2019年1月19日雅思考试-19机经预测

2019117日+19思考试预*沪江留学教研 前雅思考试经常会出现旧题，机经可以通过还原旧题让考生接触到秘而不宣的，备考价值极高。在决定编写沪江机经之初，我们就不停的问自己：市沪江机经有什么不同？沪江雅思机经，我们题海战术，就是要把预测做的更准更精沪江雅思机经，我们不仅提供完整题目，还会给解析给范文给重点词句；沪江雅思机经，我们的资深教研团队用心编写高分口写范文，质量保证靠谱。沪江机经要怎么用？远远不够的，我们强烈建议各位烤鸭，进行限时模考，阅读和总结错题原希望我们用心做出的沪江机经能够帮助广大烤鸭早 【口语】以下为本场考试部分新题解析：PartHowoftendoyoubuy参考答案：Notveryoften.Ibuyshoesonlywhenit'snecessary.ForexampleifIgoforanexcursion,I'llbuysometrainers.Haveyoueverboughtshoes参考答案：Yes.Actuallymostofmyshoeswereboughtonline.It'ssoconvenientthatIdon'thavetogototheshop.AndifIfindtheshoesdon'tfitmewell,IcansimplyreturnDoyouknowanyonewholikestobuyalotof参考答案：Mysisterdefiniy.She'sgotalargeshoecabinetandtherearetonsofshoesinit.Mostofthemlookthesametome.Ijustdon'tknowwhyshelikestobuysomanysimilarshoes.What'syourfavoritetypeof参考答案：I'llgoforsportsshoesastheyarecozyandtrendy.I'llwearleathershoesaswellifIhavetoattendsomeformaloccasions.Butafterallsportsshoesaremyfavourite.Part2

Part2&DescribeafilmorTVprogramthatmadeyouWhattheprogramisWhenyouwatcheditWhoyouwatcheditwithWhyitmadeyou提示本题需要描述搞笑的或电视。可以讲一部，电视剧或综艺。但要注意不要陷入，简明扼要概括内容，讲清楚为什么让你发笑。可以是有的事内，张表演者笑的等。参考答案：ThefilmI'dliketotalkaboutisoMr.Billionaire.Youprobablycanlit'sacomedyfromthetitleandindeed,it'sreallyfunny.Iwatcheditwithmyfriendrecentlyandwewerelaughingoutloud.Itlsastoryaboutanimpoverishedsuddenlyinheritsalargefortune,butaccordingtothecontract,hehastouseuponebillionyuanwithinamonth,otherwisehewilllosetherightofsuccession.Sohetrieshisverybesttousethemoneyinmanyridiculouswaysincludinginvestinginswimmingmachineandunprofitableindustries.Aswimmingmachineontheland,canyouimagine?Andthemosthilariousthingisthatnomatterhowstupidorhowridiculoustheinvestmentmayseem,itcanalwaysmiraculouslygenerateprofit.Forexample,theswimmingmachinehas eapopularfitnessequipmentandthoseunprofitableindustriesgotreinvigoratedbecauseofthecashflow.Andyouneverseeanyonewholookssopainfulaftermakingsomuchmoneybecausethemoremoneyhemakes,thehigherpossibilityhehasoflosingtheinheritance.Allofthecoincidencesandcontrastsmadeusburstintolaughter.Ifyoulookforsomerelaxation,I'lldefiniy mendthecomedy.重点词汇及表达： 形容词；穷困的；用尽了的，无创造Eg：Forthatmatter,baseballisthickwithLatinplayersfromimpoverishedbackgroundsinpoornations. 副词；般地；出乎意料Eg：Iwasakimayhavemiraculouslysurvivedbutshelostanumberofemployeesandclosefriends.Eg：Advertisingneedstoreinvigorateitselfwithagreaterdiversificationofstylesandbusinessmodelsinheritance:Part3Whydochildrenliketo参考答案：Becausechildhoodisgenerallycarefree.Children,inmostcases,donothavetocaretoomuchabouttherealityanddonotneedtotakeonheavyresponsibility.Sotheyareabletolaughalotandlaughfromtheirhearts.重点词汇及表达：①carefree：形容词：无忧②takeon:Eg:NootherorganizationwasableorwillingtotakeontheWhatdoyoudowhenyoufeel参考答案：Iwilleitherdosomeexerciseorhaveagoodsleep.Regularexerciseandsufficientsleepcanhelpmereleasestressandstayfocused.SothatIcanforgetthingsthatmakemesadandfocusonsomethingelsethat'shappy.重点词汇及表达：①sufficient：形容词；足够的Eg:Willtherebesufficientstockstomeetour②release:Eg:Sure,Iturntootheroutletstoreleasestress—exercise,meditation,scotch—butlikeannewsletterfromatravelsite,itjustkeepscomingWhatkindsofthingsdoChinesepeopledotobe参考答案：TherearemanywaysforChinesepeopletobehappy.Forexample,havingahobbyisoneoftheapproachestobehappy.Boyswouldliketodosomesportsandgirlswouldliketogoshop.Andmiddle‐agedpeoplewouldliketodanceonthesquaretohavefuntogether.