批评言语行为研究课件

SpeechActofCriticismPresentedbyXiaoJie1.TheNewOxfordDictionaryofEnglishdefinecriticismastheexpressionofdisapprovalofsomeoneorsomethingbasedonperceivedfaultsandmistakes.2.TheModernChineseDictionarygivesadefinitionofcriticismas:1.commentsonsomeone’smeritsanddemerits;evaluationofsomeone’sstrengthandweakness;2.commentsonsomeone’smistakesandfaults.DefinitionObviously,thetwodefinitionsarestaticwithouttakingthedynamiccontextandpragmaticfunctionintofullaccount.Directcriticismisdirectexpressionofnegativeevaluationwithoutreservation.Itismostexplicitinspeaker’sintentiontocriticize,leavingnochancefortheinterlocutortomisunderstandit,sothatdirectcriticismisregardedasveryeffectivecriticismstrategy.Indirectcriticismmeansthattheillocutionaryforceofcriticismisutteredbymeansoftheperformanceofotherspeechacts,sothespeaker’srealintentioncanbepartiallyconcealed.criticismIndirectcriticismDirectcriticismThespeakertendtoaccepttheIndirectCriticismwhichmeansthattheillocutionaryforceofcriticismisutteredbymeansoftheperformanceofotherspeechacts.The“FaceTheory”wasputforwardbyBrownandLevinson.“Face”canbedividedintotwokinds,andoneisthe“positiveface”whichisintheneedofpraiseandcomplimentfromotherpeople,theotheristhe“negativeface”whichavoidslosingfacebyinterferedanddisturbedbyotherpeople.FacetheoryGenerallyspeaking,criticismisafacethreateningactwhichthreatsthehearer’spositiveface.Thereforethespeakeremployssomestrategiesinexpressingcriticism.Thespeaker’srealintentioniscanbepartiallyconcealedthusfacewantscanbesatisfiedtosomedegree.Bystatingtheintentions,thespeakermakehisattitudesandopinionsrealizedbytheaddressee.Itcanlessenthedistancebetweenthespeakerandlistener.forexample:

(1)夏天是个多梦的季节我当学生的时候也在课堂上睡过觉学习是件辛苦的事情我特别理解大家的心情但是学生时代是学知识长本领的黄金时代无穷岁月增中减有趣学问苦后甜人生的关键只有几步特别是年轻的时候让我们一起振作起来同仇敌忾驱走瞌睡这个恶魔.(2)Iknowhowbusyyouareandwhataheavypaperloadyoumusthave.Itisunderstandablethatoccasionallyatermpaperismisplaced,but...1.empathyThespeakerintentionallyofferssomeremindertothehearerinordertomakehimawareofhismistakeandcorrectitaccordingly.Forexample:(1)店里只有这么块板了，你们穿西装的文明人要讲理。Thisplankisalltheinnhas.YoucivilizedmeninWesternsuitsmustbereasonable.(2)老同志，您是不是忘了一个程序就把书往书包里装？2.hintsThespeakeroftenuseidiomstoenhancethehumorouseffect.Itcansurelyreducetheembarassingconditionandfacewantcanbesatisfied.Forexample:(1)有眼不识新衣(泰山)。(2)你怎么“涛声依旧”？4.ChangetheidiomsPrinciplearetheestablishedsocialormoralrulesorregulationsthatshouldbeobeyedbyboththespeakerandtheaddressee.Whentheyparticipateinsocialactivities,theyshouldabidebysomeprinciples.Bypresentingtheprinciples,thespeakertriestopreservethemutualfacewantsandenablethehearertorealizehisorherfault.(7)Inourcompany,promptnesshasspecialimportance.(8)公司的规定你是知道的,很抱歉,明天你不用来了。5.Statementsofprinciples1.performativesandcriticismPerformativescanbedividedintotwokinds,theexplicitperformativesandimplicitperformatives.Andcriticismspeechactcanhaveeitheroneofthem.2.thefelicityconditionsofillocutionaryactandcriticismSincecriticismisatypicalspeechact,itsurelysatisfythefelicityconditionsofillocutionaryact.CriticismfromtheperspectiveofSATBasedontheSpeechActTheory,criticismcanbeclassifiedintoseventypes,eachbearingadifferentwaysofexpressionwhichistypicalandshowingnosimilaritieswithothers.Inthispoint,thecriticismwearetodiscussspecificallyreferstoindirectcriticism.Indirectcriticismischaracterizedbythechangeoftheillocutionarypointoftheperformativeswhichoriginallyshouldbecriticizingverbs.ClassificationaccordingtoSAT1.Instructinge.g.天下哪有免费的午餐呢？2.Requeste.g.Wouldyoulikenottothrowrubbishinthiswayagain?

爸，妈，你们给我点自尊好不好？3.Warne.g.如果再迟到一次，我就炒你的鱿鱼4.Persuasione.g.You’dbetterstopdrinking,oryouwilldie.5.Expressive