2020年全国大学生英语竞赛A类样题

2020年全国大学生英语竟赛样题(A级)

2020NationalEnglishCompetitionforCollegeStudents

(LevelA-Sample)(Total：150marksTime；120minutes)PartIListeningComprehension(30marks)SectionA(5marks)Inthissection,youwillhearfiveshortconversations.Eachcorwen1ationwillbereadonlyonce.At1heendofeachconversalton,onequestionwillbeasked,aMyouhavefifteensecondsloreadthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD,anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.TKnmarkthecorrespondingktterontheanswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.AAfewminutes.B.Halfanhour.A.Whatloeatforlunch.CThetimeadeliverywillarrive.A.One. B.TwoAAbaker'sdeliveryservice.CAnofficesuppliessalesperson.AThewomansolvedtheproblemCThew(mndesignedtheprogramnw.C.Anhour. D.Onehourandahalf.Thepersonwhowillpayforlunch.DWhetherornottoeatout.Three. DFour.Afloraldesigner.Hiscolleague.B.Thewomanusedthesamesoftware[>.Thewomanworkedontheprogrammeallday.SectionB(10marks)inthissection,youwillhearIwolongconversation.Eachconversationwillbereadonlyonce.Altheendofeachconversaifon,therewillbeaone-minutepause.Duringthepause,readthequestions加dmakeyouranswersontheanswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentreConveriallonOneListentoIMconversation,andmarkeachstatement&eitherTrue(T)orFalse(F)accordingtowhatyou

Peteriswaitingforhisfriendsandhesaldthe/realwayslale.Heisntstudyingmuchthismonthbecausethere'snomathslectureatuniversity.Hisparerrtsownsashopandheworksthereasanassistant.Hepracticesthepianoforanhourarsoabouteveryday.Hedoesn'tsupportanyfootballteams.ConversationTwoListentotheconversationThenreadthefourchokesmarkedA.B,CorD.anddecidewhichisthebestansweraccordingtoMwiyouhear.Whafstheproblembeingdiscussedinthisconversation?BThecouncil'soomplalnts.DThegascompany.BThecouncil'soomplalnts.DThegascompany.BBecauseofficeblocksarenoecicd.D.BecauxIhere'sahousingshortage.C.Thedemolitionofsomeoldbuildings.Whydoesthewomanthinkit'sunfair?ABecausenoonecomplains.C.Becausethecompanyoffersalowprice.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedbytheman?AThoieoldbuildingsareinprettybadcondition.BThecouncilis如Mgnothingatx)utthecomplaint.Thelandtho-sehousesarebuiltonisworthagoodprice..Thegascompanyisinbusinesslikeeveryoneelse.What'stheresponseofthelocalcounciltotheprobleminSaltLane?ATheysoldIKelandtoapropertycompanytobuildresidenceblock.Theycomplainedandcouldn'tputupwiththebadhousingcondition.TheytriedhardtohelpthelocalresidentsmovetoadecentplaceDTheyJ皿sentprintedpostcardsaying"thematterisreceivingattentlon,f.WhollmovetooneofthenewofficeblocksInSallLanenextyear?ATheman'scompany. B.Thewoman'scolleagiucs.C.Thecashier DMrsStanley.SectionC(5marks)Inthissection,youwillhearfiwshort优用item.Eachitemv/川bemadonlyana.Aftereachitem,therewillbeafifleen-secondpane.Duringthepause,readthequestionandUiefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.anddecidewhichisthebestanswer.Thenmarkthecorrespondingletterontheanswersheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.Whichofthefollowingregionsintheworldwillwitnessthesharpestdropinlifeexpectancy?A.Asia. B.LatinAmerica.C.Sub-SaharanAfrica.D.TheCaribbean.HowdidCharlesSchulzhavehisarleducation?AHisfathertaughthimathome.BHestudiedartinhighschoolHisteachertaughthimwhenhewasfive.HetookadasbymailfromaMinnesotaartschool.Accordingtothenews,v^hatisitthatmakesthecreditcarddilfereftlfromconventionalones?AItwnrecognizetheownersface.C.Itcanretnembcrtlwowner'spassword19.WhereistheSere-naHotellocated?AItwnrecognizetheownersface.C.Itcanretnembcrtlwowner'spassword19.WhereistheSere-naHotellocated?AFarfromliieembassydistrictC.Insidethepresidentialpalace.20.What'sthemainrressageofthw?newsilem?ACareerserviceneedstobeImproved.C.Bus.inessesaronilgettingtalentedpeople6.Mcanidentifytheownersvoice.D.ItcanstareIheowner'spersonalimfo<mation.B.InthecentreofKabul.D・Ncx1toapolicestation.B.CareeradviceIsnlofferedontheInternet.D_Youngpeopleshouldseekcareeradvice.SectionDCWmarks)Inthiss-ectior,youwiillheartwoshortpassages.Thepassageswillbereadonlyonce.Aftereachpassage,therewillb«aone-minutepause.Duringthepaus.e.writetfwanswersonIManswersheet.DictationListentothepassage.Forquestions21-25,fillintheblankswiththeexactwordsorphrasesyouhear.ForEgyptianfarmersandfishermen,theNil&bsnotjustabeautifulview,itisagilt,withoutwhichtherecouldbenoEgyptonlyascorchedwastelandInacountrywhichdoesnotreceivemuch(21) ,theriverIstiieirlivelihoodIIcoversonlyfourpercento*fthecountrybutitsbanksarewherealmostallofthe67millionEgyptianslive.TheNileIrrigatescomcropsandcitrusorchards.,andprovideswaterfor(22)cawsandfordoingIhelaundry.ItsseasonsaretherhythmsoftheEgyptianwayoflifewhenitfloodswe/yJuly,localsmowto(23)-grounduntilitsubsidesthreemonthslater.ThewatersoftheNile(lowfor(24)sevenIhousa^idkilamelers.fromthejunglesofUgandathroughIhedesertsofSudantoarriveatCairo*Africa'slargestcity.Forcenturies,nooneknewwhereitt>egaii.andthewhereatwutsofitssourcewasalegendandaquest—adangerousone,astheNilecontainscrocodiles—andIntruders-Into{25)Africawereoftennotwelcomedbythenatives.TtiesourcewasfinallydiscoveredinIhemid-nineteenthcentury.SummaryListentoIhepassageFpleteIhenote、usingnomorethan1hreewordsforeachblank.PublishedIn1987,thenovel(26)wonToniMorrisonthePulitzerPrize,lbmaincharacterisan(27)namedSfrtheTheauthorwasInspiredbyatruesboryofaslave.MargaretGarrwr,v-twescapedfromtierowner,butwasrecaptured.Beforetherecaplure,shetriedtokillherchildrenlosparethemtheInevitable(25) ，Gamerwasthus(29)forthecrime.ThenovelbasedonIwoof飙mostunscientificthingsofall.(30)andredemption,madeToniMorrisononeofthemostimportantAmericanwritersofthe20thcentury.PartIIVocabulary&Grammar(15marks)Thereare15inGomplelesentencesinthispart.Forcxtiblank1herearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,C,andD.ChoreetheorwthatbestcompletesIhesentence.Thenmarkthecorrespondingtellerontheanswersheetwithasinglelinethrou^ithecentre.bothsidesacceptthearrangementalastingpeacebeestablishedIntheregionAOnlyifwillB.Ifocily-wouldC.Should:willD.Unless:wouldHadWilliamreceivedfivemorevotesintheIasielection,heourchairmanrww.A wouldhavebeen B. rrwsthavebeen C. were D. wouldbeWeIhinkilpossibleIhelocalgowrnfiwntwillbe就aletosolveIhehousingprofrleni.A far B. that C wtien D. howThe speakerallempted loexplainitInsuch away thatilwould be lo anoulsidet.A Intelligible B. Invariable C. plausible D. permissibleMyreadinginlaterlifehas.suppliedmevjilhsomepossibleexplanationsofhis.A temp«ralure B. temperament C. temptation D. tempera%.Whenheleaves,thecompanyn&xtyear,heforthiscompanyforthirtyyearsA.willbeworking B.