重点词汇及表达：①approach:Eg:Theadvantageofthisapproachisthatitretainsthebasicstructureofthe②middle‐aged:Eg:Middle‐agedpatientstendedtoexpressastrongdesireforcommunicationskills,olderpatientslessso.Doyouthinkadultsarelikelytobehappierthan参考答案：Ihardlythinkso.Adultsaretosomeextentfreerandhappierthanchildrenastheyaremorefinanciallyindependent,butatthesametimetheyshouldermore Forexample,adultsmayhavetoraisechildren,supportthefamilyanddealwithcomplexinter alrelationship.ThereforeIthinkadultscanhardlyhavepurejoyaschildrendo.重点词汇及表达：①shoulder:Eg:Hehashadtoshouldertheresponsibilityofhisfather's 形容词；人际的；人与人之间的Eg:Trainingininteralskillsis老沪江首席雅思口语名师；英国大学毕业；英文专业8级；5年以【写作】本预测根据雅思写作的话题分类和出题规律，精选出以下，供广大烤鸭参考。A类小数据类图表非数据类图表表格饼线柱图地图ThemapsshowthecampuslayoutThemapsshowthecampuslayoutnowandaplanforSummarisetheinformationbyselectingandreportingthemainfeatures,andcomparisonswhere解题思路：时候，一定要注意表述方位的词或词组的使用。而且也要把这两张地图进行比参考范文：Thetwomapsshowthecurrentlayoutofaschoolandtheplanforitschanges.Themostnoticeablechangeisprojectedtobethereplacementofmanyareasofvegetationwithteachingbuildingsandpublicfacilities.Atpresent,alargeareaoflandatthenorthwestsideofthecampusiscoveredwithtrees.Aclusterofmanyothertreescanalsobeseenatthesouthwestcorner.Arectangularteachingbuildingcanbeseeninthecentreofthemapwhileotherbuildingsandfacilitiesaremainlylocatedattheeast.Tobespecific,threebuildings,ofwhichoneisforbiologyandanothertwoareforgenetics,lieonthesoutheastsideoftheschoolyard;thecarparkisontheothersideoftheeast.Inthefuture,muchofthevegetationisexpectedtobecutdowntomakeroomfornewbuildings,suchasageneticsbuildingandachemistrybuildinginthenorthwest;andatriangularvegetationfieldwillbechangedintoanewstaffcarpark.Meanwhile,theoriginalrectangularbuildingclosetothestaffcarparkwillbeconvertedtoanL‐shapedone.Whatismore,theexistingcarparkwouldbeexclusivelyusedforstudentsandthebiologybuildingislikelytoberebuiltintoalargerone.重点表达：①themostnoticeablechangeis…最明显的变化是②isprojectedto…预计③atthenorthwestsideof…在……④atthesouthwestcorner:⑤bemainlylocated 集中坐落在⑥ontheother 在另⑦vegetationn.⑧beconvertedtov.A类大大作文重点关注科技、化、教育等话题政府与城市类Somepeoplesaythaternmentsshouldfocusonreducingenvironmentalpollutionandhousingproblemstohelppeoplepreventillnessanddisease.Towhatextenddoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkernmentmoneyspentonsupportingartists(suchaspainters,musiciansandpoets)isbetterthanthatspentonotherimportantthings.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkernmentsshouldprotectlocalcompanieswhentheycompetewithinternationalcompanies.Dotheadvantagesoutweighthe教育与学习类 and are learningfromtheInternetratherthanteachersintheclassroom.Doyou and are learningfromtheInternetratherthanteachersintheclassroom.Doyouthinktheadvantagesofthisdevelopmentoutweighthedisadvantages?Somepeoplethinktheuniversityeducationfunctionshouldpreparestudentsforemployment,butothersbelieveuniversityeducationcanoffermanyotherfunctions.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Somepeoplesaythatteachingtheyounggenerationforeignlanguagesisthebestwaytobroadentheirvisionsabouttheworld.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkthatstudentsinsingle‐sexschoolsperformbetteracademically.Others,however,believethatmixedschoolsprovidechildrenwithbettersocialskillsforadultlife.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Insomecountries,manychildrenareunhappy.Whatarethereasons?Whatcanparentsandschoolsdotosolvethisproblem?SomepeoplethinkreadingstoriesinbooksisbetterthanwatchingTVorplayingcomputergamesforchildren.Towhatextenddoyouagreeordisagree?