氢化合物，例如：己烷的骨架式是：Athree-dimensionalformulan.三维空间式Athree-dimensionalformulagivesthebestexamplesofthedifferenttypesofformulaefortheaminoacidphenylalanineareshownbelow:CO2NH三维结构式是表示分子空间结构