火川work C.hasmxked D.willhaveworked37.Thirty-nineStepsisoneofthemqstexcitingfilmsdirectedbyAlifredUptchcock.Awhichwas B.thatwas C.thatwere D.MichwereM.TheschoolboardlistenedquietlyasJohnreadthedemandsthathisfollowers(or.Aaredemonslraling BdemanslrdteC.hadbeendemonstrating D.havedemonstratedGrandparentsarebeingu%dasbabysittersbytheirchildrefi,who,onaveragespwdsixandahalfMursaweeklookingaftertheirgrandchildren.Aunpaying:overworking Bunpayed:overworkedC.«unpaylng；overworked Dunpayed:overworkingusercommends,acowerhasbeendesignedthatcanbeaddedtogiveprotectiontothepatientandattendantinpoorweather.A.IncontrasttoB.InadditiontoC.Inre5pon-setoD.Withrespectto,itssaidthatSchmidtsabouttoresignduetotbehugemistake-hemadebroughtgrestlowto■oorcotnpnyAAmongourselvesBAmongus CBetweenusDBetweenourselvesalthoughwe'realwaysaskedtotryourbest.No-verbeforeweachievedsuchahighstandardBNeverbeforehas"suchahighstandardbeenachievedNeverbeforehadsuchahighstandardbeenachievedNeverbeforeweachieve-suchahighstandard—Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?—Yes,IhawanappointmentwithHansEkburg.CouldyoutellhimPmhere?ThalsOK.I'lllaketheearregistrationnumberDoyouknowthebuilding?Pmafraid1don't.AThedirectionsvjereveryclear. Bl-vealreadywrittenmynamehere.I-veleftmycarInareservedspace. D.IfindhiscarInvKItors,space.44「Whoareyourmaincompetitors?一Itdependsontherc-gionTherearealotoflocalpcoducefsinEuropoandwecannotcompetewiththemonprice.However,—Well,thanksforyourIntr&doctton.Pmreallyimpressed.Awehaveareputation(ofIotvprice.Bhightransportcostsmakeitveryunprofitabletodobusiness.youcancomparepricesofvariousstrapsandfindthebestdeal.wearewell-knownInthemarketforhighqualityandreliability.—So.whatexactlydoyoudo?-PmresponsiblefornewproductdevelopmentIreportdirectlytotheCEO.—Iwpen/iseateam“designers.Weallhavetothinkofnewideas,testthenanddeveloptheonesthatwethinkwillsucceed.IlsoundschallengingA.Arethehoursflexible? BWhatdoestha1involve?C.WhydoyoudecidetostayinFinland?D.Hmvmanyplantsdoyouhave?Par!IllCloze(10marks)Readthefollowingpassa华andfillineachblankMthorwword.Choosethecorrectwordiftoneofthefollowingthreeways:accordingtothecontext,byusingIliecorrectformofthegivenword,orbyusingthegivenlelterfs)ofthewoid.Remembertowritetheanswenontheanswersheet.Stratford-upon-Avonisanunremarkablemarkettownbut(46)onelillledetail:in1564.thewifeofalocalmerchantJohnShakespeare,gavebirthtoWilliamShakespeare,probablythegreatestwriterevertouseIheEnglishlanguage...TherewasnotheatreinStratfordinShakespeare'sday—itwasnotuntil1769thatStratfordorganisedanyeven!in(47)ho ofhim.andthatwasafestivalputlogetherbyLondon-basedactor-managerDavidGarrick.(48) featurednodramaticperformancesatallFromthenon.theideaofbuildingapermar>enthomeInwhichtoperformShakespeare^worksgainedmomentum,andthe(49)feaofbuildingatheaireinbackwaterStratfordgrev/ImmenseFywiththeadventofbetterroadsandtherailways.Thefirstmemorialtheatreopenedin1879,onlanddonatedbylocalbeermagnateCharlesFlower,whoalsofundedtheproject.Afterafirein1926,thecompeiitionheldfora(50) (replace)waswonbyIheonlywomanapplicant.ElisabethScotlHertboatre,overlookingabeautifulsceneoflushmejd(w«andwillowtreesonthenorthernbanksoftheAvon,istodaytheMainHouse,presentingaconstantdietofShakespearesworks.Atthebank,theburnl-ovl(51)oritheatrehasbeenconvertedIntoareplicaHln-the-rwnd"ElizabethanstagenamedTheSwan.Ilsused(orworksbyShakespeare'scontemporaries,classicsfromalleras,andoneannualpiecebythemanhimselfAthird(52)aud.TheOtherPlace,innearbySouthernLane,showcasesmodermandexperimentalpieces.AstheRoyalShakespeareCompanywork-sonarepertorysyslem,youcouldstayinSlratfordforafewdaysandmmjfouror(Ivedifferentplays.DuringthedayyoucaninspecttheRoyalShakespeareCompan/s.Iroveof(53)(theatre)memorabiliaattheRSCCollection,or90onabackstagetour.InS-tratfordyou：can(54)visitIheShakespeareCentreandBirlhplaceMuseums：HolyTrinityChurch,whicheonialnsShakespeare,stombtHallsCroft,theformerhomeofShakespeare-selderdaughter.Susanna,andtierdbetorhusband.J(xhnHall-nowafascinatingmuseumofElirabethanmedicine:IhebwutifulgardensandfoundatiofisofNewPlace;AnneHathaw/sCottage,thehwneofthewoman而。in1582becameShakespeare'swifetMaryArdensHouse,anElizabethancountryfarm.(55)(former)thehomeofShakespeare'smother：andtheShakespeareCoumrys.ideMuwum.PartIVReadingComprehension(30marks)Therearethreepassagesinthispart.EachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsRespondtothequestionsusinginfonnalionfromthepassage.RemembertowriteBheanswersontheanswersheet.SectionA(10marks)Questions56to60arebasedonthefollowingpassa^.Watercressisarapidlygrowing,aquaticorsemi-aquatic,perennialplantnativetoEuropeandAsia,andoneoftheoldestknownleafvegetablesconsumedbyhumans.ItIsamemijcrolthefamilyBras$ic3CC3(j,bptanicallyrentedtogardenerws,mustard,ratfishandwasabi—allnoteworthyfortheirpiquantflavor.Thehollowstemsofwatercresswillfloat:IheleafstructureispinnatelycompoundSmall,whit。andgreenflowersarepedu诧dinclustersandarefrequehtly5如edbyinsects,especiallyhoverfliessuchasErtstailsflies.Insomeregions,walercress区regarded番ainoWregionsa$3n明“浦kv呼［的除or帆力Watercresshasbeengrowninmanylocationsaroundtheworld.Crisp,greenandpepperywalercressispositivelypackedwithhealthyvitaminsandminerals.Ithasalanghistory:theGreekgodZeuswasreputedtothinkthatwatercresshelpedinbuildinghealth3ndslrength.whileHippocrates,“thefatherofmedicine",wassaconvincedthatwatercresswaiagreathealerthathebuilthisfirsthospitalnexttoastreamwthathecould第awaplentifulsupplyoftheglassygreenleavesImhispatients.TheRom附chewedwatercressinlargequantities,believingthatitwouldcurebaldness.Mcdern-daycelebritiesreconmendawatercress-soupdietasagreatwaytoloseweighthealthily.Watercresssandwichesweretraditionallyabreakfastiteminnineteenlh-centuryEurope.Themostbasictypeo1watercresssandwichhastwopiecesofwtiltebreadwithamixlureofbutterandwatercressgreens.Anicknameforthevegetable,infact,was"poorman'sbread",becausewatercresswasolteneaten：onitsownfarbreakfas.1byfamiliesthatcouldnotaffordIhebreadtogowithIt.Watercreiskamemberof1hGmustardfamilyand.asItsnawesuggests,ir59roMIn^ater—Inwarm,shaltewstreamsofflowingspringwater.ItcontainsvitaminsC,KandAfandisalsoavaluablesourceofmineralssuchasiron,potassium,copperandcalciumLikebroccoliandspinach,ithasspecialpropertieswhichhelppreventcancer.ThemuMardoilsinitsglossyleavesandstemscontainachemicalcompoundknown<nPEITC.Recenlresearchhasprovedthatthiscompoundcaninhibitthegrowthofcancercellsand.insomecases.,actuallydestroythem.ThebestwatercresshassilkygreenleaveswithoutanymarksandMsp,undamagedstems.TheolderIheplant,thedarkerareitsleavesandthethickeritsstems.Tliii松，nsahigherconcthtratlonofoilsandvitamins.Youngwatercress,ontheotherhand,maybeharvestedafteronly28daysgrowtharxihasamilderflavour.besttoeatwalferCreSsfreshandraw,topreservemoreo(itsvaluableniutrierits.butitcanbelightlycookedarxiusedasanalternativetospinachanotherdarkgreenvegetableinvarious,recipes.Fromsoupstosaladslostir-frtes.watercressisnewacclaimedaroundth«worldasanaturalandhealthysuperfoodWatercresscanbesoldInsupermarketsInsealedplasticba第，comainlngalittle：moistureandlightlypressurise。