社会与家庭类Somepeoplethinkthatintroducingsomenewtechnologiescanimprovepeople'slifequalityinthedevelocountries.However,othersbelievethatfreeeducationshouldbeoffered.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Anyonecanuseamobilephonetoanswertheworkcallandhomecallatanyplace,or7daysaweek.Somepeoplethinkthisdevelopmenthasnegativeeffectsonbothindividualsandsociety.Doyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinksportsgamesareimportantforsociety,whileothersbelievetheyshouldmorebetakenasleisureactivities.Discuss.科技与经济类Others,however,thinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.SomeOthers,however,thinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.Nuclearenergyisbetterthanotherenergyresourcesinmeetingneedsoftheglobe.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomeSomepeoplethinkthatusingmobilephonesandcomputershasanegativeonyoungpeople'sreadingandwritingskills.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorComputersenablepeopletobeabletoworkathomeandchildrentostudyathome.Somepeoplebelievethatitisconvenientandcost‐saving.Doyouthinkthephenomenonpositiveornegative?工作与生活类Somepeoplethinkthattheernmentshouldbandangeroussports,butothersthinkthatpeopleshouldhavethefreedomtochoosesportsactivities.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.Somepeoplethinkthaternmentsshoulddomoretomaketheircitizenseatahealthydiet.Others,however,believethatindividualsmusttakeresponsibilityfortheirowndietandhealth.Discussboththeseviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Theworkplacenowadaysistryingtoemploytheequalnumberoffemalesandmales.Doyouthinkitisapositiveornegativetrend?Countrieswithalongaverageworkingtimearemoreeconomicallysuccessfulthanthosecountrieswhichdonothavealongworkingtime.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?//Somecountrieshavealongworkingday,whichishelpfulforthemto eeconomicallysuccessful,butitalsocausessomenegativesocialproblems.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplearguethatitisbettertobeunemployedthantobeemployedinjobstheydonotenjoy.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Manyfatherstodaystayathomeandtakecareoftheirchildrenwhilemothersgoouttowork.Whatarethecausesofthis?Isthisapositiveoranegative媒体媒体与广告类Peoplearesurroundedbymanykindsofadvertisingwhichcaninfluencetheirlife.Doesthepositiveeffectofthistrendoutweighnegativeeffects?believethatthemediaisabiggerinfluence.Discussbothviewsandgivebelievethatthemediaisabiggerinfluence.Discussbothviewsandgive动物与环境类Manypeoplesaythattheybelieveitisimportanttoprotecttheenvironmentbutmakenoefforttodoanythingaboutitthemselves.Whydoyouthinkthisisthecase?Whatactiondoyouthinkindividualsshouldtaketoprotecttheenvironment?Today,somefoodtravelsthousandsoffromfarmstoconsumers.Somepeoplethinkthatitwouldbebettertoourenvironmentandeconomyifpeopleonlyeatlocalproducedfood.Towhatextentdothedisadvantagesoutweighthe文化与旅游类Somepeoplebelieveartssuchaspaintingandmusiccannotdirectlyimprovethequalityofpeople'slivessothaternmentmoneyshouldbespentonotherthings.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Manypeoplethinkcheapairtravelshouldbeencouragedbecauseitgivesordinarypeoplefreedomtotravelfurther.However,othersthinkthisleadstoEnvironmentalproblem,soairtravelshouldbemoreexpensiveinordertodiscouragepeoplefromhavingit.