2018年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（二）试题

--PAGE4-2018年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题SectionI UseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmarkA,B,CorDontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)dopeoplereadnegativeInternetcommentsanddootherthingsthatwillobviouslybepainful?Becausehumanshaveaninherentneedto1uncertainty,accordingtoarecentstudyinScience.Thenewresearchrevealsthattheneedtoknowissostrongthatpeoplewill2tosatisfytheircuriosityevenwhenitiscleartheanswerwill3Inaseriesoffourexperiments,behavioralscientistsattheUniversityofChicagoandtheSchooloftestedto4themselvestounpleasantstimuliinanefforttosatisfycuriosity.Forone5,eachparticipantwasshownapileofpensthattheresearcherclaimedwerefromapreviousexperiment.Thetwist?Halfofthepenswould6anelectricshockwhenclicked.Twenty-sevenstudentsweretoldwhich penswereelectrified; anothertwenty-sevenweretoldonlythatsomewereelectrified. 7 leftaloneintheroom,thestudentswhodidnotknowwhichoneswouldshockthemclickedmorepensandincurredmoreshocksthanthestudentswhoknewwhatwould 8 .Subsequentexperimentsreproducedthiseffectwithotherstimuli,9 thesoundoffingernailsonachalkboardandphotographsofdisgustinginsects.Thedriveto10isdeeplyrootedinhumans,thesameasthebasicsr1r,srefeUniversiyfaCuriosityisoftenconsideredagoodinstinct-itcan12newscientificadvances,forinstance-butsometimessuch13canbackfire.Theinsightthatcuriositycandriveyoutodo14thingsisaprofoundone.U呻ealthycuriosityispossibleto15,however.Inafinalexperiment,participantswhowereencouragedto16howtheywouldfeelafterviewinganunpleasantpicturewerelesslikelyto17toseesuchanimage.Theseresultssuggestthatimaginingthe18offollowingthroughoncuriosityaheadoftimecanhelpdetermine19itisworththeendeavor."Thinkingaboutlong-term20iskeytoreducingthepossiblenegativeeffectsofcuriosity,"Hseesays.Inotherwords,readonlinecomments.A.protectA.refuseA.hurtA.alertA.messageA.removeA.WhenA.continueA.ratherthanA.discoverA.payA.leadtoA.withdrawalA.self-reliantA.defineA.overlookA.rememberA.reliefA.whyA.consequences

B.resolve C.discuss ignoreB.wait C.regret seekB.last C.mislead riseB.tie C.treat exposeB.review C.trial conceptB.weaken C.interrupt deliverB.If C.Though UnlessB.happen C.disappear changeB.regardlessof C.suchas owingtoB.forgive C.forget disagreeB.marriage C.schooling foodB.reston C.learnfrom beginwithB.persistence C.inquiry diligenceB.self-destructive C.self-evident self-deceptiveB.resist C.replace traceB.predict C.design concealB.promise C.choose pretendB.plan C.duty outcomeB.whether C.where howB.investments C.strategies limitationsSectionII ReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsaftereachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1ItiscuriousthatStephenKoziatekfeelsalmostasthoughhehastojustifyhiseffortstogivehisstudentsabetterfuture.Koziatekispartofsomethingpioneering.HeisateacherataNewHampshirehighschoolwherelearningisnotsomethingofbooksandtestsandmechanicalmemorization,butpractical.Whendiditbecomeacceptedwisdomthatstudentsshouldbeabletonamethe13thpresidentoftheUnitedStatesbutbeutterlyoverwhelmedbyabrokenbikechain?AsKoziatekknows,thereislearninginjustabouteverything.Nothingisnecessarilygainedbyforcingstudentstolearngeometryatagraffitieddeskstuckwithgenerationsofdiscardedchewinggum.TheycanalsolearngeometrybyassemblingaButhe'salsofoundakindofinsidiousWorkingwithyourhandsisseenasalmostamarkofinferiority.Schoolsinthefamilyofvocationaleducation"havethatstereotype…thatit'sforkidswhocan'tmakeitacademically,"hesays.Ononehand,thatviewpointisalogicalproductofevolution.Manufacturingisnottheeconomicenginethatitoncewas.ThejobsecuritythattheUSeconomyonceofferedtohighschoolgraduateshaslargelyevaporated.Moreeducationisthenewprinciple.Wewantmoreforourkids,andrightfullyso.Buttheheadlongpushintobachelor'sdegreesforall—andthesubtledevaluingofanythingless—missesanimportantpoint:nottheonlythingtheAmericaneconomyneeds.Yes,abachelor'sdegreeopensmoredoors.Butevennow,54percentofthejobsinthecountryaremiddle-skilljobs,suchasconstructionandhigh-skillmanufacturing.Butonly44percentofworkersareadequatelytrained.Inotherwords,atatimewhentheworkingclasshasturnedthecountryonpoliticalhead,frustratedthattheopportunitythatoncedefinedAmericaisvanishing,oneobvioussolutionisstaringusintheface.Thereisagapinworking-classjobs,buttheworkerswhoneedthosejobsmostequippedtodothem.ofHighistryingtofillthatgap.schoolisawake-upcall.Wheneducationbecomesone-size-fits-all,itrisksoverlookingadiversityofAbrokenbikechainismentionedtoshowstudents'lackofpracticalabilityacademictrainingpioneeringspiritmechamcalmemonzat10nThereexiststhethatvocationaleducationisforkidswho haveastereotypedmindhavenocareermot1vat10narenotacademicallysuccessfularefinanciallydisadvantagedcaninferfromParagraph5thathighschoolgraduates usedtohavebigfinancialconcernsusedtohavemorejobopportunitiesaretoworkinmanufacturingareentitledtomoreeducationalprivilegesTheheadlongpushintodegreesforall helpscreatealotofmiddle-skilljobsmaynarrowthegapinworking-classjobsisexpectedtoyieldabetter-trainedworkforceindicatestheovervaluingofhighereducationTheauthor'sattitudetowardKoziatek'sschoolcanbedescribedassupportivetolerantcautiousText2Whilefossilfuels—coal,oil,gas—stillgenerateroughly85percentoftheenergyclearerthaneverthatthefuturebelongstorenewablesourcessuchaswindandThemovetorenewablesispickingupmomentumaroundtheworld:Theynowaccountformorethanhalfofnewpowersourcesgoingonline.Somegrowthstemsfromacommitmentbygovernmentsandfarsightedbusinessestofundcleanerenergysources.Butincreasinglythestoryisabouttheplummetingpricesofrenewables,especiallywindandThecostofsolarpanelshasdroppedby80percentandthecostofwindturbinesbyclosetoone-thirdinthepasteightyears.Inmanypartsoftheworldrenewableenergyisalreadyaprincipalenergysource.InScotland,forexample,windturbinesprovideenoughelectricitytopower95percentofhomes.Whiletherestoftheworldtakesthelead,notablyChinaandEurope,theUnitedStatesisalsoseeingaremarkableshift.InMarch,forthefirsttime,windandsolarpoweraccountedformorethan10percentofthepowergeneratedintheUS,reportedtheUSEnergyInformationAdministration.Presidenthasunderlinedfossilfuels—especiallycoal—asthepathtoeconomicgrowth.InarecentspeechinIowa,hedismissedwindpowerasanunreliableenergysource.ButthatmessagedidnotplaywellwithmanyinIowa,wherewindturbinesdotthefieldsandprovide36percentoftheelectricitygeneration—andwheretechgiantslikeMicrosoftarebeingattractedbytheavailabilityofcleanenergytopowertheirdatacenters.Thequestion“whathappenswhenthewinddoesn’tbloworthesundoesn’tshine?”hasprovidedaquickput-downforskeptics.Butaboostinthestoragecapacityofbatteriesismakingtheirabilitytokeeppowerflowingaroundtheclockmorelikely.Theadvanceisdriveninpartbyvehiclemanufacturers,whoareplacingbigbetsonbattery-poweredelectricvehicles.Althoughelectriccarsarestillararityonroadsnow,thismassiveinvestmentcouldchangethepicturerapidlyincomingyears.Whilethere’salongwaytogo,thetrendlinesforrenewablesarespiking.Thepaceofchangeinenergysourcesappearstobespeedingup—perhapsjustintimetohaveameaningfuleffectinslowingclimatechange.WhatWashingtondoes—ordoesn’tdo—topromotealternativeenergymaymeanlessandlessatatimeofaglobalshiftinthought.