topreventcrushingofoontenls.Thishasallowednationalavailabilitywi1haonce-purchasedstoragelifeofonetotwodaysinchllleWrefrlgeratedstorage,Questions56to60FillinIh?blanksbelowwithinformationfrompassage,usingnoeqmthanthrwwrdsforeachblsnk.Examplesoftheuseofwatercressthroughtheages:•Zeusthoughtv/atercresswasgoodforhealthandstrength.•HippocratesgrewwatercressbyhishospitaltohealpatientsRonansat«watercressasa(56).Watercresssandwicheswereeatenforbreaklastin19th-centuryEurope.Celebritiesusewatercress-soupdietto(57)Health-givingpropertiesofwatercress:ContainsvitaminsCf(58) _♦Conlainsiron,potassium,copperandcalcium.•Containscancer^preventingPEITCMoreaboutwatercress.：thebest：silkygreenunmarkedleaves.(59)stemsalderwatercressdarkerleavesandthfckerstemsyoungwatercress:grownfor(60)/mildflavourbj：Seatitraworcookeds^zXOcsOcrttc<*SectionB(10marks)Queslions61to65arebasedonthefollowingpassageNewresearchpointstoabiolog忙alroleincriminality.Thetattooontheox-consbeefyarmroads:Bomtoraisehell.Muchasitmaydefythescienceofthepast,whichblamededmeonIhesocialinfluencessuchaspovertyandbadparentingtheoutlawmaybeontosomething.Thoughnoonewoulddenythatupbringingandenvironmentplayimportamtpartsinthemakingofacriminal,scientistsincreasinglysuspectIhalbiologyalsoplaysasignificantrole.Povertyandlatnllyproblems,sex-roleexpectations,communitystandards—allmaypredisposeIndividualstowardcrime.ButmanyrehearchefsnowbelievethatIhereasononeindividualcommHsacrimeandantherpersondoesn'!mayhaveasmuchtodowithr>eurcloglcaldifferenceasItdoeswithdifferencesinupbringingorenvironmerl.Afterall；saysDr.Tames0.Wilson,aprofessorafmanagementandpublicpolicyatUCLA.UshandtofindanyformMbehaviorthatdoearthavesonnebiologicalcomponent.**Afterevaluatingrecentresearchonviolence,aspecialpanelgatheredbytheNationalResearchCouncil(NRC)InWashingtonpublishedalengthyreportlastfallnotingthatMevenIftwoindividualscouldbeexposedtoidenlicalexperiences,tlieirpotentialsforviolentbehaviorwoulddifferbecausetheirnervoussystemsprocessinfofmaliandifferenlly*".FirstandmostobviousamongthecluesthatbiologyplaysaroleIncriminalbehaviorsisthesimplefact1hatthroughouthistory,crimehasoccurredinallcultures.Oneelementintheuniversalityo1crimeisthehumanwpscityforaggression,NobdpriwwinringethnologistKonradLprenjf,authorofOnAgjessiqn,arguedthatJustaspeoplehaveanInstinctforeatinganddrinking,natureevolvedInthemtheImpulseforaggression.ThoughLoren?thoughtitwaspeculiartopeopleandrats,aggressionhasnowbeenobservedineveryvertebratespeciesstudied.Inpeople,onlyafinelinoseparatesaggressionfromviolence―-^dtefinodbyresearchersasbehaviorintended1oinflictharmonothers..,Criminalsare.onthewhole,angrypeople/saysHarvardpsychologistRichardHemste-inMThatiswellsubstantiated/,Anothersimplefactpointingtoabiologicalbasisforcriminalilykthatin3llsocieties,about90%ofviolentcriminalsaremen-manyofIhemyoung.Thegreatmajorityofothercrimesarealsocommittedbymen.Amonganimahtoo.IhemalefsalmoUalwaysmoreaggressive.Thisfactsuggeststhatcertainhormones,particularlyandrogens,whichcharacterizemaleness,mayhelptipthebalancefromobeyingtobreakingttwl»v.Whilethere'inosuchthingasa*crlme卯能“，orindeedanysingledeterminantthatleadsapersontobreakthelaw.eachchildisbornwithaparticulartemperament,orcharacteristicpatternofpsychologicalresponse.AsWilsonnotes,Oneisshy.theotherboldonesleepsthroughthenight.1heotherIsalwaysAvake：one-Iscuriousandexploratory,theotherpassive-.The«otwervatlonsareat»utdifkr&nc«thatcannotbeexplainedwhollyorevenlargelybyenvironment/Linkinganindividual'siemperameniliocriminalityis.ofcourse,amuchmoreconlenitiousmatter.Tosearchfortherootsofviolence-,themembersoftheNRCpanelaskedseveralkeyquestions.Whydoso优childrenshowpatternsofunusuallyaggressivebehavior—hitting,kicking,bitingpeersorparents,orbeingenroltoansmals-atanearlyage?Whydoonlyasmallpercentageofthosechildrencommitviolentcrimesasadults?Thepanelconcluded;MResearchstronglysuggeststhatviolencearisesfrominteractionsamongIndividuals'psyclwlogicaldevelopmentIheirneurologicalandhormonaldiffefences,andsocialprocesses.MThereisnobasisthereseardiersadded,forgivingoneoftheseelemenlsmoreweightIhananalherNonetheless,Wocampshaveemergedtodebatewhethercriminalityisinfluencedmorebynature(biology)ornurture(envlronment).Andthis,isnomereIvorytowquestion.PublicInterestmountsv/ith1Mstatistics：Some35millionofiensesagainstpeopleorhouseholds,20%offthemviolent,arereportedIniheUSeveryyear.Researchthalmayhelpresolvethisnature-nurtureqi>estlonfocusesmostlyonthreeareas:biochemicalimbalances,geneticfactorsandphysicaldamagesuchasheadinjuryaroundthetimeofbirth.Socnestudiessuggestalankbetweenbehaviorsparliajlarlytheviolentsortandbirth-relatedtrauma,pcema-lurebirthorlowbirthweightSimilarly,awoman'suseofalcoholcocaine,tobaccoorotherdrugsduringpregnancyalsoappears,insomeInstances.todamagefetaldevelopmentInawaythatisrelatedtolalercriminality.Onannorepositivenole.however,onerecentstudyconcludedthatwhenchildrenwhodhadatraumaticbirthgrewupinastablefamilyenvironmenttheywerenolikelierthananyoneelseIodevelopintoaiminals.Questions61to65Answerthefollowingq^stipnswithth?inforn^tiongiveninthepassage.Accordingtothepassage,whatmakesapersoncommitacrimebesidesfactorslikeupbringingandenvironment?Whydosomeresearchersbelievethatbiologyhasaneffectoncriminality?Whaldocriminalshaveincommonaccordingtobiologicalexperts?M.HowIoexplainnOneIsshy.theothertold：oneslee(wthroughIMnlghl,theotherisalwaysav^kfe-oneiscuriousandexploratory,theotherpassive...'*?65.Whalisthefocusofresearchonthenature-nurturequestion?SectionC(10marks)Questions66to70arebasedonthefollowingpass造，There'sgoodnewsandbadnewsaboutlifeinmodemcities-first,thebad.Peoplewhostudypopulationgrowthpredictanightmarebytheyear2025：theglobalpopulationwillbemorethan8billion,andalmost4billioniofthesepeoplevrlllbelivingincitiesindevelopingcountriessuchasIndiaandNigeria.Populationgrowthisalreadycausingunbelievableovercrowding.Nairobi.Kenya,hasbasicservices(or200,000peoplebuthasapopulationof5million.MexicoCityisborne1oalmost25millionpeople.Byiheyear2025,populationexpertspredict.660millionpeoplewillbelivingIncitiesinIndiaDuetocvercr&^lng,thesecitieshavep«»blemswithairpollution,disease,andcrlir%.PeoplespendhoursIngridlockthatK.trafficsohorriblethatitsimplydoesn'lmove—whentheycommutedailyfromtheirhom«totheirworkandback.Thereisn'tenoughwat^r,transportationi.orhousingManypeopledo»n1haveaccesstohealthservicesorjobsNowIhegoodnews;inwireciltes,insteadofwofsening.urbanlifeisactuallygettingmuchbetter.Itmightnotbeasurprisetofindthatlifeinaffluentcitiesisimproving.Butwhataboutcitiesthataren'trich?ThecityofCuritiba.Brazilprovesthatit'spossibleforevenacityInadevelopingcountrytoofferagoodlifetoitsresidents.ThemayorofCuritibafortwenty-fiveyears,JaimeLerner,wasanarchitectandawrypracticalperson.Underhisleadership,thecityplannersostablis.hodalistofpriorities—inother-10-

words,alistofwhatwWSmostimportanttoworkon.Theydecidedtofocus,ontheenvironmentandonthequalityoflife.Withanaverageincomeofonlyabout$200perpersonperyear.Curitibahasthesameproblemsasmanycities.However,halsohassomecreativesolutions.Onecreativesolutionis!hemcWiodofgarbagecollection.Inneighborhoodslh，tgarbagetrucks,cantreach,poorpeoplebringba^softrashtospecialcentres.AtthesecertUes,theyexchangethetrashforfreshproduce-suchaspotatoesahdaaftges.—orforbustickets.Atarecyclingplant,workersseparatetnttlcs.plastic,andcansfromothertrash.Two-thirdsofCuritib3a$garbaget$recycled汕ichgoodfortheenvironmeniAnd(hepFantgive?Mbst。thepoorestpeople,whichImprovestheirIlves.Duetocarefulplanning,Curititxadoesnothavethesametrafficproblemsthalmostcitieshave.Thestatisticsaresurprising.Thopopuhlionhasgiravn—nowtwicethesizeitwasin1974—buttraffichasactuallydecreaied30percent.Curitibaneededamass—tran-silsystembutcouldnlaffordanexpensivesubrway.Cityplartriersb6gart.Iftitead,wilhanunusualiystertiofbu$eiinIhecert"电lartesoffivtwkfertiajorstreets.Ateachbusstopthereisaforty-foot-longglasstubePassengerspaybeforetheyenterthetube.Thentheygetonthebussubwaystyle*'—throughwidedoors.Thhallavspeopleiogetonandoffthebusquicklyandefficiently.Peopledon'tcrowdoniothebusloadingandunloadingtakesonlythirtyseconds.Thismakescomniulingrrorepieauntandalsohelpstosolvetheprobiefnofairpohution.Thenthereistheproblemofstreetchildren.Tohelpsolvethisproblem,JaimeLernertalkedseriouslywithownersoffactoriesandstores.EachfactoryandstorewmeragreedtotakecareMafewstreetchildrenEgivethemamealeverydayandasmallamountofmoney.Inexchange,thechildrendomil,simpleJobsInthegardenoroffice.Inaddition,thecityhiredteenagerstokeepthepublicparksclean.Clearly,overcrowdinginbigcitksworldwideisthecauseofseriousproblems.However,IheexampleofCuritibaprovideshopethatcarefulplanningandcreativethinkingcanleadtosolutionstomanyofthem.Curitibaistruly,asLewisMumfordoncesaFdofcitiestngeneral,atlsymbolofthepossibleQuestions66to70Completethesummarybelowwithinfornnationfromthepassage,usingnomorethanthreewordsforeachblankThere'sgoodnew5andbadnewsaboullifeinmoderncities.Researcher'shavee5limaledthatIhe(66) willbemorethan8billioo.4billionofthesepeoplewillbelivingincitiesindevelopingcountriessuchasIndiaandNigeria.Itwillcause(67)Bytheyear2025.withbigpopulationlivingInIndiancities,peoplewltlfaceproblemsofairpollution,diseaseandcrime-.Thegoodnewsisthatinsomecities,urbanlifeisactuallygettingmuchbettor.-11-Curitibaprovesthatitispossibleloracityin(level叩ingcountriestooffergoodlifeIoitsresidents.ThemayorofCuritiba,JaimeLerner,hascomeupwithlotsofsolutions;(oproblemsaheadofCuriliba.Onecreative