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.Airtraveland municationmakesthecommunicationallovertheworldcloser.Towhatextentdoyouagreethatthesocietybenefitsfrominternationaltourismandbusiness?Somepeoplesaythat ernmentsshouldspendmoneyonmeasurestosavelanguagesthatareusedbyfewspeakers,whileothersbelieveit'sawasteoffinancialresources.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.法律法律与犯罪类Somepeoplebelievethatyoungpeoplewhocommitseriouscrimesshouldbepunishedinthesamewayasadults.Towhatextentdoyouagreeorownweaponslikeguns.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomepeoplebelieveownweaponslikeguns.TowhatextentdoyouagreeorSomepeoplethinkthatcriminalsshouldnotbeimprisoned.Instead,educationandjobtrainingshouldreplacetheformertodealwithcriminals.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?抽象与其他类Individualgreedandselfishnesshasbeenthebasisofthemodernsociety.Somepeoplethinkthatwemustreturntotheolderandmoretraditionalvaluesofrespectforthefamilyandthelocalcommunityinordertocreateabetterworldtolivein.Towhatextentdoyouagreeordisagree?Somepeoplethinkindividualsaremoreandmoredependentoneachother.Somepeoplethinkindividualsaremoreandmoreindependent.Discussbothviewsandgiveyourownopinion.以下为重点话题及范文解析：题目Somepeoplethinkthatrobotsareveryimportantforhumans'futuredevelopment.Othershoweverthinkthatrobotsareadangerousinventionthatcouldhavenegativeeffectsonsociety.Discussbothviewsandgiveyouropinion.参考范文：Thankstothefast‐develomoderntechnologies,advancedtoolsandmachinesthatusedtoexistonlyinsciencefictionsarecomingintoourdailylives.Robot,asatypicalhigh‐techproduct,receivesstarklycontrastingopinionsfromthepublic.Whilesomepeopleexpectpositive esfromrobotsinthefuture,othersexpresstheirworriesovertheimplicationofthesedevelopmentsonthesociety.Forthosewhotakeanoptimisticviewonrobots,lifeinthefuturewill eeasierandmorecomfortablewithrobotsngdomestictasksorworkinginassemblylines.Givenproperinstructionsandmaintenance,machineswillkeeponfunctioningwithoutmistakes,thusgreatlypromotingtheefficiency,makingmoreprofitstofactoriesandleavingagreatdealoffreetimeforhumanstorelaxandenjoythemselves.Moreover,robotscanbedesignedforspecialpurposessuchasexploringthedeepsea,operatingnuclearfacilitiesorrescuingvictimsinearthquakes,allofwhichareundoubtedlydangeroustasksforhumans.Ifonedaythesejobscanbehandedtorobots,muchmorewrenchingbutnecessarysacrificescanbeavoided.However,somepeopleexpressmoreconcernsthanenthusiasmwithautonomousmachines,fortheymaybringmoredisadvantagesonsociety.Unemploymentratewillobviouslyrisewhenrobotsreplacehumanworkers.Normallysuchjoblesspeoplecanhardlycompetewitheithermachinesinlaborintensiveareasorskillfulprogrammersbackedbyscienceandtechnology.Thereforethegapbetweentherichandthepoorwillbeexacerbated,eventuallyresultinginsocialinstability.AsIamconcerned,althoughtheremightbechallengesandthreatslyingahead,weshouldnotdenythemeritsandopportunitiesinherentinthenewtechnologies.Therobotinitselfhasnoinclinationtobegoodorbad,butratheritishowweuseitthatfinallycounts.Measuresandpoliciescanbeappliedtomitigatethepotentialthreatsandaslongaswestriveforabetterworld,anembracetothenewisamust.重点表达： 截然相②takea…view 用（某种方式）③assembly （工厂生产用的）④wrenching: ⑤exacerbate: ，加 劳动密集 倾本次机解析由以下沪江留学老师本次机老师沪江留学资深教研老师，同济大语言文学，主攻雅思托福等留学试。参沪江《雅思保冲八》UnlockA‐B2雅思能力课程、WorldEnglishB1、新版雅思.5分阅读、新版雅思7分等课程的设计规划与制作，并帮助多名11学生达到雅思写作7分。【Section1&Section2重点场景（生活类：酒店预订，项目介绍，活动行程，地Section3&Section4重点场景（学术类：讨论作业，，讨论，项Section1QuestionsWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeachNOTESONISLAND Thelengthofstay:approx2Daytime:uptoen‐suitefacilitiesandagymandspaalargeoutdoorswimmingQuestionsWriteNOMORETHANTWOWORDSforeach Entertainment learningtomake5……….. havinga6… havingafancywatchingaspectaculardisplayof