-5-Theword"plummeting"(Line3,Para.2)isclosestinmeaningto .stabilizingfallingnsmgAccordingto3,theuseofrenewableenergyinAmerica .isprogressingnotablyisasextensiveasinEuropeC. faceschallengeshasprovedtobeimpracticalItcanbelearnedthatinIowa, .windisawidelyusedenergywindenergyhasreplacedfossilfuelstechareincleanthereisashortageofcleanenergysupplyWhichofthefollowingisaboutcleanenergyaccordingtoParagraphs5&6?Itsapplicationhasboostedbatterystorage.Itiscon皿usedcarmanufacturing.ItssupplyisbecomingaItssustainableexploitationwillremaindifficult.Itcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraphthatrenewableenergy willbringtheUSclosertoothercountrieswillaccelerateglobalenvironmentalchangeC. isnotreallybytheUSgovernment -6-Text3Thepowerandambitionofthegiantsofthedigitaleconomyisastonishing­AmazonhasjustannouncedthepurchaseoftheupmarketgrocerychainWholeFoodsfor$13.Sbn,buttwoyearsagoFacebookpaidevenmorethanthattoacquiretheWhatsAppmessagingservice,whichdoesn'thaveanyphysicalproductatall.WhatWhatsAppofferedFacebookwasanintricateandfinelydetailedwebofitsusers'friendshipsandsociallives.FacebookpromisedtheEuropeancommissionthenthatitwouldnotlinkphonenumberstoFacebookidentities,butitbrokethepromisealmostassoonasthedealwentthrough.Evenwithoutknowingwhatwasinthemessages,theknowledgeofwhosentthemandtowhomwasenormouslyrevealingandstillcouldbe.Whatpoliticaljournalist,whatpartywhip,wouldnotwanttoknowthemakeupoftheWhatsAppgroupsinwhichTheresaenemiesarecurrentlyplotting?ItmaybethatthevalueofWholeFoodstoAmazonisnotsomuchthe460shopsitowns,buttherecordsofwhichcustomershavepurchasedwhat.Competitionlawappearstobetheonlywaytoaddresstheseimbalancesofpower.Butitisclumsy.Foronething,itisveryslowcomparedtothepaceofchangewithinthedigitaleconomy.Bythetimeaproblemhasbeenaddressedandremedieditmayhavevanishedinthemarketplace,tobereplacedbynewabusesofpower.Butthereisadeeperconceptualproblem,too.Competitionlawaspresentlyinterpreteddealswithfinancialdisadvantagetoconsumersandthisisnotobviouswhentheusersoftheseservicesdon'tpayforthem.Theusersoftheirservicesarenottheircustomers.Thatwouldbethepeoplewhobuyadvertisingfromthem-andFacebookandGoogle,thetwovirtualgiants,dominatedigitaladvertisingtothedisadvantageofallothermediaandentertainmentcompanies.Theproductsellingisdata,andwe,theusers,convertourlivestodataforthebenefitofthedigitalgiants.Justassomeantsfarmthebugscalledaphidsforthehoneydewtheyproducewhentheyfeed,soGooglefarmsusforthedatathatourdigitallivesyield.Antskeeppredatoryinsectsawayfromwheretheiraphidsfeed;Gmailkeepsthespammersoutofourinboxes.Itdoesn'tfeellikeahumanordemocraticrelationship, -7-AccordingtoParagraph1,FacebookacquiredWhatsAppforits .digitalproductsuserinformationphysicalassetsqualityserviceLinkingphonenumberstoFacebookidentitiesA worsenpoliticaldisputesmessupcustomerrecordsposearisktomisleadtheEuropeancommissionAccordingtotheauthor,competitionlaw shouldservethenewmarketmayworsentheeconomicimbalancenotjustonelegalsolutioncannotkeeppacewiththechangingmarketCompetitionlawaspresentlyinterpretedcanhardlyprotectFacebookusersbecause .arenotdefinedascustomersarenotfinanciallyreliablethearegenerallydigitaltheservicesarepaidforbyadvertisersTheantsanalogyisusedtoillustrate .awin-winbusinessmodelbetweendigitalgiantsatypicalcompetitionpatternamongdigitalgiantsC. thebenefitsfordigitalgiants'customers -8---PAGE13-Text4TocombatthetrapofputtingapremiumonbeingCalNewport,authorofWork:RulesforFocusedSuccessinaDistractedWorld,recommendsbuildingahabitof"deepwork"-theabilitytofocuswithoutdistraction.Thereareanumberofapproachestomasteringtheartofdeepwork-beitlengthyretreatsdedicatedtoaspecifictask;developingadailyritual;ortakinga"journalistic"approachtoseizingmomentsofdeepworkwhenyoucanthroughouttheday.Whicheverapproach,thekeyistodetermineyourlengthoffocustimeandsticktoit.Newportalsorecommends"deepscheduling"tocombatconstantinterruptionsandgetmoredoneinlesstime."Atanygivenpoint,Ishouldhavedeepworkscheduledforroughlythenextmonth.Onceonthecalendar,IprotectthistimelikeIwouldadoctor'sappointmentorimportantmeeting",hewrites.Anotherapproachtogettingmoredoneinlesstimeistorethinkhowyouprioritiseyourday-inparticularhowwecraftourto-dolists.TimHarford,authorofy:TherfisordertoTransformr,stoaynthey1980sthatdividedundergraduatesintotwogroups:somewereadvisedtosetoutmonthlygoalsandstudyactivities;othersweretoldtoplanactivitiesandgoalsinmuchmoredetail,daybyday.Whiletheresearchersassumedthatthewell-structureddailyplanswouldbemosteffectivewhenitcametotheexecutionoftasks,theywerewrong:thedetaileddailyplansdemotivatedstudents.Harfordarguesthatinevitabledistractionsoftenrenderthedailyto-dolistineffective,whileleavingroomforimprovisationinsuchalistcanreapthebestresults.Inordertomakethemostofourfocusandenergy,wealsoneedtoembracedowntime,orasNewportsuggests,"belazy"."Idlenessisnotjustavacation,anindulgenceoravice;itisasindispensabletothebrainasvitaminDistothebody…[idleness]is,paradoxically,necessarytogettinganyworkdone,"heargues.SriniPillay,anassistantprofessorofpsychiatryatHarvardMedicalSchool,believesthiscounterintuitivelinkbetweendowntimeandproductivitymaybeduetothewayourbrainsoperate.Whenourbrainsswitchbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocusedonatask,theytendtobemoreefficient."Whatpeopledon'trealiseisthatinordertocompletethesetaskstheyneedtoehesandunfocussntheirbrain,"s.Thekeytomasteringtheartofdeepworkisto .keeptoyourfocustimelistyourmakespecificdailyseizeeveryminutetoworkThestudyintheearly1980scitedbyHarfordshowsthat .distractionsmayactuallyincreaseefficiencydailyareindispensabletostudyingstudentsarehardlybymonthlydetailedplansmaynotbeasfruitfulasexpectedAccordingtoNewport,idlenessis .adesirablementalstateforbusypeopleatophysicalanwaytosavetimeandanessentialfactorinaccomplishinganyworkPillaybelievesthatourbrains'shiftbetweenbeingfocusedandunfocused .canresultinpsychologicalwell-beingcanbringaboutefficiencyisaimedatbetterbalanceinisdrivenbytaskurgencyThistextismainlyabout .wstoeenfyapproachestomoredoneinlesstimethekeytodistractionsthecauseofthelackoffocustimePartBDirections:ReadthefollowingtextandanswerthequestionsbychoosingthemostsuitablesubtitlesfromthelistA-Gforeachnumberedparagraph(41-45).Therearetwoextrasubtitleswhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)JustsayitBepresentPayauniquecomplimentName,places,thingsFindthe"meSkipthesmalltalkAskforanopinionFivewaystomakeconversationwithanyoneConversationsarewhichmeanswhenyouhaveaconversationwithaalinkgetsandeveryconversationyouhaveafterthatwillstrengthenthelink.Youtneweyd:ey,ecab,newatworkorthesecurityguardatthedoor.Simplystartingaconversationwiththemwillformalink.Herearefivesimplewaysthatyoucanmakethefirstmoveandstartaconversationwithstrangers.Supposeyouareinaroomwithsomeoneyoudon'tknowandsomethingwithinus"Ittokhthis"—ssgtywithallofus.Youwantedtosaysomething—thefirstword—butitjustwon'tcomeout,itfeelslikeitisstucksomewhere.Iknowthefeelingandhereisadvice:justgetitout.Justthink:whatistheworstthatcouldhappen?Theywon'ttalkwithyou?Well,arenottalkingwithyounow!Itrulybelievethatonceyougetthatfirstwordouteverythingelsewilljustflow.Sokeepitsimple:"Hi","Hey"or"Hello"—dothebestyoucantogatheralloftheenthusiasmandenergyyoucan,putonabigsmileandsay"Hi".Itisaproblemallofusface;youhavelimitedtimewiththepersonthatyouwanttotalkwithandyouwanttomakethistalkmemorable.Honestly,ifwegotstuckintherutof"hi","hello","howareyou?"and''whatisgoingon?",youwillfailtogivetheinitialjolttotheconversationthatcanmakeitsomemorable.Sodon'tbeafraidtoaskmorepersonalquestions.Trustme,besurprisedtoseehowpeoplearewillingtoshareifyoujustask.Whenyoumeetapersonforthefirsttime,makeanefforttofindthethingswhichyouandthatpersonhaveincommonsothatyoucanbuildtheconversationfromthatpoint.Whenyoustartconversationfromthereandthenmoveoutwards,findallofasuddenthattheconversationbecomesaloteasier.Imagineyouarepouringyourheartouttosomeoneandarejustbusyontheirphone,andifyouaskfortheirattentionyougettheresponse"Icanmultitask".Sowhensomeonetriestocommunicatewithyou,justbeinthatcommunicationwholeheartedly.Makecontact.Trustme,contactiswhereallthemagichappens.Whenyoumakecontact,youcanfeeltheconversation.allcameintoaconversationwhereyoufirstmettheperson,butaftersometimeyoumayhavemetagainandhaveforgottentheirname.Isn'tthatawkward!So,rememberthelittledetailsofthe