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Chimpanzeeruleout ofotherchimps'can34..................................the usea hammertocrash BonobosliveontheothersideofaQuestions39andBTheylearnthingsbycopyinghuman'sETheycouldbemodifiedtoadapttothe140fishcable111213141516171819 2021 222324 2526 272829 3233 3435 3637 39‐40【阅读】1below.LastmanSome50,000yearsago,Homosapiensbeatotherhominidsto etheonlysurvivingspecies.KateRaviliousrevealshowwedidit.AToday,thereareoversevenbillionpeoplelivingonEarth.Nootherspecieshasexertedasmuchinfluenceovertheplanetasus.Butturntheclockback80,000yearsandwewereoneofanumberofspeciesroamingtheEarth.Ourownspecies.Homosapiens(Latinfor'wiseman'),wasmostsuccessfulinAfrica.InwesternEurasia,theNeanderthalsdominated,whileHomoerectusmayhavelivedinIndonesia.Meanwhile,anunusualfingerboneandtooth,discoveredinDenisovacaveinSiberiain2008,haveledscientiststobelievethatyetanotherhumanpopulation‐theDenisovans‐mayalsohavebeenwidespreadacrossAsia.Somewherealongtheline,theseotherhumanspeciesdiedout,leavingHomosapiensasthesolesurvivor.Sowhatmadeusthewinnersinthebattleforsurvival?BSome74.000yearsago,theToba'supervolcano'ontheIndonesianislandofSumatraerupted.Thescaleoftheeventwassogreatthatashfromtheeruptionwasflungasfaras ,morethan2,000kilometresaway.OxfordarchaeologistMikePetragliaandhisteamhaveuncoveredthousandsofstonetoolsburiedunderneaththeTobaash.ThemixofhandaxesandspeartipshaveledPetragliatospeculatethatHomosapiensandHomoerectuswerebothlivingineasternpriortotheTobaeruption.Basedoncarefulexaminationofthetoolsanddatingofthesedimentlayerswheretheywerefound.PetragliaandhisteamsuggestthatHomosapiensarrivedineasternaround78.000yearsago.MigratingoutofAfricaandacrossArabiaduringafavourableclimateperiod.Aftertheirarrival,thesimpletoolsbelongingtoHomoerectusseemedtolesseninnumberandeventuallydisappearcompley.'WethinkthatHomosapienshadamoreefficienthuntingtechnology,whichcouldhavegiventhemtheedge.'saysPetraglia.'WhethertheeruptionofTobaalsoplayedaroleintheextinctionoftheHomoerectus‐likespeciesisuncleartous.'CSome45.000yearslater,anotherfightforsurvivaltookplace.Thistime,thelocationwasEuropeandtheprotagonistswereanotherspecies,theNeanderthals.TheywereahighlysuccessfulspeciesthatdominatedtheEuropeanlandscapefor300.000years.YetwithinjustafewthousandyearsofthearrivalofHomosapiens,theirnumbersplummeted.Theyeventuallydisappearedfromthelandscapearound30.000yearsago.withtheirlastknownrefugebeingsouthernIberia,includingGibraltar.Initially.HomosapiensandNeanderthalslivedalongsideeachotherandhadnoreasontocompete.ButthenEurope'sclimateswungintoacold,inhospitable,dryphase.'NeanderthalandHomosapienspopulationshadtoretreattorefugia(pocketsofhabitableland).Thisheightenedcompetitionbetweenthetwogroups,'explainsChrisStringer,anthropologistattheNaturalHistoryMuseuminLondon.DBothspecieswerestrongandstockierthantheaveragehumantoday,butNeanderthalswereparticularlyrobust.'Theirskeletonsshowthattheyhadbroadshouldersandthicknecks,'saysStringer.'Homosapiens,ontheotherhand,hadlongerforearms,whichundoubtedlyenabledthemtothrowaspearfromsomedistance,withlessdangerandusingrelativelylittleenergy,'explainsStringer.Thislong‐rangeabilitymayhavegivenHomosapiensanadvantageinhunting.Whenitcametokeewarm.Homosapienshadanotherskill:weavingandsewing.ArchaeologistshaveuncoveredsimpleneedlesfashionedfromivoryandbonealongsideHomosapiens,datingasfarbackas35,000yearsago.'Usingthistechnology,wecoulduseanimalskinstomakeourselvestents,warmclothesandfurboots,'saysStringer.Incontrast.Neanderthalsneverseemedtomastersewingskills,insteadrelyingonpinningskinstogetherwiththorns.EAthirstforexplorationprovidedHomosapienswithanothersignificantadvantageoverNeanderthals.Objectssuchass beadsandflinttools,discoveredmany fromtheirsource,showthatourancestorstravelledoverlargedistances,inordertobarterandexchangeusefulmaterials,andshareideasandknowledge.Bycontrast.Neanderthalstendedtokeepthemselvestothemselves,livinginsmallgroups.Theymisdirectedtheirenergiesbyonlygatheringresourcesfromtheirimmediatesurroundingsandperhapsfailingtodiscovernewtechnologiesoutsidetheirterritory.FSomeofthesedifferencesinbehaviourmayhaveemergedbecausethetwospeciesthoughtindifferentways.Bycomparingskullshapes,archaeologistshaveshownthatHomosapienshadamoredevelopedtemporallobe‐theregionsatthesideofthebrain,associatedwithlistening,languageandlong‐termmemory.'WethinkthatHomosapienshadasignificantlymorecomplexlanguagethanNeanderthalsandwereabletocomprehendanddiscussconceptssuchasthedistantpastandfuture.'saysStringer.Pennyins,anarchaeologistattheUniversityofYork,hasrecentlysuggestedthatHomosapiensmayalsohavehadagreaterdiversityofbraintypesthanNeanderthals.'Ourresearchindicatesthathigh‐precisiontools,newhuntingtechnologiesandthedevelopmentofsymboliccommunicationmayallhavecomeaboutbecausetheywerewillingtoincludepeoplewith"different"mindsandspecialisedrolesintheirsociety,'sheexplains.'WeseesimilarkindsofinjuriesonmaleandfemaleNeanderthalskeletons,implyingtherewasnosuchdivisionoflabour,'saysins.GThusbyaround30,000yearsago.ManytalentsandtraitswerewellestablishedinHomosapienssocietiesbutstillabsentfromNeanderthalcommunities.StringerthinksthattheNeanderthalswerejustlivinginthewrongplaceatthewrongtime.'TheyhadtocompetewithHomosapiensduringaphaseofveryunstableclimateacrossEurope.Duringeachrapidclimatefluctuation,theymayhavesufferedgreaterlossesofpeoplethanHomosapiens,andthuswereslowlyworndown,'hesays.'Iftheclimatehadremainedstablethroughout,theymightstillbehere.'Thereadingpassagehassevenparagraphs,acomparisonofarangeofphysicalfeaturesofNeanderthalsandHomoreferencetoitemsthatwereonceusedformentionofevidencefortheexistenceofapreviouslyunknownhumanmentionofthepartplayedbyi.lfortuneinthedownfallofNeanderthalreferencetothefinalgeographicallocationofNediideiChooseNOMORETHANTHREEWORDSfromthepassageforeachWriteyouranswersinboxes7‐13ontheanswerysisofstonetoolsandhasenabledPetraglia'steamtoputforwardanarrivaldateforHomosapiensineastern HomosapiensusedbothtomakesewingTheterritorialnatureofNeanderthalsmayhavelimitedtheirabilitytoacquireresourcesArchaeologistsexaminedinordertogetaninsightintoNeanderthalandHomosapiens'capacityforlanguageandthought.Lookatthefollowingstatementsandthelistofresearchers,A‐C,below.Matcheachstatementwiththecorrectresearcher.NoevidencecanbefoundtosuggestthatNeanderthalcommunitiesallocatedtaskstodifferentmembers.HomosapiensmayhavebeenabletoplanScientistscannotbesurewhetherasuddennaturaldisastercontributedtothelossofahumanspecies.EnvironmentalconditionsrestrictedtheareaswhereHomosapiensandNeanderthalscouldlive.2below.Life‐CastingandJulianBamesexploresthequestionsposedbyLife‐Casts,anexhibitionofplastermouldsoflivingpeopleandobjectswhichwereoriginallyusedforscientificpurposesAArtchangesovertimeandourideaofwhatartischangestoo.Forexample,objectsoriginallyintendedfordevotional,ritualisticorre‐creationalpurposesmayberecategorisedasartbymembersofotherlatercivilisations,suchasourown,whichnolongerrespondtothesepurposes.BWhatalsohappensisthattechniquesandcraftswhichwouldhavebeenjudgedinartisticatthetimetheywereusedarereassessed.Life‐castingisaninterestingexampleofthis.Itinvolvedmakingaplastermouldofalivingorthing.Thiswascomplex,technicalwork,asBenjaminRobertHaydondiscoveredwhenhepoured250litresofplasteroverhishumanmodelandnearlykilledhim.Atthetime,thecastswereusedformedicalresearchand,consequently,inthenineteenthcenturylife‐castingwasconsideredinferiortosculptureinthesamewaythat,morerecently,photographywasthoughttobealesserartthanpainting.Bothwereviewedasunacceptableshortcutsbythe'senior1arts.Theirvirtuesofspeedandunwaveringrealismalsoimpliedtheirlimitations;theyleftlittleornoroomfortheimagination.CFormany,life‐castingwasaninsulttothesculptor'screativegenius.Inaninfamouslawsuitof1834,amoulderwhosemaskofthedyingFrenchemperorNapoleonhadbeenreproducedandsoldwithouthispermissionwasjudgedtohavenorightstotheimage.Inotherwords,hewasspecificallyheldnottobeanartist.Thisjudgementreflecttheviewofestablishedmembersofthenineteenth‐centuryartworldsuchasRodin,whocommentedthatlife‐casting'happensfastbutitdoesn'tmakeArt'.Someevenfearedthat'iftoomuchnaturewasallowedin,itwouldleadArtawayfromitspropercourseoftheIdeal.DThepainterGauguin,attheendofthenineteenthcentury,worriedaboutfuturedevelopmentsinphotography.Ifevertheprocesswentintocolour,whatpainterwouldlabourawayatalikenesswithabrushmadefromsquirrel‐tail?Butpaintinghasprovedrobust.Photographyhaschangedit,ofcourse,justasthenovelhadtoreassessnarrativeafterthearrivalofthecinema.Butthegapbetweentheseniorandjuniorartswasalwaysnarrowerthanthetraditionalistsimplied.Paintershavealwaysusedtechnicalback‐upsuchasstudioassistantstodotheboringbits,whileapparentlylessercraftsinvolvegreatskill,thought,preparationand,dependingonhowwedefineit，imagination.ETimechangesourviewinanotherway,too.Eachnewmovementimpliesareassessmentofwhathasgonebefore.Whatisdonenowalterswhatwasdonebefore.Insomecasesthisismerelyself‐serving,withthenewartusingtheoldtojustifyitself.Itseemstobesaying,lookathowallofthatpointstothis!Aren'tweclevertobetheculminationofallthathasgonebefore?Butusuallyitisamatterofre‐alertingthesensibility,remindingusnottotakethingsforgranted.Take,forexample,thecastofthehandofagiantfromacircus,madebyananonymousartistaround1889,anitemthatwouldnowsithappilyinanycommercialorpublicgallery.Themostsignificantimpactofthispieceisontheeye,inthecontradictionbetweenunexpectedsizeandverisimilitude.Next,thehumanelementkicksin.younotethatthenailsaredirt‐encrusted,unlessthisisthecaster'sdecorativeaddition,andthefingertipsextendfarbeyondthem.Thenyoutakeintheelementofchoice,arrangement,artifyoulike,intheneat,pleated,buttonedsleeve‐endthatgivestheitembalanceandvariationoftexture.Thisisjustamouldedhand,yetthepartstandsutterlyforthewho